Computer and Communication System

Difference between Internet & Intranet. Difference between Application software & System Software.

Aspect Internet Intranet Aspect Application Software System Software

A global network of Software designed to manage
A private network used internally Software designed to perform
Definition interconnected networks using and control hardware
within an organization. specific tasks or applications
TCP/IP protocols. Definition components and provide a
for users, such as word
Restricted access; only available to platform for running
Publicly accessible by anyone processing or web browsing.
Accessibility authorized users within an application software.
with an internet connection.
organization. To enable users to
To manage system resources
Facilitates global communication, Facilitates internal communication, accomplish specific tasks or
and hardware (e.g., operating
Purpose information sharing, and access to collaboration, and access to internal Purpose solve particular problems
systems like Windows,
various services. resources. (e.g., Microsoft Word for
macOS, or Linux).
document creation).
Security is a major concern due to -Typically, more secure due to
its open nature; uses various restricted access and internal Microsoft Office Suite, Operating systems (Windows,
Security Adobe Photoshop, web Linux), device drivers, and
security protocols and measures control; often protected by firewalls Examples
to protect data. and other security measures. browsers like Chrome or system utilities (e.g., Disk
Firefox. Cleanup).
Limited to the organization or a
Covers a global scale, connecting Interacts with hardware and
Scope specific location, not accessible Interacts with end-users
users and networks worldwide. system resources; provides a
outside the organization. Interaction directly and provides
platform for application
Access is generally free for end functionalities for tasks.
Costs are borne by the organization software to run.
users, but services and content
Cost for setup, maintenance, and Dependent on system Operates independently to
may involve costs (subscriptions,
operational expenses. software to function properly; manage hardware and provide
purchases). Dependency
requires an operating system an environment for
to run. applications to run.
Difference between guided & unguided media. Updated primarily for
security patches, system
Frequently updated to add
S. stability, and hardware
Guided Media Unguided Media Updates and new features, improve
No. compatibility.
Maintenance functionality, or address user
The guided media is also called wired The unguided media is also called needs.
1. communication or bounded wireless communication or unbounded
transmission media. transmission media. Why is satellite communication necessary?
The signal energy propagates through The signal energy propagates through
2. Reason Explanation
wires in guided media. the air in unguided media.
Guided media is used for point-to- Unguided media is generally suited for Satellites can provide communication services to
3. virtually every part of the globe, including remote and
point communication. radio broadcasting in all directions.
1. Global Coverage underserved areas where traditional infrastructure is
4. It is cost-effective. It is expensive.
impractical or unavailable. This ensures connectivity in
Discrete network topologies are Continuous network topologies are rural, mountainous, and oceanic regions.
5.
formed by the guided media. formed by the unguided media.
Satellites offer stable and uninterrupted communication
Signals are in the form of voltage, Signals are in the form of services regardless of geographical obstacles or weather
6. current, or photons in the guided electromagnetic waves in unguided 2. Reliable and
conditions. This reliability is essential for critical
media. media. Continuous Service
applications like emergency response and navigation
Examples of guided media are twisted Examples of unguided media are systems.
7. pair wires, coaxial cables, and optical microwave or radio links and infrared Satellites facilitate communication for mobile
fibre cables. light. 3. Support for
platforms, such as ships, airplanes, and vehicles,
Mobile
providing connectivity while they are on the move and
Communication
in areas without ground-based infrastructure.
What is the full form of CMOS, IANA, BIOS?
In the event of natural disasters or emergencies that
4. Disaster Recovery damage ground-based communication infrastructure,
 CMOS: Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor and Emergency satellites can quickly restore communication links and
Response provide vital support for rescue operations and disaster
management.
 Description: CMOS technology is used in a wide range of electronic
devices, including computer chips and memory. It is known for its low Satellites are key for distributing television, radio, and
power consumption and high noise immunity. In computers, CMOS often 5. Broadcasting and internet services across wide areas, enabling content
refers to the CMOS battery and chip that store system settings and the Media Distribution providers to reach large audiences globally without
system clock. needing extensive terrestrial infrastructure.
Satellites play a critical role in Earth observation,
6. Scientific and weather forecasting, climate monitoring, and
 IANA: Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
Environmental environmental management. They provide data for
Monitoring studying natural phenomena, tracking climate change,
 Description: IANA is responsible for coordinating some of the key and managing natural resources.
elements that keep the Internet running smoothly, including the global
coordination of domain names, IP addresses, and protocol parameters. It
helps ensure that the Internet operates reliably and efficiently by What is Internet & intranet
maintaining and distributing these critical resources.
 Internet: Internet is a global network that connects billions of
 BIOS: Basic Input/Output System computers across the world with each other and to the World-
Wide servers.
This being a public network can be accessed by anyone to gather
 Description: BIOS is firmware embedded on a motherboard that initializes & share information & data.
and tests hardware components during the booting process before the Ex: World Wide Web(www).
operating system loads. It provides a low-level interface between the
operating system and the computer's hardware and allows users to  Intranet: An intranet is a computer network for sharing
configure hardware settings. information, easier communication, collaboration tools,
operational systems, and other computing services within an
organization. This being limited within an organization only
authorized clients can access that specific network (Intranet).

Ex: Network of Bank servers

Explain the different types of satellites used for communication.

1.Geostationary Satellites (GEO)

 Description: These satellites orbit the Earth at a fixed position relative to the Earth's surface. This means they stay in the same spot above the equator, maintaining
a constant view of the same area.
 Orbit: Approximately 35,786 kilometres (22,236 miles) above the equator.
 Applications:
o Television Broadcasting: Provides continuous service to large areas.
o Telecommunications: Used for telephone and data services.
o Weather Monitoring: Provides consistent observation of weather patterns.

2. Medium Earth Orbit Satellites (MEO)

 Description: These satellites orbit the Earth at a moderate altitude between Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Geostationary Orbit (GEO).
 Orbit: Typically, between 2,000 kilometres and 20,000 kilometres (1,243 miles to 12,427 miles) above Earth.
 Applications:
o Navigation Systems: Key component in Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Galileo, and other navigation systems.

3. Low Earth Orbit Satellites (LEO)

 Description: These satellites orbit closest to Earth, offering lower latency and faster data transmission.
 Orbit: Typically, between 160 kilometres and 2,000 kilometres (99 miles to 1,243 miles) above Earth.
 Applications:
o Earth Observation: High-resolution imaging and environmental monitoring.
o Satellite Internet: Provides global internet coverage, especially in remote areas

4. Polar Orbiting Satellites

 Description: A subset of LEO satellites that pass over the Earth's poles, allowing them to cover the entire Earth's surface over time.
 Orbit: Typically, between 600 kilometres and 800 kilometres (373 miles to 497 miles) above Earth.
 Applications:
o Earth Observation: Environmental monitoring, weather forecasting, and mapping.

5. Highly Elliptical Orbit Satellites

 Description: These satellites follow an elliptical orbit, allowing them to spend a significant amount of time over high-latitude regions.
 Orbit: Varies greatly, ranging from close to Earth at perigee (the nearest point) to much farther away at apogee (the farthest point).
 Applications:
o High-Latitude Communication: Effective for communication in high-latitude regions like northern Russia and Alaska.

What is Bit rate & Baud rate? What is Bandwidth?

 Bit rate: It is the amount of data or information that is Ans: Bandwidth is measured as the amount of data that can be transferred from one point
transmitted from one point to another. to another within a network in a specific amount of time.

Bit rate (𝐵𝑅)=D/T How many bits make up a byte?

D = amount of Data
T = Time (seconds)
A byte is made up of 8 bits.

 Baud rate: Baud rate is the rate at which the number of

signal elements or changes to the signal occurs per second What is computer software?
when it passes through a transmission medium. The higher a
baud rate is the faster the data is sent/received. Computer software refers to a set of instructions, programs, and related documentation
that directs a computer's hardware to perform specific tasks or functions
Baud rate = no of signal elements/total time(seconds)

What is IP (logical) address?

Ans: An IP address represents a unique address that distinguishes any

device on the internet or any network from another. IP or Internet Protocol
defines the set of commands directing the setup of data transferred through
the internet or any other local network.

Ex:192.16.0.73

What is MAC(Physical) address?

Ans: MAC address is the physical address, which uniquely identifies each
device on a given network. To make communication between two
networked devices, we need two addresses

Ex: 00:0a:95:9d:67:16.
Discuss the various advantages & disadvantages of different network topology.

1. Star Topology
Advantages: 1.Ease of Installation and Management: Central hub or switch makes it simple to manage and configure the network. 2.Fault Isolation: Failure of a
single cable or device does not affect the other devices on the network. 3.Scalability: New devices can be added or removed easily without disrupting the network.
4.Performance: Centralized hub reduces collisions and can handle high data traffic effectively.
Disadvantages:---1.Central Point of Failure: If the central hub or switch fails, the entire network is inoperable. 2.Cost: Requires more cable and hardware
(central hub or switch), which can be expensive. 3.Network Traffic: All data traffic must pass through the central hub, which can become a bottleneck if not
properly managed.

2. Bus Topology
Advantages: 1.Cost-Effective: Requires less cable compared to star topology. 2.Simple to Implement: Easy to set up and extend. 3.No Central Hub Needed:
Eliminates the need for a central hub or switch.
Disadvantages: 1.Single Point of Failure: A break in the main cable can disrupt the entire network. 2.Limited Scalability: Adding more devices can increase
network collisions and degrade performance. 3.Difficult Troubleshooting: Identifying faults can be challenging due to the shared communication line.

3 Ring Topology
Advantages: 1.Predictable Performance: Data packets travel in one direction (or both in a dual ring), reducing collisions. 2.Data Integrity: Less data collision
and higher integrity due to unidirectional or bidirectional data flow. 3.Simplified Troubleshooting: Faults can be easier to locate compared to bus topology.
Disadvantages: 1.Single Point of Failure: A failure in any single node or connection can disrupt the entire network, though dual rings can mitigate this.
2.Complexity: More complex to set up and maintain compared to star or bus topologies. 3.Scalability Issues: Adding new nodes can require network downtime
and is more disruptive.

4. Mesh Topology
Advantages: 1.High Reliability: Multiple connections between nodes ensure that if one link fails, data can be rerouted through alternative paths. 2.Robustness:
Provides excellent fault tolerance due to its redundant connections. 3.Efficient Data Routing: Multiple paths for data transmission can improve speed and
reliability.
Disadvantages: 1.Cost: Requires extensive cabling and hardware, making it expensive. 2.Complexity: Complicated to configure and maintain due to the large
number of connections. 3.Scalability: Adding new nodes increases the network's complexity and management difficulty.

5. Tree Topology
Advantages: 1.Hierarchical Structure: Organizes nodes in a hierarchical manner, which is useful for larger networks. 2.Scalability: Easy to expand by adding
more nodes to branches. 3.Fault Isolation: Problems in one branch do not affect the rest of the network.
Disadvantages: 1.Complexity: More complex to set up and manage than star or bus topologies. 2.Central Point of Failure: The root node or central hub failure
can impact the entire network. 3.Cost: More expensive due to the need for additional cabling and hardware.

6. Hybrid Topology
Advantages: 1.Flexibility: Combines features of various topologies to leverage their strengths. 2.Scalability: Can be expanded by integrating different topology
components. 3.Reliability: High reliability by incorporating the advantages of multiple topologies.
Disadvantages: 1.Complexity: More complex to design, configure, and manage due to the integration of different topologies. 2.Cost: Can be more expensive due
to the combination of various topology elements. 3.Troubleshooting: More challenging due to the complexity of multiple interconnected topologies.
Explain the following: - a) LAN b) WAN c) ARPANET d) MAN

a) LAN (Local Area Network) :---Definition: A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and devices within a limited geographical area, such as a
home, office, or campus. LANs are designed to facilitate communication and resource sharing among devices in close proximity.

Characteristics:

Geographical Scope: Limited to a small area, typically within a single building or a group of buildings. Speed: High-speed data transfer, often ranging from 100 Mbps (Fast
Ethernet) to 10 Gbps (Gigabit Ethernet). Ownership: Typically owned and managed by a single organization or individual. Topology: Common topologies include star, bus,
and ring. Usage: Commonly used for sharing resources like printers, files, and internet connections among connected devices.

Advantages:--1.High data transfer rates and low latency. 2.Easier to set up and manage. 3.Cost-effective for small to medium-sized networks.

Disadvantages: 1.Limited coverage area. 2.May require specific hardware and infrastructure for expansion.

b) WAN (Wide Area Network):-----Definition: A Wide Area Network (WAN) spans a large geographical area, often covering cities, countries, or even continents. WANs are
used to connect multiple LANs and provide communication over long distances.

Characteristics: Geographical Scope: Covers large distances, often spanning cities, countries, or continents. Speed: Varies widely from slower
speeds (e.g., dial-up) to high-speed connections (e.g., fiber optics). Ownership: Can be owned by multiple organizations or service providers. Technology: Utilizes
technologies such as leased lines, satellite links, and MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching).

Advantages: 1.Enables communication and resource sharing over long distances. 2.Facilitates global connectivity and remote access. 3.Supports large-scale networking
needs.

Disadvantages: 1.Higher cost compared to LANs, due to the need for extensive infrastructure and service fees. 2.Potential for higher latency and lower data transfer speeds
compared to LANs. 3.Complexity in setup and management.

c) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):----Definition: A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network that covers a larger geographical area than a LAN but smaller than
a WAN, typically within a city or metropolitan area. MANs are designed to connect multiple LANs within a city or large campus, enabling high-speed data transfer and
resource sharing.

Characteristics:---Geographical Scope: Covers a city or metropolitan area, often ranging from several kilometres to 100 kilometres in diameter. Speed: Generally, offers
high-speed connections, often ranging from 10 Mbps to 1 Gbps. Ownership: Can be owned by a single organization or multiple organizations, often managed by
telecommunications providers.

Advantages:1.Provides high-speed connectivity over a larger area than LANs. 2.Facilitates communication and resource sharing among different buildings or locations within
a city. 3.More cost-effective than WANs for city-wide connectivity.

Disadvantages:1.Coverage area is limited to a metropolitan region. 2.May involve higher costs than LANs due to the need for more extensive infrastructure. 3.Complexity in
setup and management compared to LANs.

d) ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) :--Definition: ARPANET was one of the earliest packet-switching networks and the precursor to the
modern Internet. Developed by the U.S. Department of Defence’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the late 1960s and early 1970s, it was initially designed to
facilitate communication and resource sharing among research institutions.

Characteristics: Historical Significance: Launched in 1969 as a research project to develop robust, fault-tolerant communication networks. Technology: Utilized packet-
switching technology to transmit data in small packets rather than continuous streams. Impact: Paved the way for the development of the Internet and fundamental networking
protocols.

Advantages: 1.Demonstrated the feasibility of packet-switching technology. 2.Enabled early research in networking and contributed to the development of TCP/IP, the basis
for modern internet communication.

Disadvantages:1.Limited to academic and research institutions during its early years. 2.Initially lacked the commercial and widespread applications that would later define the
Internet.
Explain OSI Model & TCP/IP.

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework used to understand and implement network communications between different systems. It divides
the process into seven distinct layers, each with specific functions. Here’s a brief overview of each layer:

1. Physical Layer (Layer 1):

o Function: Deals with the physical connection between devices, including the transmission of raw bitstreams over a physical medium.
o Examples: Cables (Ethernet, fibre optics), network interface cards (NICs), hubs, and switches.
2. Data Link Layer (Layer 2):
o Function: Provides error detection and correction, and manages data frames between devices on the same network. It also handles MAC (Media Access
Control) addressing.
o Examples: Ethernet, Wi-Fi, switches, and bridges.
3. Network Layer (Layer 3):
o Function: Responsible for routing packets between devices across different networks. It handles logical addressing and routing (e.g., IP addresses).
o Examples: IP (Internet Protocol), routers.
4. Transport Layer (Layer 4):
o Function: Ensures reliable data transfer between devices, managing data flow control, error recovery, and retransmission. It can provide either
connection-oriented (TCP) or connectionless (UDP) communication.
o Examples: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
5. Session Layer (Layer 5):
o Function: Manages sessions or connections between applications. It establishes, maintains, and terminates sessions between end-user applications.
o Examples: Session establishment and management protocols.
6. Presentation Layer (Layer 6):
o Function: Translates data between the application layer and the network format. It handles data encryption, compression, and translation (e.g., ASCII,
EBCDIC).
o Examples: Data encryption protocols, data format translation.
7. Application Layer (Layer 7):
o Function: Provides network services directly to end-user applications. It’s where network applications and services operate.
o Examples: HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), DNS (Domain Name System).

The TCP/IP model is a simplified framework used for understanding and implementing network communications. It’s the basis for the modern internet and describes the
protocols used to manage and route data across networks. The TCP/IP model is often seen as a practical alternative to the OSI model, and it is the foundation for most
networking protocols and technologies.

TCP/IP Model Layers

The TCP/IP model has four layers, each corresponding to a specific set of protocols and functionalities. Here's a breakdown of each layer:

1. Link Layer (Network Interface Layer):

o Function: Handles the physical and logical connection to the network. This layer is responsible for the communication between the device and the
network hardware.
o Responsibilities: Includes data framing, addressing, and error detection on the physical network.
o Examples: Ethernet, Wi-Fi, ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), network interface cards (NICs), and switches.
2. Internet Layer:
o Function: Manages logical addressing and routing of packets across networks. It determines how data packets are sent to their destination across
multiple networks.
o Responsibilities: Handles packet routing, addressing, and fragmentation.
o Examples: IP (Internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), and routing protocols like RIP (Routing Information Protocol) and OSPF
(Open Shortest Path First).
3. Transport Layer:
o Function: Ensures reliable data transfer between devices. It manages data flow control, error correction, and retransmission of data.
o Responsibilities: Provides end-to-end communication services for applications.
o Examples: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) for reliable communication and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) for faster, connectionless
communication.
4. Application Layer:
o Function: Provides network services directly to end-user applications. It includes protocols used by applications to communicate over the network.
o Responsibilities: Supports application services such as email, file transfers, and web browsing.
o Examples: HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), DNS (Domain Name System),
and others.

14.which storage device provides permanent storage for data application & operating system.

ANS: HDD

15. which storage device provides temporary storage for data?

ANS: RAM
 Parameters OSI Model TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control

OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection
Full Form Protocol/Internet Protocol

Layers It has 7 layers It has 4 layers

Usage It is low in usage It is mostly used

Approach It is vertically approached It is horizontally approached

Delivery of the package is not guaranteed

Delivery of the package is guaranteed in OSI Model
Delivery in TCP/IP Model

Replacing the tools is not easy as it is in

Replacement of tools and changes can easily be done in this model
Replacement OSI Model

Reliability It is less reliable than TCP/IP Model It is more reliable than OSI Model

Protocol Not tied to specific protocols, but examples include HTTP (Application), SSL/TLS
HTTP, FTP, TCP, UDP, IP, Ethernet
Example (Presentation), TCP (Transport), IP (Network), Ethernet (Data Link)

1. Inkjet printer is a non-impact printer 1. A computer network is:

2. Which software prevents the external access to the system? -firewall a) network computer with cable

3. Which software provides interface between hardware and software? - b) network computer without cable
Operating system
c) a & b
4.In vacuum all electromagnetic spectrum component has same- velocity
2. FTP stands for:
5. Most dangerous EM wave - UV ray
a) File Transfer Protocol
6. According to Maxwell's theory changing lattice field produces - Magnetic
field. 3. Which of the following network services use:

7. What effect will be seen on the resistance in a wire if we increase the a) File service
frequency - it will also increase
b) Print
8. Ground wave are most effective when - it is below 3 MHz
c) Database
9. The process of conversion and formatting data is called - source coding.
d) All of the above
10. How many transitions can be done at every bite at a time- 02
4. If all devices are connected to a central hub, then topology is called:
11. Jamming is caused by - Multipath.
ANS: STAR
12. What is the reason of carrying multiple transponders in a satellite- for a
5. In MESH topology, relation between one device to another:
greater number of operating channels.
ANS: peer to peer
13. The transmission receiver combination in the satellite is known as-
transponder. 6. The performance of data communication network depends on:
14. The radiometer consist of - band pass fitter i) no of users
15. Which system makes the detection difficult for all user other than the ii) The hardware & software
intendent user- low probability & detection.
iii) Transmission

10. What does computer hardware refer to? iv) All of the above
ANS: Physical component that make up a computer system. 7. What is the name of network topology in which there are bidirectional links
between each possible node?
11. which component is often referred to as the brain of the compute?
ANS: MESH
ANS: CPU
8. What is commonly used unit for measuring the speed of data transmission?
12. what component allow the computer to connect to a network & access the
networks internet- ANS: Bits/s

ANS: Network interface card (NIC) 9. Which of the communication modes support data traffic in only one direction
at a time?
13.which of the following is an example of input device?
ANS: half duplex
ANS: Keyboard