IOT Based Smart Farming System

PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF

COMPUTING
SIMAD
UNIVERSITY
MOGDISHU SOMALIA

BY

ISMAIL OMAR AHMED

ZAKARIA ADAN XASAN

Supervisor: Dr. Yahye

 Chapter one: Introduction

1.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses smart agriculture monitoring based on arduino, is a system that uses the
Internet of Things (IoT) technology to collect and transmit real-time data from various sources in
the field, the Internet of things (IOT) is the greatest efficient and important techniques for
development of answer the question. IOT evolve from different components which includes lots
of sensors, software’s, network components and other electronic devices. Monitoring the
environmental factors is not the complete solution to increase the yield of crops. There are
number of other factors that decrease the productivity. Hence, automation must be implemented
in agriculture to overcome these problems. In order to provide solution to such problems, it is
necessary to develop an integrated system which wills improve productivity in every stage. But,
complete automation in agriculture is not achieved due to various issues. IoT are applicable in
various methodologies of agriculture. Applications of IoT are Smart Cities, Smart Environment,
Smart Water, Smart Metering, Security and Emergency, Industrial Control, Smart Agriculture,
Home Automation, e-Health etc. ‘Internet of Things’ is based on device which is capable of
analysing the sensed information and then transmitting it to the user. From survey of United
Nations - Food and Agriculture Organisations, the world wide food production should be
increased by 70% in 2050 for evolving population. Agriculture is the basis for the human species
as it is the main source of food and it plays important role in the growth of country's economy.
There are many other factors that affect the productivity to great extent. Factors include attack of
insects and pests which can be controlled by spraying the proper insecticide and pesticides and
also attack of wild animals and birds when the crop grows up. The crop yield is declining
because of unpredictable monsoon rainfalls, water scarcity and improper water usage. Though it
is implemented the research level, it is not given to the farmers as a product to get benefitted
from the resources[1], Smart IoT is growing day by day as many more objects are going to be
connected throughout the world. IoT can be used in many different domains such as precision
agriculture [2, 3], Smart grid [4], environmental monitoring [5] etc. IoT technology is gaining
popularity in the agricultural field for its highly scalable, interoperable and pervasive nature, One
of main areas where IoT based research is going on and new products are launching on everyday
basis to make the activities smarter and efficient towards better production is “Agriculture”.
Talking of soamli farmers, which are right now in huge trouble and are at disadvantageous
position in terms of farm size, technology, trade, government policies, climate conditions etc[6],
The soil is one of the important think of our country, many crops in agricultural field as produced
in fertile soil. The soil types can be determined by climate, landscape and vegetation place in
field, it also depends on time. The soil is identified by color, texture, chemical properties. The
soil classifications are based on particle size and color. Md Ashifuddin Mondal et al [7]-[8].

The remaining of this chapter will be as follow: In section one we will discuss about background,
in section II will be highlighted problem statement, in section III will examine research
questions, in section IV will talk about objective of the study, in section V will illustrate the
purpose of the study, in section VI highlighted the scope of the system, in section VII will talk
over significance of the project, in section VIII will illustrate the project organization

1.2 Background Study

This section demonstrates the background of the project, The smart agriculture monitoring is an
IoT Agriculture is the unquestionably the largest livelihood provider in somalia. With rising
population, there is a need for increased agricultural production. In order to support greater
Production in farms, the requirement of the amount of fresh water used in irrigation also rises.
Currently, agriculture accounts 83% of the total water consumption in soamlia, Unplanned use of
water inadvertently results in wastage of water. This suggests that there is an urgent need to
develop systems that prevent time wastage without imposing pressure on farmers, Over the past
15 years, farmers started using computers and software systems to organize their financial data
and keep track of their transactions with third parties and also monitor their crops more
effectively. In the Internet era, where information plays a key role in people's lives, agriculture is
rapidly becoming a very data intensive industry where farmers need to collect and evaluate a
huge amount of information from a diverse number of devices (eg., sensors, faming machinery
etc.) in order to become more efficient in production and communicating appropriate
information, With the advent of open source Arduino boards along with cheap moisture sensors,
it is viable to create devices that can monitor the soil moisture content and accordingly irrigating
the fields or the landscape as an when needed, Agriculture is considered as the basis of life for us
as it is the main source of food and other raw materials. It plays vital role in the growth of
country's economy. Growth in agricultural sector is necessary for the development of economic
condition of the country. Unfortunately, many farmers still use the traditional methods of
farming. In somalia most of the irrigation system are manually operated one's. These outdated
techniques are replaced with automated techniques. This project focuses primarily on reducing
the wastage of time and minimizing the manual labor on field for irrigation. [9], As the world is
trending into new technologies and implementations it is a necessary goal to trend up in
agriculture also. Many researches are done in the field of agriculture. Most projects signify the
use of wireless sensor network collect data from different sensors deployed at various nodes and
send it through the wireless protocol. The collected data provide the information about the
various environmental factors. Monitoring the environmental factors is not the complete solution
to increase the yield of crops. There are number of other factors that decrease the productivity to
a greater extent. Hence automation must be implemented in agriculture to overcome these
problems. So, in order to provide solution to all such problems, it is necessary to develop an
integrated system which will take care of all factors affecting the productivity in every stage. But
complete automation in agriculture is not achieved due to various issues. Though it is
implemented in the research level it is not given to the farmers as a product to get benefitted
from the resources. Hence this project deals about developing smart agriculture using IoT and
given to the farmers. [3]

1.2.1 Globally

In Europe agriculture developed through a combination of migration and diffusion. The oldest
sites with agriculture are along the Mediterranean coast, where long-distance population
movement and trade could be easily effected by boat. Franchthi Cave in southeastern Greece, a
site occupied for more than 15,000 years, documents the development of agriculture in southern
Europe over several centuries. A few Southwest Asian plants are part of the earlier record at
Franchthi Cave, but there is no evidence that they were domesticated or cultivated. Wild emmer
may have grown in the area at the time; it is not clear whether it was domesticated locally or had
been brought in from Southwest Asia. The same may be true for lentils and grass peas (Pisum
species). Shortly after 9000 BP sheep, goats, pigs, barley, lentils, and three types of wheat had
become part of the resource base in the region. By 8000 BP cattle were added; at about the same
time, crops and livestock were being introduced as far west as the Iberian Peninsula. Within five
centuries, clear domesticates and a village-based agricultural way of life had been established on
a coastal plain to the north at Nea Nikomedia (Macedonia), As agriculture spread to more-
temperate regions in Europe, practices that focused on cattle, pigs, emmer, einkorn, and legumes
became important. In the milder and more arid regions along the Mediterranean coast, fewer
modifications were necessary. When available, the incorporation of indigenous wild stock into
domesticated herds doubtless aided animals’ acclimatization, a practice that continued into
historic times. The earliest evidence for agriculture northwest of the Black Sea comes from the
Starčevo-Cris culture (c. 7500 BP), where four types of wheat, as well as oats (Avena sativa),
barley, peas, and broomcorn millet, have been found. The millet is particularly interesting
because it was extensively grown in northern China at the same time and presumably originated
there, although it may have been independently domesticated in eastern Europe, Agriculture
spread through complex interactions between resident hunters and gatherers and agricultural
peoples who were migrating into the region. The Linearbandkeramik, or LBK culture, is
distributed widely across central Europe and is the first archaeological culture in the region for
whom the material signature clearly demonstrates agriculture. However, it is unclear to what
extent agriculture was spread through the exchange of ideas and to what extent it was spread via
direct colonization. One study of the LBK culture, for instance, shows little change in the genetic
makeup of local populations, an indication that ideas rather than people were moving across the
landscape. As elsewhere, it is likely that new people and new ideas were accepted by established
groups to varying degrees depending upon local conditions. For instance, in some areas, such as
Hungary and Switzerland, many groups that adopted some form of agriculture also continued to
rely upon hunting, sometimes retaining this practice for thousands of years, However the
expansion occurred, the archaeological signature of the LBK culture spread rapidly between
7300 and 6900 BP, moving westward at a rate of nearly 3 miles (5 km) per year. Archaeologists
long presumed that LBK agriculture involved slash-and-burn techniques, in part because it was
thought to be a necessary response to the region’s low soil fertility and in part as an explanation
for the culture’s rapid expansion. However, experimental archaeology and plant remains from
LBK sites have provided evidence that these people did not regularly shift their fields. By 6000
BP the transition to food production was under way in the British Isles, and by 5000 BP farming
was common in western Europe.
1.2.2 Regional level

In recent times, there is need for Nigeria to diversify its economy from crude oil to agriculture
due to low selling prices of crude oil [13]. For the African continent, agriculture is predicted to
take Africa out of poverty if technology is properly utilised for mechanised farming [10]. It is
shocking to however note that, most Nigerians and Africans are still practising agriculture using
traditional approaches. This calls for the government and related agencies in Nigeria and other
African countries to invest heavily into smart agriculture in order to get the country and
continent out of poverty [11].

Nigeria is made up of 36 states and the federal capital territory, Abuja. Nigeria has a huge land
mass of 923,768 KM2 [12].

Most crops and vegetables grow favourably well in Nigeria. For example, Figure 1.1 below
shows the major crops produced in the different regions of Nigeria. Furthermore, it shows
locations of where agricultural commodities are also produced in Nigeria [13]. In terms of
poultry, in 2012, Nigeria had about 207.6 million poultry and by 2050, the number of poultry is
estimated to be 1284.3 million. Considering livestock, in 2012, Nigeria had about 20.7 million
cattle and by 2050, the cattle are projected to be about 53.6 million cattle [14]. Other African
countries are blessed with poultry, and livestock as well.

1.2.3 National

In Somalia there is not smart agriculture monitoring based on arduino

1.3 Problem statement

This problem solves to supply water when the farm is dry without human presence and avoiding
water wastage in the irrigation process. Also monitor the soil parameters like temperature,
humidity and soil moisture level, It will also be possible to control various operations of the field
remotely from anywhere, anytime by mobile as well as web application. This gives signals to the
mobile phone whether to send water (that is when the farm is dry) to the field or not.

1.4 Research question

1. How to develop and design smart agriculture monitoring based on ardunio?

2. How can IoT-based systems be used to optimize farming operations and reduce costs
associated with farming operations?
3.How can IoT-based systems be used to optimize farming operations and reduce costs
associated with farming operations?

1.5. Objectives

1: To identify and analyzes the smart agriculture monitoring based on ardunio.

2: To design a prototype that IOT smart agriculture monitoring based on ardunio.

3: To develop and implement of IOT smart agriculture monitoring based on ardunio.

1.6. purpose of the project

The purpose of this project is identifying Iot based smart agriculture monitoring based on
ardunio

1.7. Scope of the project

1.7.1 Time scope

This study will be carried out from December 2022 to JUNE 2023.

1.7.2 Geographical scope

This study will conduct SIMAD University in Warta-Nabada District-Mogadishu-Somalia.

1.8. Signification of the project

For realising the significance system, different equipments are being used. Arduino UNO board
is used as a microcontroller and different sensors are attached with it. LM35 was used as a
temperature sensor and VL95 used as a soil moisture sensor.

1.9. PROJECT ORGANIZATION T

The content of this report is arranged as follows:

Chapter 1: Gives an introduction and background study about the problem statement. In addition
to that, this chapter will cover the objectives, scope, and significance of this project, and how the
project is organized.

Chapter 2: Describes the literature review as far as the most recent relevant literature of the smart
agriculture monitoring based on ardunio. Existing systems are reviewed and comparatively analyzed
and gap between them is directed.

Chapter 3: Explains how the data collected, analyzed, and the finding of the analyzed data.
 Chapter two: literature review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses literature review, the next era of Smart Computing will be totally based on
Internet of Things (IoT) Internet of Things (IoT), these days is playing a crucial role of
transforming “Traditional Technology” from homes to offices to “Next Generation Everywhere
Computing”. “Internet of Things” [15] is gaining an important place in research across the nook
and corner of this world especially in area of modern wireless communications. The term,
Internet of Things [16] refers to uniquely identifiable objects, things and their respective virtual
representations in Internet like structure which was proposed in year 1998. Internet Smart
Farming: IoT Based Smart Sensors Agriculture Stick for Live Temprature and Moisture
Monitoring using Arduino, Internet of Things (IoT) technology has brought revolution to each
and every field of common man’s life by making everything smart and intelligent. IoT refers to a
network of things which make a self-configuring network. The development of Intelligent Smart
Farming IoT based devices is day by day turning the face of agriculture production by not only
enhancing it but also making it cost-effective and reducing wastage. The Agriculture stick being
proposed is integrated with Arduino Technology, The product being proposed is tested on Live
Agriculture Fields giving high accuracy over 98% in data feeds. Keywords: Internet of Things
(IoT), Agriculture, Agriculture IoT, Agriculture Precision, Arduino Mega 2560, DS18B20
Temperature Sensor, Smart Farming, Soil Moisture Sensor, ESP8266, From the point of normal
user, IoT [16]has laid the foundation of development of various products like smart living, e-
health services, automation and even smart education. And from commercial point of view, IoT
these days is being used in business management, manufacturing, intelligent transportation and
even agriculture. One of main areas where IoT based research is going on and new products are
launching on everyday basis to make the activities smarter and efficient towards better
production is “Agriculture”. Agriculture sector is regarded as the more crucial sector globally for
ensuring food security.
The remaining of this chapter will be as follow: In section one we will discuss about Concept of
agriculture monitoring, in section II will be highlighted The Origin & History of Agriculture, in
section III will examine monitoring agro, in section IV will talk about Technology used, in
section V will illustrate the Related work, in section VI highlighted the Existing systems, in
section VII will talk over Gap Analysis, in section VIII will illustrate the Conclusion

2.2 Concept of agriculture monitoring

The word 'Agriculture' springs from the Latin word 'Ager' means Land or field and 'Culture'
means cultivation. It means the science and Art of manufacturing crops and livestock for
economic purpose. Agriculture is an art of raising vegetarian from the soil for the use of
mankind. Agriculture is that the mile stone within the history of human civilization, thanks to
agriculture man settled at particular place. Agriculture is one amongst the oldest and prime
activities of the human being. It’s remained a vital source of land. , as the world is trending into
new technologies and implementations it is a necessary goal to trend up in agriculture also, many
researches are done in the field of agriculture, most projects signify the use of wireless sensor
network collect data from different sensors deployed at various nodes and send it through the
wireless protocol, the collected data provide the information about the various environmental
factors, monitoring the environmental factors is not the complete solution to increase the yield of
crops, there are number of other factors that decrease the productivity to a greater extent, in order
to provide solution to all such problems, it is necessary to develop an integrated system which
will take care of all factors affecting the productivity in every stage, but complete automation in
agriculture is not achieved due to various issues. Though it is implemented in the research level
it is not given to the farmers as a product to get benefitted from the resources. Hence this paper
deals about developing smart agriculture using IoT and given to the farmers. The existing
method and one of the oldest ways in agriculture is the manual method of checking the
parameters. In this method the farmers they themselves verify all the parameters and calculate
the readings. [17] It focuses on developing devices and tools to manage, display and alert the
users using the advantages of a wireless sensor network system. [18]It aims at making
agriculture smart using automation and IoT technologies. The highlighting features are smart
GPS based remote controlled robot to perform tasks like weeding, spraying, moisture sensing,
human detection and keeping vigilance. [19]The cloud computing devices that can create a
whole computing system from sensors to tools that observe data from agricultural field images
and from human actors on the ground and accurately feed the data into the repositories along
with the location as GPS coordinates.[20]This idea proposes a novel methodology for smart
farming by linking a smart sensing system and smart irrigator system through wireless
communication technology.[21]It proposes a low cost and efficient wireless sensor network
technique to acquire the soil moisture and temperature from various location of farm and as per
the need of crop controller to take the decision whether the irrigation is enabled or not.[22]It
proposes an idea about how automated irrigation system was developed to optimize water use for
agricultural.

2.2.1 The Origin & History of Agriculture

From earliest times human distributions have been correlated with the distribution of plants. The
history and development of agriculture is intimately related to the development of civilization.
For last 30-40,000 yrs (advent of cromagnon) very little physical evolution is evident in fossil
record but there has been tremendous cultural evolution. The advent of stationary human
societies and consequent development of civilization were possible only after the establishment
of agriculture. Humans did not “put down roots” and remain in one place until they learned to
cultivate the land and collect and store agricultural crops. The origin of agriculture provided
“release time” for the development of art, writing, culture and technology, the history of
agriculture begins in the Fertile Crescent, an area of Western Asia that comprises the regions of
Mesopotamia and Levant. In the early 1900s, University of Chicago archaeologist James Henry
Breasted coined the term "Fertile Crescent" to describe this location's role as the birthplace of
agriculture. The Fertile Crescent has often been called the "Cradle of Civilization" since both the
wheel and writing first appeared there. Modern-day Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel,
Jordan, and the Palestinian territories all include some land within the Fertile Crescent, Humans
invented agriculture between 7,000 and 10,000 years ago, during the Neolithic era or the New
Stone Age. The Neolithic era ended with the development of metal tools. The invention of
agriculture allowed humans to settle in one place and form permanent settlements. The eight
Neolithic crops were emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, hulled barley,
chickpeas, and flax, Irrigation first appeared in Egypt and Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium
B.C. Floods caused by the yearly inundation of the Nile would have had disastrous effects for
ancient farmers, washing away dikes and swamping fields. Conversely, when the waters were
low, the land dried up, killing crops. The oldest method of irrigation made use of man-made
underground streams, called qanats, and is still being used in parts of the Middle East. Various
groups of people began digging and repairing older, more primitive canal networks to help
regulate the flow of rivers, such as the Nile River in Egypt. The canal networks eventually
developed into sophisticated irrigation systems, During the Bronze Age and the eras that
followed, civilizations all over the world gradually invented or acquired advanced metalworking
techniques, creating ever-stronger farming implements. Humans continued domesticating
animals and plants to serve as food sources or sources of other useful products. During the
Middle Ages, European farmers began using complex irrigation systems such as dams,
reservoirs, and water-raising machines.

2.2.2 Types of Agriculture

2.2.2.1 Agro-ecology

Broadly stated, it is the study of the role of agriculture in the world. It is the study of the relation
of agricultural crops and environment. 1 Agro-ecology provides an interdisciplinary framework
with which to study the activity of agriculture. In this framework, agriculture does not exist as an
isolated entity, but as part of an ecology of contexts. Agro-ecology draws upon basic ecological
principles for its conceptual framework

Fig: 1.1 Agro-ecology

2.2.2.2 Sustainable Agriculture

Sustainable Agriculture refers to the ability of a farm to produce food indefinitely, without
causing severe or irreversible damage to ecosystem health.2 Two key issues are biophysical (the
long-term effects of various practices on soil properties and processes essential for crop
productivity) and socio-economic (the long-term ability of farmers to obtain inputs and manage
resources such as labor). SA integrates three main goals: environmental stewardship, farm
profitability, and prosperous farming communities.

2.2.2.3 Organic Agriculture

Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and
people4 . It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions,
rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic agriculture combines tradition,
innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a
good quality of life for all involved.

2.2.2.4 Conservation Agriculture

Conservation Agriculture is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production that

strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while
concurrently conserving the environment” (FAO 2008)5 . The first key principle in CA is
practicing minimum mechanical soil disturbance which is essential to maintaining minerals
within the soil, stopping erosion, and preventing water loss from occurring within the soil. The
second key principle in CA is much like the first principle in dealing with protecting the soil. The
principle of managing the top soil to create a permanent organic soil cover can allow for growth
of organisms within the soil structure. This growth will break down the mulch that is left on the
soil surface. The breaking down of this mulch will produce a high organic matter level which
will act as a fertilizer for the soil surface. The third and final principle that is exercised by the
FAO is the practice of crop rotation with more than two crop species. This process will not allow
pests such as insects and weeds to be set into a rotation with specific crops. Rotational crops will
act as a natural insecticide and herbicide against specific crops.

2.3 How to monitor agro

Agriculture monitoring system includes a network of wireless sensors. These sensors collect data
from several nodes placed on the field. This data is then analysed by experts or local farmers.
Various conclusions can be drawn from the data, such as weather patterns, the fertility of the
soil, crop quality, etc. AMS can also be supplemented by automation for further benefits,
agricultural monitoring is carried out at the JRC mainly to distinguish, identify and measure the
main crop production areas in Europe, estimate production early in the year and check the
validity of farmers’ applications for EU subsidies. The European Commission uses satellite
earth-observation data as a cost-efficient way of gathering the necessary monitoring information,
the JRC supports the implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its
instruments, such as the Good Agricultural and Environmental Conditions (GAEC) standards
and the Farm Advisory System (FAS). It also contributes to the Digital Agenda for Europe and
the 'Integrated Industrial Policy for the Globalisation Era' with regard to environmental
observations sharing and standard setting, the JRC’s monitoring of agriculture using remote
sensing started in 1988, with the aim of providing independent and timely information on crop
areas and yields using emerging space technologies. The JRC focuses on anticipating and
responding to the evolving needs related to agricultural monitoring, through the years, JRC
activities have led to several innovative developments such as control with remote sensing
(CwRS), the Digital Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) and parcel area measurement
using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) devices, The JRC provides scientific and
technical support for the Integrated Administration and Control System’s (IACS)
implementation, cross-compliance implementation and information management linked to the
CAP regulations, The expertise developed within the JRC integrates research in and techniques
used for carrying out statistics, image processing and interpretation (from satellite or air-borne
media), geographic information system (GIS) management and web-based information
technology, geomatics and GPS (orthophotos, large-scale mapping, parcel measurement),
standardisation and quality control.

2.4 Technology used

In the existing system of agriculture, the crops are being monitored with the help of Arduino
boards and GSM technology where in Arduino boards acts as a microcontroller but not as a
server. Hence in order to overcome all these features Arduino Nano boards or renesas
microcontrollers are being included with the NodeMCU which a latest version is and also acts
both as a microcontroller as well as server. Main feature of this methodology is its cheap cost for
installation and multiple advantages. Here one can access as well as control the agriculture
system in a laptop, cell phone or a computer.

2.5 Related work

a cost-efficient product for farming where water is scarce. The system is made up with low-cost
sensors and simple circuitry to automatically control the flow of water. The humidity and
temperature level are also sensed and displayed in LCD. This system provides water for plants
according to the soil moisture level and crop water requirement.[23]

An indigenous low cost time dependent microcontroller based irrigation scheduler which
consists of various sensors for detecting moisture, temperature and wind. This system derives
appropriate actuators (relay, solenoid valves, motor) depending on these values. The captured
data is conveyed to the user in the form of SMS through the GSM module and stored into a
memory card. [14].

J. Balendonck, et. al. presented a deficit irrigation management system consisting of a network
of in-field irrigation controllers and soil sensors. Irrigation controllers are connected to the
farmer's computer through a wireless link. The system can be used when there is a limited water
supply, poor water quality or when leaching is prohibited. They used a decision support system
(DSS) that helps farmers to optimize irrigation and fertilizer management on the basis of selected
crop, water availability and crop development. The DSS may run either on a local computer or
remote server and users can consult with DSS if needed for changing the irrigation strategies.
[25], balendonck, et. al. presented a deficit irrigation management system consists of a network
of in-field irrigation controllers and soil sensors. Irrigation controllers are connected to farmer’s
computer through wireless link. The system can be used when there is a limited water supply,
poor water quality or when leaching is prohibited. They used decision support system (DSS) that
helps farmers to optimize irrigation and fertilizer management on the basis of selected crop,
water availability and crop development. The DSS may run either in local computer or remote
server and user can consult with DSS if needed for changing the irrigation strategies. In [27], F.
TongKe proposed smart agriculture based on IoT and cloud computing. Agriculture information
cloud is constructed with different resources to achieve dynamic distribution of resource and
load balancing. Large amount of data obtained through RFID, wireless communication are
handled in agriculture information cloud. Ji-Chun Zhao et al. studied the control network and IoT
technology for agricultural production. The author proposed remote monitoring system based on
internet and wireless communication. An information management system is also designed to
store the data. The collected data can be used for agricultural research facilities [26]. Unlike the
work presented in [23, 24], the our proposed model in this paper not only provide cost effective
smart farming which automate the farming operations but also it recorded the agricultural field
temperature and moisture values to the cloud environment through communication technology
for further analysis. Further, in [8] the implementation was missing, but this paper includes the
implementation details of our proposed model. Table 1 show’s a comparative study of our
proposed system with other related works which are mentioned here.

2.6 Existing systems

Farmers will detect the type of crop that needs to be planted within the particular soil. In the
present era, farmers are utilizing the watering system procedures through the manual control over
which the farmers water the crop field at standard intervals toward turning the water-pump ON
or OFF. Farmers go to check frequently about the water level within the field and also the extent
of water within the water resources like well.

2.6.1 Smart Agriculture System using IoT Technology

As traditional farming are more labour intensive,Risky and resulting to suicidal due low yield or
Act of God. Small farmers unaware of the smart agriculture system big fishes and corporate
community are enjoying the advantages of smart agriculturetechnology. Thanks to Pandemic
Covid-19 which returned the migrantsback to their respective villages and having no source of
income are happily willingto come backto their original agriculture farming as their occupation.
At this time when the Smart Irrigation System is an IoT based device which is capable of
automating the irrigation process by analyzing the moisture of soil and the climate condition
(like raining) can be incorporated by small players in farming and enjoy high yield profit
earning. IOT advancement helps in agrarian societal information on conditions like atmosphere,
temperature and productivity of soil, harvest web watching engages area of weed, level of water,
bug acknowledgment, animal interference in to the field, alter improvement, cultivation. The
farmers can know get details of farm conditions with the help of remote sensor frame work and
WSN(Wireless Sensor Networking) systems sitting at home or any other place.

Fig:1.2 Smart Agriculture System using IoT Technology

2.6.2 Smart IoT based Automated Irrigation System using Arduino UNO and Soil Moisture
Sensor

In this research work, soil moisture sensors (MS) and water level sensors (LS) are used. A soil
MS is employed to observe the type of crop for the actual soil and to spot when the crop needs
water. LS are employed to senses the water level both in the crop field and in the well. Based on
the water levels, the field get water automatically by switching ON or OFF of the pump motor

Fig: 1.3 Smart IoT based Automated Irrigation System using Arduino UNO and Soil Moisture
Sensor

2.7 Gap Analysis

The main gab between our project and others are that our have temperature sensor, water level
sensor, soil moister sensor , website, mobile app.

Conclusion

In conclusion they are technology systems that utilize IoT devices such as sensors, weather
stations, and drones to collect and analyze data about crop conditions, weather patterns, and
other factors affecting crop growth. The data is then transmitted wirelessly to a central hub where
it can be accessed by farmers and other stakeholders through web-based interfaces or mobile
apps. These systems are designed to provide farmers with real-time information that can be used
to make more informed decisions about crop management, improving crop yields, reducing
costs, and minimizing the environmental impact of farming operations. Additionally, these
systems can be customized to meet the specific needs of different crops and growing
environments and can also be integrated with other systems such as weather forecasting systems.
 Chapter Three

System Analysis And Design

3.1 Introduction

In this chapter about system analysis Agriculture is the primary occupation in Somalia and
is the backbone of Somalia economic system. Agriculture provides employment
opportunities to rural people on a large scale in underdeveloped and developing countries
in addition to providing food. It is the process of producing food, fiber and many other
desired products by the cultivation and raising of domestic animals. Agriculture is the
primary source of livelihood for about more than 58% of Somalia’s population. Climate
changes will have significant impact on agriculture by increasing water demand and
limiting crop productivity in areas where irrigation is most needed. Irrigation system, rain
fed agriculture, groundwater irrigation is some of the methods introduced to produce
healthier crops which may not use water efficiently. In order to use water efficiently a
smart system is designed. In the system farmer need not make the water flow into fields
manually, but the system automatically does that efficiently. The traditional methods
practiced by people may result in huge wastage of water. Hence, the concept of robotized
farming with mix of IoT has been developed [28]. The technological advancements began
to increase the efficiency of production remarkably thus, making it a reliable system. The
knowledge of properties of soil determines the water supply to be driven in a smart way.
The practice of agriculture in a smart way helps to acquire knowledge of soil and
temperature conditions. Developing the smart agriculture using IoT based systems not
only increases the production but also avoids wastage of water [29]. The soil moisture
sensor, humidity and temperature sensor continuously monitors the soil and environmental
conditions, sends the live data to smartphone via cloud service. While raining, the
moisture content may increase several times. A rain-drop detecting sensor intimates the
controller if there is rainfall, making the water supply to reduce or stop depending upon
the moisture content at the moment.
3.2 Proposals System

The system proposed uses a microcontroller (NodeMCU) which has a Wi-Fi module
(ESP8266) over it. Smartphone with blynk is used as user interface. Soil moisture sensor,
humidity and temperature sensor (DHT11) and rain detection sensors along with DC
motor and deek robot are used. This DC motor is connected to a water pump which pumps
water to the crops when the DC motor is ON. The soil moisture sensor senses the moisture
level in the soil [30]. Depending on the level of moisture, NodeMCU decides whether to
water the crop or not [31]. By using appropriate functions and conditional statements in
the code written for the NodeMCU functioning, the watering of the crop starts by
NodeMCU making DC motor ON when the moisture content is below a threshold value
and is made OFF when there is enough moisture content in the soil. The humidity and
temperature sensor gives the humidity and temperature values of the atmosphere which
determine whether the crop is suitable for growth [32]. Some crops grow only in particular
weather conditions and some give better yield only for a particular temperature range. The
raindrop sensor measures the intensity of rain. If there is enough rainfall to provide soil
with required water, the crops are not watered. Even after raining, if the crops are not
having sufficient water then water is pumped again by making DC motor ON. Data
reaches the blynk cloud from NodeMCU through Wi-Fi from Wi-Fi module present on
NodeMCU [33]. The data then goes to blynk app in smartphone where the user can see the
humidity, temperature, soil moisture levels and get the notifications if there is rainfall and
if the DC motor is ON. From this app, the farmer can control the DC motor through
various buttons and switches. When the NodeMCU gets the command from the app then
the appropriate analysis is done and the DC motor is controlled. The data again travels
through Wi-Fi again in the same path. The flow of the Smart farming system is as shown
in the Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Flow of the Smart Farming system
 3.3 IMPLEMENTATION OF SMART FARMING SYSTEM
The block diagram of proposed Smart Farming system using IoT is shown in Fig. 5:

Fig. 5. Block diagram of the Smart Farming system

Humidity and temperature sensor (DHT11) shown in Fig. 6, consists of a thermistor, humidity sensing
component and an IC. Thermistor calculates the temperature of its surrounding medium from its
capability of varying its resistance due to temperature. A moisture holding substrate is placed between
two electrodes in humidity sensing component. The variation in humidity produces a variation in
resistance between electrodes. The variation in resistance is measured and processed by the IC which
gives the humidity value to the NodeMCU. This sensor operates at a voltage range of 3.3V to 5V. The
range of temperature is 0 - 50°C, range of humidity is 20 - 90% RH.

Fig. 6. Humidity and temperature sensor.

The Soil Moisture Sensor in Fig. 4 calculates the average of dielectric permittivity along the
length of the sensor. Here, dielectric permittivity is function of water. The temperature range for
the working of this sensor is 10 - 30°C and voltage applied is 5V.

3.4.2 Software Requirements

Fig. 7. Soil moisture sensor.

In raindrop sensor shown in Fig. 5 as raindrops fall on the nickel lines the drop connects these
lines in parallel which reduces the resistance and hence the voltage drop across the lines is also
reduced. This happens because water is a good conductor of electricity. So when the voltage
drop is less than a certain value it indicates that it’s raining. The module has a rain board, a
control board, power indicator LED, and an adjustable sensitivity through a potentiometer. Its
operating voltage is 5V. The range of resistance is from 100KOhm to 2MOhm.

Fig. 8. Raindrop Sensor.

DC Motor in Fig. 6 converts DC electrical power into mechanical power. It works on the
principle of Lorentz Law. The DC motor can move in both clockwise and anticlockwise
directions depending on the sign of voltage applied between its terminals. The DC motor
operates at a range of 3 to 9V and runs at a speed of 3000RPM.
Fig. 9. DC motor

NodeMCU in Fig. 9 is an open source IoT platform which includes firmware that runs on
ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. Programming is done in Arduino IDE using C/C++ language or Lua
script. NodeMCU has 16 GPIO pins which can be used to control other peripheral devices like
sensors, LEDs, switches etc. These pins can also be used as PWM pins. It has two UART
interfaces and uses XTOS operating system [34]. It can store 4M Bytes of data. The operating
voltage of NodeMCU is 5V. It uses L106 32-bit processor, and the processor's speed is 80-
160MHz.

Fig. 10. Node MCU.

Deek Robot in Fig. 8 acts as an interface to the output device DC motor. It is a current amplifier
and so provides enough current to drive the DC motor [35]. Deek Robot has over temperature
protection and it has internal clamp diodes. It has high noise immunity.
Fig. 11. Deek Robot

3.4 System Design

Blynk is an open-source platform designed for IoT which can control hardware remotely, can
display sensor data, can store data, visualize it. The components of this platform are a server
which can be ran privately or use the common one, an app and libraries. Every time some
information is given from the blynk app, the information travels to the blynk Cloud, from there it
automatically find its way to the hardware. The connection between the cloud and the app can be
through Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GSM, Ethernet etc. The state of hardware pins can be manipulated by
the commands given in the blynk app through various kinds of widgets present. Authentication
token is generated after every project is created and it is a unique identifier which connects the
hardware and the smartphone. The data from Humidity and temperature sensor, raindrop sensor
is sent to the digital pins of the NodeMCU. The data from Soil moisture sensor is sent to the
analog pin of the NodeMCU. DC motor is connected to the NodeMCU via deek robot which is
connected to two digital pins of NodeMCU. Serial monitor displays the data given by sensors if
serial functions are written in the code and if serial communication between the NodeMCU and
the device exists. Name of the Wi-Fi network and password are written along with the
Authentication token in the code to connect the hardware to blynk app. When the code is
dumped into the hardware, from then the status of the crops and soil along with the DC motor
status is seen on smartphone when connected to Wi-Fi. The notifications received and the values
of humidity, temperature and soil moisture in blynk for the Smart Farming system are as shown
in the below figures Fig. 9, Fig. 10, Fig. 11 and Fig. 12. The model for the Smart Farming
system is as shown in the figure Fig. 12.
Fig. 12. Notification in blynk when the DC motor is pumping water to the crops at the farm.

Fig. 13. Notification in blynk when there is rainfall at farm.

Fig. 14. Graph in blynk showing the values of humidity and moisture content in the soil of the farm.

Fig. 15. Model of the Smart Farming system

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Ismail Omar Ahmed

Zakariye Adan Xasan

Computer Science

Yahye Abukar Ahmed

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