M02 Read & Interpret Plan and Specification
M02 Read & Interpret Plan and Specification
M02 Read & Interpret Plan and Specification
Level-II
Based on November, 2022, Curriculum Version 1
Somali regional state TVET Bureau wish to extend thanks and appreciation to the many
representatives of JPTC trainers and respective industry experts who donated their time and
expertise to the development of this Teaching, Training and Learning Materials (TTLM)
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1. 1 lay out plan.................................................................................................................. 4
Figure 1. 2 Single-phase control block diagram.............................................................................7
Figure 1. 3 three-phase control block diagram...............................................................................8
Figure 1. 4 pictorial/ architectural diagram...................................................................................8
Figure 1. 5 Circuit/schematic Diagrams.........................................................................................9
Figure 1. 6 A Layout Diagram.......................................................................................................9
Figure 1. 7 wiring diagram...........................................................................................................10
Figure 1. 8 single line diagram.....................................................................................................10
Figure 1. 9 power Riser Diagram.................................................................................................11
Figure 2. 1 laying drawing paper (sheet)......................................................................................19
Figure 3. 1 location of symbols on pictorial plan/diagram...........................................................28
Figure 3. 2 Electrical plan............................................................................................................29
Figure 3. 3 Floor plan location of the furniture, equipment and electrical appliances..................30
Figure 3. 4 Electrical Plan show lighting circuit layout...............................................................30
Figure 3. 5 Circuit 1 interconnects lamps up to the power panel board.......................................31
Figure 3. 6 Circuit 2 interconnects lamps to the power panel board............................................32
Figure 3. 7 Each lamp is controlled by a single pole switches in one switch plate.......................33
Figure 3. 8 Fluorescent lamp controlled from two different locations.........................................34
Figure 3. 9 Each lamp is controlled individually by a single pole switches.................................35
Figure 3. 10 the switches are located near the door for convenient access...................................35
Figure 3. 11 The power layout of the same electrical plan...........................................................36
Page iii of 77 BEI Department Read and Interpret Plans and Version -1
Author/Copyright Specifications November,2022
Figure 3. 12 Special purpose outlet..............................................................................................37
Figure 3. 13 Electrical panel boards............................................................................................37
Figure 3. 14 Electrical energy distribution (distribution board system).......................................40
Figure 4. 1 site plan..................................................................................................................... 44
Figure 4. 2 Scale.......................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 5. 1 Dimension Lines and Extension Lines..........................................................................51
LIST OF TABLE
Table 3. 1 Electrical Graphic Symbols........................................................................................ 25
Table 3. 2 Schedule of load..........................................................................................................38
Table 3. 3 Computation of schedule load.....................................................................................39
Table 3. 4 note and specification................................................................................................. 40
CO Convenience outlet
This type of drawings provides the details and location of electrical wiring, fixtures, sub-station
etc. The electrical load calculation is also given in the drawing. Electrical drawings, sometimes
referred to as wiring diagrams which are a type of technical drawing that provide visual
representation for describing electrical systems or circuits. They are used to explain
the design to electricians or other workers who will use them to install or repair electrical
systems.
Types of Electrical Drawing and Diagrams
There are different types of electrical drawing and diagrams that are used for building electrical
installation and industrial installation. The following are some of the examples:
A block diagram is a type of electrical drawing that represents the principle components of a
complex system in the form of blocks interconnected by lines that represent their relation.
A schematic circuit diagram represents the electrical system in the form of a picture that shows
the main features or relationships but not the details. In a schematic circuit diagram, the
presentation of electrical components and wiring does not entirely correspond to the physical
arrangements in the real device.
Single Line diagram (SLD) or one-line diagram is the representation of an electrical circuit
using a single line. As the name suggests, a single line is used to denote the multiple power lines
such as in 3 phase system.
A diagram showing number of conductors needed accessories and lay out (electrical) symbols of
the accessories.
A wiring diagram is a pictorial representation of an electric circuit, where the elements of the
loop and the signal connections between devices and the power source are shown in the
conventional methods as simplified shapes. A house wiring diagram is thus, a wiring diagram of
a house.
Pictorial diagram does not necessarily represent the actual circuit. In facts it shows the visual
appliance of the circuit in real time. An electrical diagram or drawing is a pictorial form of
presenting an electronic circuit visually.
A ladder or line diagram is a diagram that shows the function of an electrical circuit using
electrical symbols. It is the electrical diagram that represents electrical circuits in the industries
to document control logic system. It does not show the actual locations of the components.
Ladder diagrams allow a person to understand and troubleshoot a circuit quickly.
Logic diagram represents a logic circuit by showing complex circuit and process using various
block and symbols. The logic function are represents by their logic symbols where as blocks are
used to represents complex logic circuits.
Riser diagram is a single line diagram that shows the entire electrical circuit from the service
entrance up to the smallest circuit branch. It shows the size of wire in each branch, size of the
service entrance conductors and the conduit and size of the protective device for the main circuit
breaker and each branch.
Electrical Floor Plan is a vertical representation of various appliances such as light, switch and
fans etc in a building. It specifies their exact location with their size and distance from each wall
and ceiling.
A set of electrical drawings on a project might include:
A site plan which shows the location of the building and any external wiring.
Floor plans which show the positions of electrical systems on each floor.
Wiring diagrams which show the physical connections and layout of electrical circuits.
Schedules and other information.
Electrical drawings for buildings tend to include the following details:
How the electrical wires and other parts of the system are interconnected and switched.
Where fixtures and other components connect to the system.
Incoming power lines and their voltage, size, capacity and rating.
Power transformers and their winding connection and means of grounding.
The main switches, fused switches and tie breakers.
Equipment such as batteries, air conditioning, solar panels, generators, and so on, is including
their voltage and size.
A Tie breaker is normally a breaker that can be closed to connect two separate systems together.
An example is you have two 2000 amp 480 volt MCC panels, each fed from a transformer. If one
transformer fails or is taken out of service for maintenance the Tie breaker can be closed to
provide power to both MCC from the remaining transformer
The Motor Control Center is a fundamental part of the fire safety system. A fire pump supplies
water to a facility’s fire protection piping. If the pump doesn’t run, not only will those
conductors be damaged, but the entire facility will also be in danger of burning down.
Pictorial diagram: For practical reasons, the plan of an electrical .installation is drawn on the
layout plan of the respective construction. It is called the Architectural Diagram. It shows the
electrical installation as seen from below.
To avoid any confusion when reading architectural diagrams, the doors have been omitted from
the layout plans in this learning element. Doors leading to the outside of buildings have been
drawn with door sills only.
The arrow shows the electrical supply to the installation.
Layout diagrams:
Layout diagram is a diagram, which shows, the place where electrical components are fixed and
electrical accessories are connected together. It also indicates the number of electrical wires connected
with the accessories in electrical installation. These are very similar to block diagrams, but they
indicate more technical detail and tend to show items in their correct geographical location.
Single-line diagram:
Single-line diagrams show the overall conceptual layout of a circuit. They typically condense
three-phase connections down to single lines for simplicity. Single-line diagrams are where
upper-level details like generators, main transformers, and large motors are shown.
Drawing is the act and discipline of composing drawings that visually communicate how
something functions or constructed. Technical drawing is essential for communicating ideas
in industry and engineering. To make the drawings easier to understand, people use
familiar symbols, perspectives, units of measurement, notation systems, visual styles, and page
layout. Together, such conventions constitute a visual language and help to ensure that the
drawing is unambiguous and relatively easy to understand. Many of the symbols and principles
of technical drawing are codified in an international standard called ISO. The need for precise
communication in the preparation of a functional document distinguishes technical drawing from
the expressive drawing of the visual arts. Technical drawings are understood to have one
intended meaning. They are used to explain the design to electricians or other workers who will
use them to help install or repair electrical systems
The electrical installation of a house or building is one of the key points of its structure. It must
comply with a series of regulations and technical specifications that guarantee its installation and
operation.
Function provided by building (working) drawing during the realization of the project
Communicate technical information though out the building team
To show how to design is to materialize
Convey information’s for people concerned in erecting the building
Give information’s to specification writer
for instructing the contractors and other members of building team
Means of obtaining official approval.
Helps in the analysis of cost factor.
Establish use of materials.
Provides detail for tendering.
Indicate contractual committeemen
Indicate degree of supervision.
Demonstrate construction details.
Assist in the measurement of progress.
Forms parts of documentation in site meetings.
Establish type and amount of labour requirement.
Basic for ordering materials and components
1.3. Recognization of quality requirement of company operation
Quality requirement is a common term in project management. In a nutshell, the quality
requirement defines the expectations of the customer for quality, the internal processes as well as
the attributes of products that indicate whether the quality factors are satisfied or not. Quality is
an important factor when it comes to any product or service. With the high market competition,
quality has become the market differentiator for almost all products and services. Therefore, all
manufacturers and service providers out there constantly look for enhancing their product or the
service quality. In order to maintain or enhance the quality of the offerings, manufacturers use
two techniques, quality control and quality assurance. These two practices make sure that the end
product or the service meets the quality requirements and standards defined for the product or the
service.
Ethiopian standards
internal company quality policy and standards
manufacturer specifications, where specified
Workplace operations and procedures.
Waste management
Waste materials that may be generated during demolition and construction include
concrete, steel, aluminum, plasterboard, bricks and tiles, plastic and glass.
Effective construction planning can minimize the production of waste, and appropriate storage
of wastes – particularly suitable source separation of waste materials – can greatly improve
recycling rates and potentially lower disposal fees.
The waste management hierarchy provides a framework to maximize the useful life of materials
when waste cannot be avoided. Waste from construction and building sites should be managed in
accordance with the waste management hierarchy.
Environmental plan
Environmental planning is the process of facilitating decision making to carry out land
development with the consideration given to the natural environment, social, political, economic
and governance factors and provides a holistic framework to achieve sustainable outcomes.
Effective environmental planning requires the effective interaction and overlay between three
components - hardware, software and heart ware. Hardware consists of the physical fabric of a
city - infrastructure, buildings, railway, roads, ports etc.
Self-Check
Name: _____________________________ Date: ___________________________
Written test
Step2: Prepare all materials, equipments and tools which are needed for the work.
Step4: locate all site plan Symbols in the site plan paper in proper position
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the above content coverage
and topics. Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
Checking title panel of project documentation.
Checking amendment to specifications of currency information.
Making a Title Block: Now that we have our page setup prepared, we can make a title block
with a ruler and other geometries in the layout view. You can also import a title block from any
drawing if you have it previously prepared. For the current example, I will import a simple A3
title block from a drawing.
Lay out with title block: You can also make a title block from scratch using simple draw and
modify commands. As an example, make a rectangle with a length of 420 mm and a width of
297 mm along the edges of the layout (the dimensions mentioned here are of an ISO A3 paper).
Offset this rectangle in an inward direction to a distance of 10 mm, and erase the original
rectangle.
Adding Fields to Tile Block: The current title block has only geometries and no fields for
showing information related to the sheet set. To make this title block useful, we will add fields
that can fetch information automatically from the sheet set.
Project documentation: Covers documents created during and for the project itself. Examples
include the overall project vision, the project plans, the schedule, and the risk analysis. The
documentation process has a deeper purpose than merely creating piles of paper.
Documentation stimulates and structures critical thinking which used in planning the
project's goals, risks, and constraints. The document is the evidence and chronicle of this
critical thinking.
It provides memory containers for managing a level of detail that cannot be kept in
people's heads. This includes the small details easily overlooked during day-to-day
project work, as well as the larger things easily remembered today, but potentially lost or
forgotten due to the passage of time or critical personnel changes.
It keeps the team and other stakeholders synced up and informed about project changes,
issues, and progress. In many projects, the documentation is often done late, done poorly,
or not done at all usually because the documentation is perceived as having little or no
value. And, in fact, this is true if the documents are created as an afterthought or a
necessary evil.
Even documents with adequate content will lose value if they are created at the wrong time
during the project, or aren't used in the project management process.
Here are some examples:
Timing: If the project documentation is created at the wrong project stage, it may have little or
no value, even if its content is quite good. Examples: a vision document created late in the
project; a detailed schedule created before the stakeholders have agreed on an overall project
vision.
Use: If the plan, vision, or risk analysis documents are created and then rarely or never
referenced, they will likely have little or no value except for generating some initial critical
thinking during their creation. Examples: a risk analysis that isn't referenced to measure
progress on mitigations, or updated with newly discovered risks as they occur; a requirements
document that isn't referenced later as a design completeness checklist.
Content: Inadequate or incomplete content decreases a document's value, even if it is created
on time and used correctly. Examples: a status report for product development that doesn't track
the product costs; a risk analysis that doesn't include risk mitigations.
A key reason for documenting is to reduce the risks in the project. The level of detail in even the
simplest project is simply too great for the human brain to capture, remember, and manage.
Properly done, project documentation is a dynamic, animated extension of the brains of the
stakeholders. It allows us to focus our limited mental processing and decision making on
different areas of the project at different times, without having to keep the entire detailed state of
the project in our heads.
Schedule: is a group of general notes, usually grouped in a tabular form, according to materials
of construction. “General notes” refer to all notes on the drawing not accompanied by a leader
and an arrowhead. Item schedules for doors, rooms, footings, and so on.
Written test
Lap test
Practical Demonstration
Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to perform the
following tasks with in 4 hour.
Task 1. For Free hand sketch electrical plan
Unit three: Common symbols and abbreviations
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
Symbols: the representation of actual object by some notation which convey the necessary
information.
Figure 3. 3 Floor plan location of the furniture, equipment and electrical appliances
2. This is a lighting circuit layout. The lighting circuit in this plan divided into two circuit,
circuit 1 and circuit 2 as represented by the symbol circuit home run.
5. Circuit 2 is also composed of two fluorescent lamps and four incandescent lamps. This means
that circuit 2 interconnects these lamps to the power panel board.
Figure 3. 6 Circuit 2 interconnects lamps to the power panel board
6. These two incandescent lamps and 1 fluorescent lamp are controlled by 3-ganged switch.
This means each lamp is controlled by a single pole switches in one switch plate.
Figure 3. 7 Each lamp is controlled by a single pole switches in one switch plate
7. The fluorescent lamp in the kitchen is controlled by two three-way switches in two
different locations.
Figure 3. 8 Fluorescent lamp controlled from two different locations
8. These two lamps are controlled by two-ganged switch. This means that each lamp is
controlled individually by a single pole switches in one switch plate.
Figure 3. 9 Each lamp is controlled individually by a single pole switches
9. These lighting outlets are individually controlled by one-ganged switch. You will notice
that the switches are located near the door for convenient access.
Figure 3. 10 the switches are located near the door for convenient access
10. This is the power layout of the same electrical plan. There are six circuits in this power
layout. Three circuits for small appliance load or sometimes called convenience outlets and
four special purpose outlet
13. The power panel, KWH meter service entrances are also included in the electrical plan to
show their actual locations.
14. This is one-line diagram of this plan. It indicates single line diagram of lighting and
receptacles panel boards showing mains and branch circuit rating; size of conductors for
feeders, rated voltage and current of each circuit.
Figure 3. 13 Electrical panel boards
15. This is the schedule of load of this plan. It shows the description of each circuit, current,
voltage, size and type of wire, circuit breaker and conduit
Table 3. 2 Schedule of load
Table 3. 3 Computation of schedule load
Lighting receptacle
12 LO @100VA each 1200VA
Small Appliance Load
2 CO circuits @1500VA each 3000VA
Laundry circuit
1 circuit @1500VA each 1500VA
Total 6700VA
Application of Demand Factor
First 300VA@100% Demand Factor 300VA
Remainder @ 35% of (2700VA*35%) 945VA
Total 3945VA
Other Load
1000VA REF@100% DF 1000VA
1.5 HP ACU @100% DF (10A*230V) 2300VA
Range @ 2000VA @100*DF 2000VA
Total Net computed load 9245VA
Service Entrance Conductor
Total Full load Current =
(9245VA+25 %( 2300))/230V)
=42.7A
Use 2.80mm2 and 1.55mm2 THW for Service
Entrance Conductors
Service Equipment =
(9245VA+250% (2300))/230V =65.2A
Use 70 AT, 2-pole, Molded case circuit
breaker
This is the general notes and specification of this plan. These indicate nature of electrical service,
voltage, type of wiring to be used, mounting height of receptacle and KWH, Meters, etc. this will
guide the electrician on the specification of electrical installation.
16. This is the location and site plan; it is included in the plan to show the location of site of
the proposed project. It shows public or well-known streets, landmarks or structures
17. The parts described can be found in a single sheet of standard size electrical plan, but
sometimes these can be drawn in several sheets due to the size and scale used.
18. Mostly, electrical plans particularly the lighting and power layout are drawn in scale of
1:100 meters. This means that 1 unit of measures in the plan equals 100 units in the actual
situation. Example: if a convenience outlet in the plan is measured 1 mm away from the wall;
it is measured 100 mm away from the wall in actual situation.
Written test
1. Write all the electrical accessories found in the electrical installation from the following plan.
Operation Sheet
Legend is locating on project drawings, and symbols and abbreviations are correctly interpreted
Constructing electrical symbol using Auto CAD
Procedure:-
Step1. Prepare yourself for the work
Step2 Prepare all materials, equipments and tools which are needed for the work
Step3 Take the readings from Electrical Symbols
Step4 Set the computer and Auto CAD into operation
Step5 Construct electrical symbols in its proper location
Step6 Check your output and print for submission
Step7 Submit your output for checking
Problem 1:based on above steps sketch under the given questions and drawing with visual estimate
Unit Four: Key features on a site plan
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
1: 500 or 1: 200. However, for very small projects, larger scales may be used, and for
large projects smaller scales, or even several drawings, perhaps pulled together on one very
small scale plan
Interpreting scaled drawings you should always use the written dimensions when getting sizes
from drawings, unless there’s a very good reason not to. On a well-drawn set of drawings, all the
sizes the builder needs will be written somewhere on the drawings. Occasionally, however, if a
required dimension is not written, the tradesperson will need to ‘scale’ from the drawing. This
means that a scale rule is used to measure directly from the drawings.
Figure 4. 2 Scale
identify true north and building orientation from details provided on the site plan
A site location plan should contain: A 1:1250 or 1:2500 scale. A red line marked up to show
where planning is sought, or with a blue line to show any other property owned on the plan. A
larger area of land than a 'block plan' (sometimes called a 'site plan'). The general locality of
a site requiring planning consent.
Generally, a site plan should show:
All existing and proposed structures on the allotment
Easements, rights of way, driveways, vehicle access points, location of any watercourse
on the property, any adjacent roads and streets
Allotment boundaries (including dimensions in meters)
Approximate north point and scale
Site plans are usually drawn at a scale of not less than 1:200.
Key features of the site
A site plan is a scaled drawing which shows the uses and structures proposed for a parcel
of land. It also includes information concerning the landscape features of a given parcel.
Site plans are intended to show how the intended land use relates to the features of a
parcel and its surrounding area.
site is (obsolete) sorrow, grief or site can be the place where anything is fixed; situation;
local position; as, the site of a city or of a house while location is a particular point
or place in physical space
4.3. Service site access, main features, contours, datum of project
Identifying main features of gained and services
Before starting service such as Plumbing lines (sewerage and supply) & electrical and telephone
lines work, the OSHA (occupational health safety authority) standard requires you to do the
following:
Determine the approximate location of utility installations sewer, telephone, fuel, electric,
and water lines; or any other underground installations;
Contact the utility companies or owners involved to inform them of the proposed work
within established or customary local response times
Ask the utility companies or owners to find the exact location of underground
installations. If they cannot respond within 24 hours (unless the period required by
Before beginning any excavation work, reference shall be made to the details or plans of
the utility or private services in the proposed excavation area.
The location of underground services provided by a service or utility provider may not be
accurate for many reasons.
Building Services: Water supply, drainage, sanitation, electric supply lifts, external works,
construction of cupboard, etc. are considered as items outside of civil works and are called
building services. Water supply, drainage, and sanitation (building service). These works are
considered separate from civil works and are also estimated separately. Design and details of
these will be studied in public health engineering under building services. However, an
elementary treatment of the subject is always included in basic building construction.
Electrical works (building service): Lighting and supply of electricity for various pieces of
equipment used in buildings also come under building services. The supply and distribution of
electricity in a building is a specialized work to be carried out by an electrical engineer.
Self-Check
Directions: chose the following question for the given alternator Answer all the questions listed
below.
Written test
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the
1. what is site plan ?(2 point)
2. What is 1:150 in drawing and building relation? (3 point)
Operation Sheet
Identifying main features of gained and services
Topic Read the plan and gives the services to the building electrical installation
Procedure:-
Step1: Prepare all materials, equipments and tools which are needed for services.
Step2: Prepare yourself for the work
Step3: read the electrical plan of the building
Step4: notify the electrical installation of the building
Step5: test the connection of the electrical installation
Step6: dismantle the erred electrical installation
Step7: Check the circuit out put
Step8: reconnect the circuit with the reference of the site plan
Step9: Check your output
LAP Test
Practical Demonstration
Instructions: Given necessary constriction plan you are required to perform the following tasks
with in 3 hour
Task 1 Reading the plan and give the services to the building electrical installation
Unit Five: Identification of project requirements
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
If the dimension is less than one a leading zero should be used before the
decimal point (e.g., 0.5).
Construction comes from the word 'construct,' which means 'to build.' Building a sand castle, a
fort out of pillows, or a house of cards are all examples of constructing something. In
engineering terms, construction is usually associated with large structures like houses, railways,
and power plants.
In terms of engineering, construction is the activity of putting together different elements, using a
detailed design and plan, to create a structure for a certain location. When you construct large
structures, you need to have a clear plan of how you are going to do that. You also need to know
the specific location. Architects and engineers design and build the structure with that location in
mind.
b. Types of Construction
Almost all construction projects can be broadly categorized into one of three types of projects:
public works
industrial-type structures
Within each of these types of construction, there are lots of sub-categories. For instance,
buildings include both residential homes and commercial skyscrapers. Building projects may
involve renovations on existing buildings or building from scratch. Public works involve roads,
railways, water and waste water distribution and purification systems, damns, and bridges.
Finally, industrial projects include refineries, pipelines, power utilities, manufacturing plants,
and telecommunication infrastructure.
Types of Construction Specifications
Owners, architects, and designers must be specific about the work needed on a project. If you
communicate what needs to be done poorly, it can result in huge delays, change orders, and
rising costs. The construction industry created a process to ensure that construction specifications
communicate project needs efficiently. This process consists of 3 types of construction
specifications that help detail the workflow.
Construction specifications, also called specifications, are the details for the work that needs to
be completed in a construction project. These details include information such as materials, the
scope of work, installation process, and quality of work. Subcontractors and teams use these
specifications as a guide to choose the right materials for the specific project. The specs
discussed between the project owner and the contractor becomes a part of the legal documents
for the project.
Architects or designers create construction specifications before work actually starts. But many
involve project engineers for technical help. In every construction project, there are three types
of construction specifications. The three types of construction specifications are prescriptive,
performance, and proprietary.
Prescriptive specs can be broken up into three separate parts: general, products, and
execution. General consists of information such as national quality standards, product
handling, design requirements, and keeping quality control. The products phase will go over
the different products necessary for each task as well as the individual performance levels of
each product. The execution phase will go over how to prepare materials and go through
with installing them. This process also involves testing the quality of the materials and
checking if they were installed correctly.
2. Performance Specifications: After prescriptive specs come performance
specs. Performance specs discuss the operational requirements of a project. It details what
the final installed product has to be capable of doing. In this phase, the owner or general
contractor doesn’t give a subcontractor specs detailing how to finish the job. Instead,
designers and architects give contractors details on how the final product has to work in this
phase. For example, a contract asks the team to make a pump that pumps 300 gallons per
minute. There are no directions on how to make the pumping system go that fast, so it is up
to the contractor to figure it out.
Of the three types of construction specifications, this phase involves most of the testing to
make sure a project meets all of its operational requirements. The architect or engineer
describes the project outcome, and trusts the trade contractor’s experience to get there. Since
the contractor has to figure out what to do, decisions about materials and strategy move
away from the architect and engineers and shift towards the contractor.
3. Proprietary Specifications: Proprietary specs are used when you need to use a single type
of product for any kind of installation. These are the least common of the three types of
construction specifications, but they are for jobs involving existing equipment and already
completed installations. When the owner or client wants to be consistent with their
materials or just prefers a specific type of material, use proprietary specs. Contractors use
proprietary specs when their section of the project is dependent upon the performance of a
specific product.
Architects and engineers tend to try and avoid proprietary specs because it can lead to promoting
a specific manufacturer. Favoring a manufacturer can discourage competition during the bid
phase of the project, which may increase the total cost of the project. Architects and engineers
will give the contractor a list of reliable suppliers to choose from to stop.
5.3. Environmental control and location of project
Environmental controls
On large sites, it is normal to divide the area into segments for each segment. Segment
Boundaries are selected on the basis of natural features, the placement of sub catchments,
or association with different contractors.
A number of elements of the plan will be the same for each segment, such as hours of operation
and controls on noise and emissionsfrom vehicles. However, each segment mayrequire area
specific controls.The controls are taken from the action planarising out of the risk management proc
ess
The main components of a segment environmental control plan are as follows:
Work scheduling:Actions taken to reduce or avoid environmentalimpact by rescheduling works
, or prohibiting or limiting certain activities from times of the year when unfavourable Climatic
conditions exist, should be stated.
Land disturbance: Map the existing topography and changes to the land form of each segment,
as Construction progresses. The map should identify critical areas for protection which may be
easily Erodible, such as highly erodible soils, steep slopes, haul roads, or bare areas Soil
Stockpiles and batters the plan should address how stock piles and batters are to be managed.
Location: is the position of a place, relative or global. An area is a region or part of a town,
world, etc. surrounding a place or an event. A site is a place on which you build a building, a
small town, etc or some event might be taking place Site selection indicates the practice of new
facility location, both for business and government. Site selection involves measuring the needs
of a new project against the merits of potential locations.
A location is the place where a particular point or object exists. A place's is its exact place on
Earth, often given in terms of latitude and longitude absolute location. For example, the Empire
State Building is located at 40.7 degrees north (latitude), 74 degrees west (longitude).Location is
the position of an place, relative or global. An area is a region or part of a town, world, etc.
surrounding a place or an event. A site is a place on which you build a building, a small town, etc
or some event might be taking place.
Site selection indicates the practice of new facility location, both for business and
government. Site selection involves measuring the needs of a new project against the merits of
potential locations
Dimensions are a very important part of construction drawings. Without them, no-one would
know what size anything should be. In this section, we’ll look at some of the different types of
dimensions and how they are shown in drawings.
A good designer or draftsperson will make sure that a drawing has all the information needed
about the length, width and height of everything that is to be built. Length and width are usually
indicated with rows of ‘dimension lines’ that align with the various features of the drawing.
Alternatively, there might be a note near the feature – for example, ‘830 wide × full height
opening’.
Tolerances: The general tolerances entered in the supplementary portion of the Title block shall
control all dimensions applied to the drawing, except those specifically labeled “Max,” “Min,”
“Ref,” “Datum,” or “Basic,” or dimensions having tolerances applied directly thereto, or
dimensions controlled by notes or documents invoked on the drawing. General tolerances may be
changed to the prevalent tolerances that are required by the drawing type. This is done by
striking through the tolerance and inserting the new tolerance beneath the old. In the case where
metric tolerance is required.
Self-Check
Choose the best answer
Directions: choose the best from the following choose question for the given alternator and
answer all the questions listed below.
1. -------are used when you need to use a single type of product for any kind of installation.
Matching
Direction: Match the following question from column A to column B (2point each)
A B
1. Leader Dimensions A. horizontal or vertical
D. point
Written test
Problem 1: based on above steps sketch under the given questions and drawing with visual
estimate.
Problem- 2 based on above steps draws the following three-dimensional drawing changes to
orthographic Projection drawing by first angle projection
90
B A
60
Practical Demonstration
Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to perform the
following tasks with in 7 hour.
Task 1 Free hand sketch and orthographic projection drawing
Unit six: Interpretation of job specifications
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
Drawings are the best way to convey most of the information required for a building project, but
a specification is needed to explain anything that cannot be included clearly in the drawings.
Specifications are commonly used to communicate the following.
Fixture and fittings to be used, where things like dimensions, color or model number are
important.
To provide instructions to the builder or trades people for how something is to be done. For
example, drawings might show that internal walls are to have a plaster finish, but it is the
specification that tells the plasterer how – ‘bring walls to a reasonable flat surface by the
application of a cement render float coat while the plaster is setting’.
To provide instructions to the builder about things that may not be part of the finished building
but that nevertheless need to happen during the project
Specifications usually include a clause about making good any damage to footpaths, fences and
any other amenities in the vicinity of the project. There will also be a clause that deals with the
general quality of the materials and workmanship to be used. This usually reads something like:
All materials are to be new and of best quality and all work is to be carried out to best practice
and to the relevant Ethiopians Standard where one applies.
Specifications include:
Detail relating to materials and quality of work, quality assurance, nominated subcontractors, and
provision of site access/facilities
characteristics
material types
standards of work
tolerances
treatments and
finishes
Drawings specifications
All drawings require annotation describing the elements or identifying the components. As these
descriptive notes and words must be clearly understood, it is essential to aim for legibility if they are hand
written, which means taking time to:
Form and shape each individual letter.
Space letters and words correctly.
Arrange the text to help the end user.
Arrange the text in hierarchical context.
To help achieve clarity of specification, stencils and dry letter transfers are available. When
using CAD, take the time to select a clear and suitable font. Fonts like Comic Sans should never
be used on any formal documents, signage, publications or drawings.
Bill of quantities: The bill of quantities which is, first, a vital tender document, then a contract
document – should be an accurate description and quantification of the project. There should
therefore be a cross-reference to the tender drawing and architect's notes or specifications
Notes and descriptions: Information other than pictorial views and dimensions necessary for
completing a drawing is classified as “notes.” The two types of note forms are General Notes and
Local Character Notes. Notes on a drawing take precedence over specification requirements;
hence, notes conflicting with referenced specifications shall not be placed on a drawing unless
they are necessary for deviations from certain provisions of the specification
6.2. Project Specifications
A specification is a written description of the building to be constructed. It supplements the
information on the drawings and, like the drawings, it is a legal part of the contract between the
client and the builder. A specification might only be a few pages long for a small project such as
an addition to a house, or it might be a multi-volume set of bound books for a big project such as
a shopping mall or high-rise building. For a large commercial or industrial project there may be a
specification for the architectural features, and additional specifications for the plumbing,
electrical and mechanical requirements of the job. For house construction, one specification
booklet is usually sufficient.
Specification when two or more classes, grades, materials, services, styles, or types of goods or
services have a requirement, the covering specification is considered to be general.
Types of specification: These details include information such as materials, the scope of work,
installation process, and quality of work. Subcontractors and teams use these specs as a guide to
choose the right materials for the specific project. The three types of
construction specifications are prescriptive, performance, and proprietary
Tolerances of project specifications
Tolerances in construction are generally a variation in a dimension, construction limit, or
physical char- act eristic of a material. They are a practical variation related to the function of the
material or finished work and commonly accepted standards of the construction industry
construction tolerances may be defined as the allowable deviation from specified or designed
values. They primarily serve as a protection for both the "buyer" (building owner in construction)
as well as the "seller" (the contractor in construction) of the product or service.
Tolerance is a range of how far a true measurement can range from what is intended.
Physical tolerances specify the deviation from a specific dimension. Any dimension between any
two points can have a tolerance. Limits are a type of tolerance that specifies a different lower and
upper deviation
Tolerance is the total amount a dimension may vary and is the difference between the maximum
and minimum limits.
Material attributes specifications
Use the material attribute to describe the main fabric or material that your product is made of.
For example, a high-heeled pump might be made out of leather, denim, or suede. This
information helps create accurate filters, which users can use to narrow search results. If your
product has variants that vary by material, then provide that information through this attribute .
How to use
Required for all products that vary by material Optional for any products where material is an
important, distinguishing feature.
If the material is an important feature of your product, then submit this attribute. We especially
recommend that you submit the material attribute if users might search for your product by
material or if users might decide to buy your product based on the material.
Self-Check
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.
1. Which of the following is, first, a vital tender document, then a contract document?(1 point)
A. Notes B. descriptions C. Vertical members D. Diagonal members
Operation Sheet
LAP Test
Practical Demonstration
Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to perform the
following tasks with in 2 hour.