Engineering Growth Connection

BERNOULLI'S THEOREM APPARATUS

1. OBJECTIVE:
Toverify Bernoulli's equation experimentally.

2. AIM:

2.1 To calculate the total energy at different points

2.2 To plot the graph between total energy vs distance.

3. INTRODUCTION:
Bernoulli's theorem state that when there is a continuous connection between particles of
flowing mass of liquid, the total energy at any section of flow will remain the same
provided there is no reductionor addition of energy at any point.

4. THEORY:
This is the energy equation and is based on the law of conservation of energy. This
equation states that at two sections of flow field the total energy remains the same.
Provided that there is no loss or gain of energy between the two sections. This equation is
valid only for steady flow. This equation is expressed as:

+Z, = P V-+Z2
pg 29 pg 2g

5. DESCRIPTION:

The present experimental set-up for Bernouli's Theorem is self-contained re-circulating

unit. The set-up accompanies the sump tank, overhead tank, centrifugal Pump for water
circulation. Control valve and by-pass valve is provided to regulate the flow of water in
constant head tank. Atest section made of perspex, of varying cross section is provided,
which is havingconverging and diverging section. Piezometer tubes are fittedon this test
section at specified points. The inlet of the conduit is connected to overhead tank.
Discharge through test section can be measured with the help of measuring tank and stop
watch.

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala BERNOULLI'S THEOREM APPARATUs

Page No. 1 of 7 (Rev. 1)
 Engineering Growth Connection

6. UTILITIESs REQUIRED:
6.1 Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220 VAC, 50 Hz, 5-15 Amp. combined socket
with earth connection.

6.2 Water Supply (Initial Fil).

6.3 Floor Drain Required.

6.4 Floor Area Required: 1.5 m x0.75 m.

7. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

7.1 STARTING PROCEDURE:

7.1.1 Ensure that all On/Off switches given on the panel are at OFF position.

7.1.2 Close allthe valves V; toVs.

7.1.3 Fillsump tank with water.

7.1.4 Open by-pass valve V given on the water supply line.

7.1.5 Switch On the main power supply &switch ON the pump.

7.1.6 Partially close by-pass valve V, to allow water to fill in overhead tank.

7.1.7 Wait until overflow occurs from overhead tank.

valve V,
7.1.8 Regulate flow of water through test section with the help of control
provided at the end of test section.
valve
7.1.9 Ensure that the overflow still occurs; if not partially close the by-pass
V, to do so.

7.1.10 Measure pressure head by piezometer tubes.

stop watch.
7.1.11 Measure flow rate of water using measuring tank and
water.
7.1.12 Repeat steps (8) to (11) for different flow rate of

7.2 CLOSING PROCEDURE:

7.2.1 When experiment is over, switch off pump.

7.2.2 Switch off power supply to panel.

drain valves V3, V4&V5.
7.2.3 Drainwater from all tankswith the help of given
BERNOULLI'S THEOREM APPARATUS
Page No. 2 of 7 (Rev. 1)
K.C. Engineers P. Limited, Ambala
 Erngingering Growth Connection

8. OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:

8.1 DATA:
Area of measuring tank A = 0.077 m Acceleration due to gravity g=9.81 m/sec

Sr. No. of Test Dia. of test point Cross Sectionalarea Distance of test point
points d (mm) at test point a (m) from reference point
(d1-d) (a1 - a7) S (m)
(S - S;)
1 28.0 6.16 E-4 0.04

2 23.5 4.34 E-4 0.0785

3 18.5 2.69 E-4 0.092

4 14.0 1.54 E-4 0.1105

5 18.5 2.69 E-4 0.13585

6 23.5 4.34 E-4 0.1562

7 28.0 6.16 E-4 0.19155

8.2 OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. R1 R t h h2 h3 ha hs h7
No (cm) (cm) (sec) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
1

2
3
4

8.3 CALCULATIONS:

R=
R, -R, (m)
100

AxR
Q= (m''sec)
t

K.C. Englnoors Pvt. Limited, Ambala BERNOULLI'S THEOREM APPARATUS

Page No. 3 of 7 (Rev. 1)
 EngineoringGrowth Connection

(m/sec)
a,

V,= (m/sec)
a,

Q
V,= (m/sec)
a,

V,: (m/sec)
a,

Q
(m/sec)

V,= (m/sec)
as

V,= -(m/sec)

P,1- h, (m)
100

P, h, (m)
Pg 100

P, h, (m)
Pg 100

P, h,
(m)
100

P. h, (m)
P9 100

Pe (m)
Pg 100

P, h, (m)
P9 100

BERNOULLISTHEOREM APPARATUS
Page No 4of 7 (Rev 1)

K.C Engineers Pt Limled, Ambala

 Engineenng Growth Connection

P +
V(m)
E, =
Pg 2g

E, = P, + V (m)
Pg 2g

E, (m)
p9 2g

E, =
P, V (m)
Pg 2g

E, = + (m)
2g

Pe (m)
2g
P V (m)
E, =
Pg 2g
to S;)
Plot the graph E (E, to Ez) vs. S (S,

9. NOMENCLATURE:

Column Heading Units Type

Nom
m Given
A Area of measuring tank Given
(a,-a,) m
Cross sectional area at test point
mm Given
Diameter of the test point (d-d;)
Calculated
Ez)
E Total energy at particular point (E to m/sec given
Acceleration due to gravity
Measured
(h-h7) E
h Piezometric tube reading at particular point Calculated
fluid or pressure m
P Pressure energy per unit weight of
P,
pg
head at particular point Pto p9.
m'sec Calculated
Discharge through test section
m Calculated
tank
R Rise of water level in measuring
cm Measured
R1 Finallevel of water in measuring tank

BERNOULLI'S THEOREM APPARATUS

Page No. 5 ot 7 (Rev. 1)
K.C. Engineers Pt. Limited, Ambala
 Engineenng Growth Connection

R2 Initial level of water in measuring tank Cm Measured

5E
Distance from reference point at particular point (S1 Given
Si)
Time taken for R sec Measured
Kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head at m Calculated
2g
particular point (Vi(2gto V
29

10. PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

10.1 Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 200 volts and above 230
volts.

10.2 To prevent clogging of moving parts, run pump at least once in afortnight.

10.3 Always use clean water.

10.4 Always keep apparatus free from dust.

10.5 Drain the apparatus completely after experimentation.

11. TROUBLESHOOTING:
the shaft manually.
11.1 If pump gets jammed, openthe back cover of pump and rotate
minutes.
11.2 Ifpump gets heated up, switch off the pump for 30

12. REFERENCES:
Mechanics. 1 Ed. NY:
12.1 Streeter, Victor L. Wylie, E. Benjamin (1983). Fluid
McGraw Hill. pp 101-104.

2d Ed. ND: New age

12.2 Garde, R.J. (1997). Fluid Mechanics through Problems.
International. pp 58-59.

BERNOULLI'S THEOREM APPARATUS

K.C. Englnoors Pt Limitod, Ambala Page No. 6 of 7 (Rev, 1)
 APPARATUS
THEOREM
BERNOULLI'
1) S
(Rev.
APPARATUS
7
DIAGRAM
BLOCK 7of
THEOREM No
Page

BERNOULLI'S

cODE-
HD-101
CHANNEL
DIVERGENT
SCALE
MEASURING
INDICATOR
TUBE
PIEZOMETER TANK
MEASURING
CONTROL
PANEL DIVERTER
FLOW NAME
SECTION
TEST
SUMP
TANK

SCALE LEVEL
V4
V1

PIPE
FLOW
OVER PUMP
TANK
CONSTANT
HEAD
TANK
TANK
OVERHEAD
MESURING
TANK

SUMP

13.
BLOCK
DiAGRAM: VALVES FOR
FORFOR
Armbala
VALVE
V1-CONTROL
VALVE
PASS
V2-BY
VALVE
VALVEVALVE
Limited,
V4-DRAIN
V6-DRAIN
V3-DRAIN

Pn
Engineers
5.
3

KC