Scribd
Upload
37 views5 pages

Logic Family

Note

Uploaded by

wonderingifiy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
37 views5 pages

Logic Family

Note

Uploaded by

wonderingifiy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

LOGIC FAMILY

Logic families are different types of technologies being used to build different
logic gates.

Classification of Logic Families


Characteristics of a Logic Family

• Operating Speed: This refers to the time taken for the output voltage to
change in response to a change in the input voltage. It is desirable for this
time to be minimized.
• Fan-in: This denotes the number of inputs connected to a logic gate. For
instance, in an AND gate, the fan-in is 2, whereas in a NOT gate, it’s 1.
• Fan-out: Fan-out indicates the total number of outputs that a gate can
manage without significant alteration in output voltage.
• Noise Immunity: Noise immunity gauges the capacity of a circuit to
endure noise or electrical interference without causing a notable deviation in
the output.
• Noise margin ; a quantitative measure of noise immunity
• Power Dissipation: Power dissipation refers to the power required for
operation. When a circuit transitions from one state to another, power is
dissipated. Typically, there are two forms of dissipation: static power
dissipation, which is the power consumed when the circuit’s state remains
unchanged, and dynamic power dissipation, which is the power utilized
during state transitions.
• Propagation delay :time required to by the gate to propagate from input
to output
• Threshold voltage : voltage at the input of a gate which causes a change
in the state of output from one logic level to another

Current and Voltage Parameter


Current and voltage parameters are very important in designing a digital system.
• VIH(min) – High-level input voltage: It is the minimum voltage level
required for logic 1 as an input. Below this minimum level, it will not be
accepted as a HIGH by the logic circuit.
• VIL(max) – Low-level input voltage: It is the maximum voltage level
required for logic 0 at an input. Any voltage above this level will be
considered as a HIGH input.
• IOL(max) – Low-level output current: It is the maximum current level at
a logic circuit output in the logical 0 state under the defined load condition.
• IIH(min) – High-level input current : It is the current that flows into an
input when a specified high-level voltage is applied to that input.
• IIL(max) – Low-level input current
It is the current that flows into an input when a specified low-level voltage is
applied to that input.
• IOL – High-level output level current
It is the current that flows from output in the logic 1 state under specified load
conditions.
• IOL – Low-level output current
It is the current that flows from an output in the logic 0 state under specified
load conditions.

CMOS(Complementary MOS)

In CMOS technology, both n-type and p-type transistors are used to design
logical functions. The same signal which turns ON one transistor is used to turn
OFF the other transistor. These characteristics of CMOS make it compatible for
designing logic devices using only simple switching elements, without the need
for a pull-up resistor.

Characteristics of CMOS

• Low power consumption – CMOS circuit consumes very low power,


making them ideal for battery-powered devices.
• Low cost – The CMOS fabrication process is relatively simpler compared
to other semiconductor technologies.
• High reliability and noise immunity – They are considered to have a high
noise margin and thus are good for circuits that require high tolerance to
noise.
• Limited Voltage Swing – They have a low voltage range of operation,
making them less suitable for high voltage operations.
• Process Variation – The CMOS fabrication process is highly dependent on
process conditions, leading to variations that can affect the performance and
reliability of the final product.
• Vulnerability to electrostatic discharge – CMOS is greatly affected by
electrostatic discharge leading to permanent device damage on exposure.

Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL)

Transistor-transistor logic (TTL) is a digital logic family employing bipolar


junction transistors (BJTs) to uphold logic states and facilitate switching
operations. Introduced in 1961 by James L. Buie of TRW, TTL remains
prevalent in various electronic devices and systems. Renowned for its
remarkable performance and adaptability, TTL finds widespread application in
logic gates, memory circuits, and microprocessors.
Characteristics of TTL
• Logic Voltage Levels: TTL logic inputs are classified as logical high when
they fall between 2V and 5V, and logical low when within the range of 0V
to 0.8V.
• Propagation Delay: TTL stands out for having the minimal propagation
delay among digital integrated circuits (ICs).
• Power Dissipation: A standard TTL device consumes approximately
10mW of power.
• Noise Margin: TTL boasts a noise margin of about 0.4V
• Fan Out: Typically, TTL exhibits a fan-out capability of 10.
• Supply Voltage: TTL necessitates a supply voltage ranging between 4.75
V and 5.25 V.
• Speed: TTL is renowned for its rapid switching speed.
• Compatibility: TTL devices are compatible with other TTL devices.

Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) family

Emitter-coupled logic (ECL) is a bipolar transistor logic family that is


considered to be the fastest logic available. ECL is also known as current-
steering logic (CSL), current-mode logic (CML), or current-switch emitter-
follower (CSEF) logic. ECL is used in high-performance applications, such as:
Clock-distribution circuits, High-frequency-based applications, Fibre-optic
transceiver interfaces, Ethernet, and ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
networks.

Characteristics of ECL logic family


• Power noise: ECL circuits generate relatively little power noise
• Propagation time: The propagation time for ECL can be less than a
nanosecond
• Small voltage swing: ECL achieves its high-speed operation by employing
a relatively small voltage swing and preventing the transistors from entering
the saturation region
• No external inverters: ECL devices operate without the need for any
external inverters to simultaneously create the true and complementary
output of the desired function at the outputs
• Small voltage swing: ECL has a small swing which generally varies with
difference of 0.8V
Comparison of a Logic Family
Parameters TTL CMOS ECL

Transistors,
Basic Resistor
diodes, and MOSFETs
element and transistors
resistors

Fan out moderate highest(~50) high

Propagation
10ns 70ns 2ns
Delay

Noise
moderate high low
margin

Power
10mW 0.1mW 40-50mW
dissipation

Circuit
complex moderately complex complex
complexity

Basic gate NAND gate NAND/NOR OR/NOR

battery-powered
Oscilloscopes, high-speed
circuits due to low
Application measurement switching
power consumption,
devices application
mobile equipments

You might also like