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OPEN MHD micro polar fluid flow

over a stretching surface
with melting and slip effect
Surbhi Sharma 1, Amit Dadheech 1, Amit Parmar 2, Jyoti Arora 1, Qasem Al‑Mdallal 3* &
S. Saranya 3

Objective of the present analysis is to represent the phenomenon of Heat–mass transfer on MHD
micro polar fluids caused by permeable and continuously stretching sheet along with slip impacts
fostered in a porous medium. Consequently, the equation of energy includes the term of non-uniform
heat source/sink. The equation regarding species concentration in cooperates the terms indicating
order of chemical reaction to characterize the chemically reactive species. The application software
MATLAB with governing syntax of bvp4c technique are employed to reduce equations of momentum,
micro-rations, heat, and concentration into suitable required simplifications to derive necessary
arithmetic manipulations of available non-linear equations. Various dimensionless parameters are
portrayed in the available graphs with essential consequences. Analysis discovered that micro-polar
fluid improves velocity and temperature profile while it suppresses micro-rations profile also magnetic
parameter (M ) and porosity parameter (Kp ) reduces the momentum boundary layer thickness. The
acquired deductions verify remarkable correspondence with already reported in an open literature.

List of symbols
B0 Strength of magnetic field (kg ­s−2 ­A−1)
C Fluid’s concentration (kg ­m−3)
Cf Skin friction coefficient
Cp Specific heat (J ­kg−1 ­k−1)
cs Heat capacity (J ­K−1)
Cw Fluid concentration at the wall (kg ­m−3)
D Coefficient of mass diffusion (­ m2 s−1)
Ec Eckert number
K Material (micropolar) fluid parameter
kf Thermal conductivity (W/m K)
kv Vortex viscosity (N ­sm2)
Kn Chemical reaction parameter
Kp Porous parameter
L1 Velocity slip factor
L2 Thermal slip factor
L3 Concentration slip factor
M Magnetic field parameter
Me Melting surface parameter
N Microrotation/angular velocity ­(s−1)
Nux Local Nusselt number
Pr Prandtl number
qw (x) Local surface heat flux (W ­m−2)
Rew Local Reynolds number
S Suction/injection
Sc Schmidt number
Shx Sherwood number
T0 Solid surface temperature (K)

1
Department of Mathematics, Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan,
Jaipur, India. 2Department of Mathematics, Arya College of Engineering and IT, Jaipur, India. 3Department of
Mathematical Sciences, UAE University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE. *email: [email protected]

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Tm Melting temperature (K)

T∞ Free stream temperature (K)
uw Surface velocity (m ­s−1)
u, v Velocity component corresponding to horizontal and the vertical direction (m ­s−1)
α, β Source dependent and Temperature dependent parameter
ρ Fluid density (kg ­m−1)
υ Kinematic viscosity ­(m2 s−1)
σ Electrical conductivity (s ­m−1)
βm Latent heat (J ­kg−1)
γ Reference length (m)
δ1 Velocity slip parameter
δ2 Temperature slip parameter
δ3 Concentration slip parameter
f ′ (η) Non-dimensional velocity parameter
g(η) Non-dimensional microrotation parameter
θ(η) Non-dimensional temperature parameter
φ(η) Non-dimensional concentration parameter

In recent past academic attainment of micro-polar fluid has drawn attracted attention among several engineering
community and scientist community as a reason of its limited circumference associated with Newtonian fluids.
These fluids are influentially determined by spin inertia and reinforces stress moments and body moments. The
theory of microfluids is identified as complex theory against the case of constitutively linear theory and the
corresponding underlying mathematical manipulations are not easily amenable to the solution of non-trivial
problems in this field. A subclass of these fluids is defined as the micropolar fluids that exhibits micro-rotational
effects and micro-rotational inertia. The classical framework of Navier–Stokes model founds certain degree of
limitation particularly listing as it cannot describes and elaborates the category of fluids pertaining microstruc-
ture characteristics, fluids possessing effective and influential applications. Therefore, analysis of micro polar
fluids suggested by E­ ringen1 offers definite model for fluids which possesses polymeric and rotating particles by
comprehending micro rotational momentum equation together with classical momentum equation. Investiga-
tions of micro polar fluids are of significant recognition because of numerous applications in various industries
particularly suspension solutions, solidification of liquid crystals, animal bloods, and exotic lubricants. Bhargava
and ­Takhar2 explored heat transfer of the micro-polar boundary layer (BL) near a stagnation point on a mov-
ing wall. Anika et al.3 analyzed consequences of thermal diffusion on the unsteady viscous MHD micro-polar
fluid flow past an infinite plate together with hall and ion-slip current. Bhargava et al.4 performed numerical
investigations for micro-polar transfer phenomena prompted by non-linear stretching sheet availing two dis-
tinct techniques of finite element and finite difference. Takhar et al.5 exercised mixed convection in MHD flow
of micro-polar fluids across the stretchy sheet. Bhargava and Rana et al.6 examined nonlinear convective heat
and mass transfer in a micro-polar fluid with continuously variable conductivity by employing the objectives
of finite element technique.
The flow of fluid across continuously stretching sheet under the influence of available magnetic field has
significant emphasis on several domains of engineering particularly plasma investigations, geothermal energy
extraction etc. Investigations pertaining to MHD effects on flow of fluid under consideration past a stretching
sheet are indexed in an open literature. The first study by ­Crane7 has fascinated many researchers to investigate
alike problems on the boundary layer (B.L.) flow due to a stretching sheet, as it has numerous applications in
industry like the extrusion of polymer sheet by a dye, crystal growing, continuous casting and drawing of plastic
films. The pace of cooling and the stretching process are the only factors that directly affect the desired properties
of the finished product. The stretching sheet may not be necessarily linear, as we can take in nonlinear fashion
also, even though problem may not have noticeable technological relevance. In view of this, ­Vajravelu8 proposed
the flow across a nonlinearly stretching sheet, while ­Cortell9,10 studied the flow and heat-transport caused by a
stretching sheet for two unalike types of thermal boundary (TB) conditions on the sheet, viz., constant surface
temperature (CST) and prescribed surface temperature (PST). Ganji et al.11 reported analytical solution for
magneto hydrodynamic flow due to a stretching sheet in nonlinearly manner. Similar work has been studied
by Ishak et al.12, Prasad et al.13, Van Gorder et al.14, Raftari et al.15, Abbas and H
­ ayat16, Dadheech et al.17, Olkha
18 19
et al. and Abel et al. , among others.
The consolidated impacts of heat mass diffusion together with chemical reaction has their dominant signifi-
cance on several processes emerging in cooling of nuclear reactors, thermal insulation, geothermal reservoirs
etc. Andersson et al.20 examined chemically reactive species diffusion due to a plane elastic surface. Abo-Eldahab
and ­Salem21 studied flow and heat transfer of non-Newtonian power law fluid flow with mass diffusion and
chemical reaction on a moving cylinder under consideration of magnetic field effect. Chauhan and ­Jakhar22
reported 2D non-Newtonian flow and heat transport in a channel with suction at the top and a naturally perme-
able medium at the bottom. Chauhan and ­Ghiya23 suggested heat-transfer in second order fluid flow in between
two stable permeable disks together with the consequences of magnetic field. ­Kumar24 investigated analysis of
finite element combined with heat-mass transfer in hydromagnetic micro-polar flow past a stretching sheet.
Emad et al.25 explored the investigations of flowing/suction impacts on the hydromagnetic heat-transfer by the
application of mixed convection from continuously stretching surface together with internal heat generation/
absorption. Tripathy et al.26 examined the numerical evaluations of hydromagnetic micropolar fluids past the
stretching sheet embedded in a porous channel together with non-uniform heat sources and permissible chemi-
cal reactions. Chen and T ­ aiwan27 inspected the theory of heat-mass transfer in MHD flow prompted by natural

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convection from permeable and suitably inclined stretching surface embedded with variable temperature of
wall and concentration. Alam et al.28 examined numerical proposals of combined free-forced convection and
mass transfer flow past the available vertical, porous plate in the porous channel together with heat generation
and thermal diffusions. Aydin and K ­ aya29 investigated the MHD mixed convective heat transfer flow about
the suitably inclined plate. Reddy and ­Reddy30 suggested investigations of mass transfer and heat generation
consequences on MHD free convection flow across the inclined vertical surface in porous medium. Patil et al.31
proposed the influential consequences of Eyring–Powell fluid across the stretching surface in the existence of
magnetic field and chemical reactions.
Fundamental phenomenon of melting heat transfer finds dominant significance in various technological
and industrial exercises like comprehending melting of permafrost, magma solidification, metal purification,
welding etc. Epstein and cho et al.32 established melting impacts on the mechanism of heat transfer. Yacob et al.33
examined melting heat transfer in boundary layer stagnation point flow towards a stretching/shrinking sheet
in a micropolar fluid. Hayat et al.34 examined Powell-Eyring stagnation point flow towards a surface stretching
linearly with melting heat transfer. Melting heat and mass transport effects in non-Newtonian flow over a stretch-
ing surface with non-linear radiation and magnetic field effect was discussed by Khan et al.35. Gireesha et al.36
investigated melting heat transfer in MHD flow of dusty Casson fluid over a stretching surface.
A fluid sometimes gets adhered to the solid boundary but in some circumstances, it does not get a hold
like as in suspensions, melting of polymers, emulsion processes and several other non-Newtonian fluids often
exhibits macroscopic wall slip. Fluids which manifest boundary slip finds applications in various domains such
as polishing of heart valves, internal cavities and various other technological procedures. Ali et al.37 investigated
slip effects in viscoelastic fluid flow through porous medium due to a porous oscillatory stretched sheet. Govin-
darajan et al.38 discussed slip and mass transfer effects in a vertical channel under consideration of heat source
and radiation. Olkha and ­Dadheech39,40 discussed entropy analysis for MHD flow for different non-Newtonian
fluid caused by a stretching sheet with slip effect and heat source. Dadheech et al.41 investigated MHD flow for
Casson fluid caused by a stretching sheet with slip effect. Dadheech et al.42 discussed entropy analysis for Wil-
liamson fluid caused by a vertical plate with Cattaneo-Christov heat flux and slip effect. The boundary layer flow
for different fluids and geometrical configurations has been considered b­ y43–59 in the presence of magnetic field.
In perspective of given literature review we have observed that there are relatively few studies are performed
on MHD Micro-Polar fluid prompted by melting stretching sheet. The main objective of current study is to
determine flow behavior and heat transfer of Micro-Polar over a melting stretching sheet. The novelty of the
presented work is increased by substantial validating slip effects with chemical reaction and non-uniform heat
source/sink. The examinations furnished in the given article can be further utilized to make investigations in
fuel industries, flow of crushed water problems, and in the extrusion of polymer sheets. The consequences of
the investigations made are employed in various engineering designs, metallurgy industries also for improving
the working efficiency of systems for flow of thermos fluids.

Mathematical formulation. Steady two-dimensional incompressible micro-polar fluid flows caused by

a stretching sheet are examined. Corresponding velocity components u and v along x axis and y axis and N is
corresponding component of micro-rotation as shown in Fig. 1. For micro-polar fluid governing system of equa-
tions administered by following Tripathy et al.26 with relevant boundary conditions are given as:

• In the momentum equation we take micropolar fluid, magnetic field and porous medium term. The magnetic
field Bo is applied perpendicular to the stretching sheet and the effect of induced magnetic field is neglected
since the magnetic Reynolds number is assumed to be small. We further assume that the impressed electric
field is zero and Hall effect is neglected.
• The thermal contribution of non-uniform heat source and sink is introduced effectively in the energy equa-
tion.
• The mass transfer phenomenon due to diffusion of chemically reactive foreign species has been accounts for
by considering the chemical reaction term of first order.
∂u ∂u
+ =0 (1)
∂x ∂y

Figure 1.  Physical model of the problem.

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Continuity equation
∂ 2 u kv ∂N σ B02
 
∂u ∂u kv υ
u +v = υ+ + − u− u (2)
∂x ∂y ρ ∂y 2 ρ ∂y ρ kp

Momentum equation
γ ∂ 2N
 
∂N ∂N kv ∂N
u +v = − 2N + (3)
∂x ∂y jρ ∂y 2 jρ ∂y
Angular momentum equation
2
kf ∂ 2 T σ B02 2 q′′′
 
∂T ∂T µ + kv ∂u
u +v = + + u + (4)
∂x ∂y ρCp ∂y 2 ρCp ∂y ρCp ρCp

Energy equation
∂C ∂C ∂ 2C
u +v = D 2 − kn (C − C∞ ) (5)
∂x ∂y ∂y
Species equationhere u , v are representing the component of velocity corresponding to the horizontal and the
vertical direction respectively. ρ , υ , kf B0, σ , kp, T , Cp, C , D , kn are listed as the density of fluid, kinematic viscos-
ity, thermal conductivity, strength of magnetic field, electrical conductivity, permeability of a porous medium,
temperature of fluid, specific heat, fluid’s concentration, coefficient of mass diffusion and parameter associated
to chemical reaction respectively.
The appropriate boundary condition (Olkha et al.39) for flow, concentration and temperature is
1
u = uw + L1 ∂u ∂T


 ∂y , v = κ ρ{βm +cs (Tm −T0 )} ∂y − vw ,
 N = −s ∂u

∂y
at y = 0
 T = Tm + L2 ∂T ∂y ,
(6)


C = Cw + L3 ∂C

∂y
�
u → 0, N → 0 ,
at y → ∞
C → C∞ , T → T∞

where uw , N, s, L1 , L2 , L3 , kv , βm , cs , Tm , T0 , Cw , T∞ , kp and vw > 0 are surface velocity, microrotation

velocity, surface condition parameter, velocity slip, thermal slip and concentration slip parameter, microrotation
viscosity, latent heat, heat capacity of solid surface, melting temperature, solid surface temperature,fluid con-
centration at the wall, free stream temperature, and suction velocity respetively. It is assumed that γ = µ + k2v j
where j = νb as a reference length. The non-uniform heat source/Sink is considered following (Abo-Eldahab
et al.21)
ρkuw (x)  ∗
q′′′ = A (Tw − T∞ )f ′ + B∗ (T − T∞ ) (7)

xK
Here,A∗ , B∗ > 0 corresponds to internal heat generation, while, A∗ , B∗ < 0 corresponds to internal heat
absorption.

Solution. Here we consider the similarity transformation relations of the following form:

b √
η= y, u = bxf ′ (η) , v = − bυf (η)
υ
 (8)
b T − T∞ C − C∞
N =b xg(η) , θ(η) = , C(η) =
υ Tm − T∞ Cw − C∞
The equation of continuity is satisfied, identically. Substitution of (8) in (2–5) results in the following non-
linear ODE’s:

(1 + K)f ′′′ + f f ′′ − f ′2 + K g ′ − M + Kp f ′ = 0 (9)

 

 
K ′′
1+ g + fg ′ − gf ′ − K(2g + f ′′ ) = 0 (10)
2

θ ′′ + Pr f θ ′ − f ′ θ + (1 + K) Pr Ec f ′′2 + Pr Ec M f ′2 + A∗ f ′ + B∗ θ = 0 (11)
 

φ ′′ + Sc f φ ′ − Sc Kn φ = 0 (12)

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and the B.C. (6) are reduced as:

f (η) = S − Me ′

 Pr θ ,
 ′ ′′
 f (η) = 1 + δ1 f (η),

at η = 0 g(η) = −sf ′′ (η)
′
 θ(η) = 1 + δ2 θ (η), (13)



φ(η) = 1 + δ3 φ ′ (η),
� ′
f (η) → 0, θ(η) → 0,
as η → ∞
φ(η) → 0, g(η) → 0
σ B2
where Material (micropolar) fluid parameter K = kµv ; Magnetic field parameter M = ρb0 ; Prandtl number
ρυC u2
Pr = kf p ; Eckert number Ec = Cp (Tww−T∞ ) ; Schmidt number Sc = Dυ , suction/injection coefficient S = √V0
bυ
,Kp = akυp , Porosity parameter, source dependent and  temperature dependent parameter A∗ and B ∗, Chemical
 
reaction parameter Kn, velocity slip parameter δ1 = L1 b υ , temperature slip parameter δ2 = L2 b υ , mass

(Tm −T∞ )Cp
slip parameter δ3 = L3 b υ , and melting surface parameter Me = βm +c .

s (Tm −T0 )

Physical quantities of interest. The local “skin friction coefficient” Cf defined as

τw (1 + K)f ′′ (0)
Cf = 2
= √ (14)
(ρuw ) Rew
here shear stress as
    
∂u b ′′
τw = (µ + kv ) + kv N = (µ + kv ) bx f (0) (15)
∂y y=0 υ

and Rew = uwv x : “local Reynolds number”,

The “couple stress” at the surface
   
∂N K ′
Mw = γ
∂y y=0
= µuw 1 +
2
g (0) (16)

The “local surface heat flux qw (x),the local Nusselt number Nux the local mass flux jw and Sherwood number
Shx ” are given as follows

b ′
qw (x) = −kf (Tw − T∞ ) θ (0) (17)
v

xh(x) b ′ Nux
Nux = =− θ (0) ⇒ √ = −θ ′ (0) (18)
kf v Rew

 
∂C
jw = −D
∂y (19)
y=0


jw x b ′ Shx
Shx = =− xφ (0) ⇒ √ = −φ ′ (0) (20)
D(Cw − C∞ ) v Rew

Result discussion
The essential objective of given investigation is to demonstrate the influence of several physical parameters on
velocity f ′ (η), microrotation g(η), temperature θ(η), and concentration φ(η) distributions across the available
stretching sheet. Equations (9–12) together with boundary conditions (13) are evaluated numerically. Therefore,

K Tripathy et al.26 Present study

0.0 1.000172 1.000174
0.5 1.367902 1.367900
1.0 1.621938 1.621933

Table 1.  Comparison of −f ′′ (0) for different values K in the absence of the parameters S = 0, Me = 0,
δ1 = δ3 = δ4 = 0.

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1 1

S = 0.0
S = 0.0
0.8 S = 0.2 0.8
S = 0.2

0.6 0.6

0.4 K = 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 0.4

K = 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2

0.2 0.2
f' g
η η
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5

(a) (b)

2
S = 0.0
S = 0.2

( ) 1.5

K = 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2

1

0.5 θ

η
0
0 1 2 3 4

(c)

Figure 2.  (a) Influence of K on velocity profile. (b) Influence of K on temperature profile. (c) Influence of K on
microrotation profile.

obtained results develop an excellent agreement with those retrieved by (Table 1) Tripathy et al.19. Later it has
been determined that computed consequences had essential significant influences.
Figure 2a–c exemplify the consequences of material parameter (K) on velocity f ′ (η), micro rotation g(η),
temperature θ(η) profile. Whenever values of K gets increased the profiles of velocity and temperature gets
enhanced but on the other hand micro rotation profile gets cut down. Physically, in micropolar fluids, the mate-
rial parameter that can affect the velocity profile is known as the micropolar fluidity parameter (K). When the
micropolar fluidity parameter (K) increases, it implies that the microstructure or internal degrees of freedom
have a stronger effect on the fluid flow. This can lead to an increase in the complexity of the flow patterns and
the velocity profile.
Figure 3a–d exhibits consequences of porosity parameter Kp on velocity f ′ (η), micro rotation g(η), tem-
 
perature θ(η) and concentration φ(η) profile. Figure 3aflow stream reduces with improving values of parameter
of porous medium Kp or decreasing for permeability kp . The equation   of momentum reflects Darcian resist-
 
ance force is inversely proportional to parameter of permeability kp , therefore smaller permeability may lead
to large Darcian resistance to the fluid flow. The field of the flow thus diminishes with increasing values of Kp .

The profiles of micro rotation g(η), temperature θ (η) and concentration φ(η) gets enhanced.
Figure 4 substantiate consequences of magnetic field parameter (M) on velocity profile f ′ (η). The values of
M increases results decrease in the velocity profile. Lorentz force came into an existence when magnetic field
imposed over flow field. This force has an intensity to drag the fluid flow by cutting down its velocity. Hence fluid
flow velocity with thickness of momentum layer gets declined.
Figure 5a,b reflects impact of Schmidt number (Sc) and Chemical reaction (Kn) parameter on profile of con-
centration φ(η). It has been further noticed that with the increasing value of Sc and Kn profile for concentration
gets diminised. Physically as Sc is the ratio of momentum diffusivity to mass diffusivity and when the Schmidt
number increases, it means that the mass diffusivity of the fluid decreases relative to its momentum diffusivity
which imply lower scalar diffusivity, resulting in reduced diffusion and slower concentration changes within
the fluid medium.
Figure 6a,b demonstrate the effect of Prandtl number (Pr) & Eckert number (Ec) on temperature θ(η) profile.
We noticed that as we increase the values of Pr the temperature profile decrease, while revers effect are observed
on Ec . Physically, it is worth mentioning that increasing values of the Ec heat gets generated in the available
fluid owing to application of frictional heating. Thus, improving value of Ec increases the temperature within
the flow of fluid.
Figure 7a,b indicates effect of melting parameter (Me) on temperature θ(η) as well as concentration φ(η)
profile. It has been notified that improving values of Me both profiles enhanced. Figure 8 signifies consequences
of section/injection parameter (S) on velocity profile f ′ (η). It is finally demonstrated that increasing values of S
the velocity profile decreased.
Figure 9a–c reflects the effect of velocity slip (δ1 ), temperature slip (δ3 ) and concentration slip (δ4 ) parameter
on velocity f ′ (η),temperature θ (η) and concentration φ(η) profile. We observed that f ′ (η) and φ(η) profile get
cut down on the other aspect θ(η) profile improved. Physically, when the slip parameter is positive, implying a

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1 1
0.36

S = 0.0 0.34
S = 0.0
0.8 S = 0.2 0.8 0.32
S = 0.2
0.3

0.28

0.6 0.6 0.26

0.8 0.9 1 1.1

0.4 Kp = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 0.4

Kp = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5

0.2 f' 0.2

g
 
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5

(a) (b)
1 2

S = 0.0 S = 0.0
0.8 S = 0.2 S = 0.2
1.5

0.6
1
Kp = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5
0.4
Kp = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5
0.5
0.2  

 
0 0
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5

(c) (d)

Figure 3.  (a) Influence of Kp on velocity profile. (b) Influence of Kp on microrotation profile. (c) Influence of Kp
on temperature profile. (d) Influence of Kp on concentration profile.

S = 0.0
0.8 S = 0.2

0.6

0.4 M = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5

0.2 f'


0
0 1 2 3 4 5

Figure 4.  Influence of M on velocity profile.

positive slip velocity, the velocity profile in the fluid near the surface decreases. This is because the fluid molecules
experience a relative motion along the surface, causing a reduction in their velocity close to the surface. As a
result, the velocity profile exhibits a decreasing trend as you move from the surface towards the bulk of the fluid.

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S = 0.0
0.8
S =0.2

0.6

0.4
Sc = 3, 5, 7, 9

0.2


0
0 1 2 3
a

0.8
S = 0.0
S = 0.2
0.6

0.4
Kn = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6

0.2


0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
b

Figure 5.  (a) Influence of Sc on concentration profile. (b) Influence of Kn on concentration profile.

Figure 10a,b demonstrates the change in the velocity profile with respect to the increasing micro-rotation
parameter, K , for two cases, such as: (i) S = 0.0 and (ii) S = 0.2. For both the cases, it is observed that the velocity
is more intense in the region close to the surface than in the ambient regions. Near the surface, the surface effects
that arise from various phenomena such as intermolecular forces, surface tension, or boundary layer interac-
tions can become more dominant and can affect the behavior of the micropolar fluid more strongly. Further, the
increased micro-rotation parameter amplifies the influence of the rotational motion near the surface, leading to
a more intense impact on the fluid velocity.
Contours showing the impact of micro-rotation parameter, K , on the temperature is shown in Fig. 11a for the
case when S = 0.0 and Fig. 11b when S = 0.2, respectively. It is obvious from the figures that the temperature

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2
S = 0.0
S = 0.2

1.5

1
Pr = 2, 4, 6, 8

0.5
 
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
a
2

S = 0.0
S = 0.2
1.5

1
Ec = 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.5

0.5


0
0 1 2 3 4 5
b

Figure 6.  (a) Influence of Pr on temperaure profile. (b) Influence of Ec on temperature profile.

increases with increasing K . Physically, the micro-rotation parameter affects the rotational motion of fluid ele-
ments, which can impact the flow patterns near the surface and alter the convective heat transfer processes. The
altered flow patterns, in turn, can influence the heat transfer mechanisms and distribution of temperature near
the surface.
Moreover, the micro-rotation parameter affecting the velocity and temperature of a micropolar fluid more
intensely near the surface slightly varies according to the boundary conditions (i.e. when S = 0.0 and S = 0.2),
which is clearly visible via Figs. 10a and 11b. From this, in general, it is concludable that the micro-rotation

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S = 0.0
S = 0.2
1.5

1 Me = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8

0.5


0
0 1 2 3 4 5
a
1

S = 0.0
0.8 S = 0.2

0.6

0.4 Me = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8

0.2


0
0 1 2 3
b

Figure 7.  (a) Influence of Me on temperature profile. (b) Influence of Me on concentration profile.

0.8

0.6

0.4 S = -.4, -.2, 0.0, 0.2, 0.4

0.2 f'


0
0 1 2 3 4 5

Figure 8.  Influence of S on velocity profile.

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S = 0.0 1.5
S = 0.0
0.8 S = 0.2 S = 0.2

0.6 1

1 = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 3 = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3

0.4
0.5
0.2 f ' 
 
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
a b
1

S = 0.0
0.8 S = 0.2

0.6

0.4 4 = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3

0.2


0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
c

Figure 9.  (a) Influence of δ1 on velocity profile. (b) Influence of δ3 on temperature profile. (c) Influence of δ4 on
concentration profile.

parameter’s effect on the velocity and temperature of a micropolar fluid is typically influenced by factors such
as suction and injection.

Conclusions
In the present analysis, a numerical investigation of micro polar fluid flow due to melting stretchy surface in a
porous medium has been carried out. The influence of abundant quantities on velocity, microrotation, tempera-
ture and concentration distribution are outlined as follows:

• The velocity f ′ (η) and temperature θ (η) profile it noticed rising with increasing amount of K however, micro-
ration profile g(η) gets cut down.

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Figure 10.  (a) Influence of K on the velocity. (b) Influence of K on the velocity profile when S = 0.2. profile
when S = 0.

• The influence of Kp is observed to enhance θ (η) profile however velocity f ′ (η) gets cut down.
• The concentration profile φ(η) decrease with increasing values of the parameters Sc and Kn.
• Reduction in velocity f ′ (η) profile is manifested with an increase in value of slip parameters (δ1 ).

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Figure 11.  (a) Influence of K on the temperature profile when S = 0.2. (b) Influence of K on the temperature.
profile when S = 0.

Data availability
Data analysed during this study are included in this published article.

Received: 26 December 2022; Accepted: 14 June 2023

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Author contributions
A.D. and Q.A.M. did the literature review and formulated the problem. S.S (1). and A.P. performed the theoretical
and numerical analysis. G.A. and A.D. analyzed the results and wrote the conclusions. S.S (6) helped revising
the article All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Funding
The authors received no direct funding for this work.

Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information
Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Q.A.-M.
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