TABLE OF CONTENTS
LET’S BREAK THINGS DOWN
1. SQL THEORY
• Data Definition Language (DDL)
• SQL Keywords
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• Data Control Language (DCL)
• Transaction Control Language (TCL)
• SQL Syntax
DATA DEFINITION
LANGUAGE (DDL)
Data Definition Language
SQL’s syntax
comprises several types of statements that allow you to perform various commands and
operations
Data Definition Language (DDL)
- a syntax
- a set of statements that allow the user to define or modify data structures and objects, such
as tables
the CREATE statement
used for creating entire databases and database objects as tables
Data Definition Language
the CREATE statement
used for creating entire databases and database objects as tables
CREATE object_type object_name;
Data Definition Language
the CREATE statement
used for creating entire databases and database objects as tables
CREATE object_type object_name;
CREATE TABLE object_name (column_name data_type);
Data Definition Language
CREATE TABLE object_name (column_name data_type);
Data Definition Language
CREATE TABLE object_name (column_name data_type);
CREATE TABLE sales (purchase_number INT);
Data Definition Language
CREATE TABLE object_name (column_name data_type);
CREATE TABLE sales (purchase_number INT);
sales
purchase_number
Data Definition Language
CREATE TABLE sales (purchase_number INT);
sales
purchase_number
the table name can coincide with the name assigned to the database
Data Definition Language
the ALTER statement
used when altering existing objects
- ADD
- REMOVE
- RENAME
Data Definition Language
ALTER TABLE sales
ADD COLUMN date_of_purchase DATE;
sales
purchase_number
Data Definition Language
ALTER TABLE sales
ADD COLUMN date_of_purchase DATE;
sales
purchase_number date_of_purchase
Data Definition Language
the DROP statement
used for deleting a database object
Data Definition Language
DROP object_type object_name;
customers
customer_id first_name
Data Definition Language
used for deleting a database object
DROP object_type object_name;
DROP TABLE customers; customers
customer_id first_name
Data Definition Language
used for deleting a database object
DROP object_type object_name;
DROP TABLE customers; customers
customer_id first_name
Data Definition Language
the RENAME statement
allows you to rename an object
Data Definition Language
RENAME object_type object_name TO new_object_name;
customers
customer_id first_name
Data Definition Language
used for deleting a database object
RENAME object_type object_name TO new_object_name;
RENAME TABLE customers TO customer_data;
customers
customer_id first_name
Data Definition Language
used for deleting a database object
RENAME object_type object_name TO new_object_name;
RENAME TABLE customers TO customer_data;
customer_id first_name
Data Definition Language
used for deleting a database object
RENAME object_type object_name TO new_object_name;
RENAME TABLE customers TO customer_data;
customer_data
customer_id first_name
Data Definition Language
the TRUNCATE statement
instead of deleting an entire table through DROP, we can also remove its data and continue to
have the table as an object in the database
Data Definition Language
TRUNCATE object_type object_name;
customers
customer_id first_name
Data Definition Language
used for deleting a database object
TRUNCATE object_type object_name;
TRUNCATE TABLE customers;
customers
customer_id first_name
Data Definition Language
used for deleting a database object
TRUNCATE object_type object_name;
TRUNCATE TABLE customers;
customers
customer_id first_name
Data Definition Language
Data Definition Language (DDL)
- CREATE
- ALTER
- DROP
- RENAME
- TRUNCATE
Keywords
Keywords:
- ADD
- CREATE
- ALTER
- etc.
KEYWORDS IN SQL CANNOT BE VARIABLE NAMES!
objects or databases cannot have names that coincide with SQL keywords
Keywords
CREATE, ALTER:
Keywords
CREATE, ALTER:
CREATE TABLE alter (purchase_number INT);
alter
purchase_number
Data Definition Language
ADD
Data Definition Language
ADD
ALTER TABLE sales
ADD COLUMN date_of_purchase DATE;
sales
purchase_number date_of_purchase
Data Definition Language
ADD, ALTER
ALTER TABLE sales
ADD COLUMN date_of_purchase DATE;
sales
purchase_number date_of_purchase
Keywords
Keywords = reserved words
they cannot be used when naming objects
DATA
MANIPULATION
LANGUAGE (DML)
Data Manipulation Language
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
its statements allow us to manipulate the data in the tables of a database
the SELECT statement
used to retrieve data from database objects, like tables
Data Manipulation Language
SELECT * FROM sales;
sales
purchase_number
Data Manipulation Language
SELECT * FROM sales;
sales
purchase_number
Data Manipulation Language
SELECT… FROM sales;
sales
purchase_number
Data Manipulation Language
SELECT… FROM sales;
sales
purchase_number
Data Manipulation Language
SELECT… FROM sales;
sales
purchase_number
Data Manipulation Language
Why are we going to need just a piece of the table?
- imagine a table with 2 million rows of data
- it can be helpful if you could extract only a portion of the table that satisfies given criteria
- you should know how to use SELECT perfectly well
Data Manipulation Language
the INSERT statement
used to insert data into tables
INSERT INTO… VALUES…;
Data Manipulation Language
INSERT INTO sales (purchase_number, date_of_purchase) VALUES
(1, ‘2017-10-11’);
sales
purchase_number date_of_purchase
Data Manipulation Language
INSERT INTO sales (purchase_number, date_of_purchase) VALUES
(1, ‘2017-10-11’);
sales
purchase_number date_of_purchase
1 2017-10-11
Data Manipulation Language
INSERT INTO sales VALUES
(1, ‘2017-10-11’);
sales
purchase_number date_of_purchase
1 2017-10-11
Data Manipulation Language
INSERT INTO sales (purchase_number, date_of_purchase) VALUES
(1, ‘2017-10-11’);
INSERT INTO sales VALUES
(1, ‘2017-10-11’);
Data Manipulation Language
INSERT INTO sales (purchase_number, date_of_purchase) VALUES
(2, ‘2017-10-27’);
sales
purchase_number date_of_purchase
1 2017-10-11
2 2017-10-27
Data Manipulation Language
the UPDATE statement
allows you to renew existing data of your tables
Data Manipulation Language
sales
purchase_number date_of_purchase
1 2017-10-11
2 2017-10-27
Data Manipulation Language
UPDATE sales
SET date_of_purchase = ‘2017-12-12’
WHERE purchase_number = 1;
sales
purchase_number date_of_purchase
1 2017-10-11
2 2017-10-27
Data Manipulation Language
UPDATE sales
SET date_of_purchase = ‘2017-12-12’
WHERE purchase_number = 1;
sales
purchase_number date_of_purchase
1 2017-12-12
2 2017-10-27
Data Manipulation Language
the DELETE statement
- functions similarly to the TRUNCATE statement
TRUNCATE vs. DELETE
TRUNCATE allows us to remove all the records contained in a table
vs.
with DELETE, you can specify precisely what you would like to be removed
Data Manipulation Language
DELETE FROM sales;
sales
purchase_number date_of_purchase
1 2017-10-11
2 2017-10-27
Data Manipulation Language
DELETE FROM sales; TRUNCATE TABLE
sales;
sales
purchase_number date_of_purchase
1 2017-10-11
2 2017-10-27
Data Manipulation Language
DELETE FROM sales; TRUNCATE TABLE
sales;
sales
purchase_number date_of_purchase
1 2017-10-11
2 2017-10-27
Data Manipulation Language
DELETE FROM sales
WHERE
purchase_number = 1;
sales
purchase_number date_of_purchase
1 2017-10-11
2 2017-10-27
Data Manipulation Language
DELETE FROM sales
WHERE
purchase_number = 1;
sales
purchase_number date_of_purchase
1 2017-10-11
2 2017-10-27
Data Manipulation Language
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
- SELECT… FROM…
- INSERT INTO… VALUES…
- UPDATE… SET… WHERE…
- DELETE FROM… WHERE…
DATA CONTROL
LANGUAGE (DCL)
Data Control Language
Data Control Language (DCL)
the GRANT and REVOKE statements
allow us to manage the rights users have in a database
Data Control Language
Data Control Language
Data Control Language
users
Data Control Language
The GRANT statement
gives (or grants) certain permissions to users
Data Control Language
The GRANT statement
gives (or grants) certain permissions to users
Data Control Language
The GRANT statement
gives (or grants) certain permissions to users
GRANT type_of_permission ON database_name.table_name TO
‘username’@’localhost’
Data Control Language
The GRANT statement
gives (or grants) certain permissions to users
one can grant a specific type of permission, like complete or partial access
GRANT type_of_permission ON database_name.table_name TO
‘username’@’localhost’
Data Control Language
these rights will be assigned to a person who has a username registered at the local server
(‘localhost’: IP 127.0.0.1)
big companies and corporations don’t use this type of server, and their databases lay on
external, more powerful servers
GRANT type_of_permission ON database_name.table_name TO
‘username’@’localhost’
Data Control Language
Database administrators
people who have complete rights to a database
- they can grant access to users and can revoke it
the REVOKE clause
used to revoke permissions and privileges of database users
- the exact opposite of GRANT
Data Control Language
the REVOKE clause
used to revoke permissions and privileges of database users
Data Control Language
the REVOKE clause
used to revoke permissions and privileges of database users
REVOKE type_of_permission ON database_name.table_name FROM
‘username’@’localhost’
TRANSACTION
CONTROL
LANGUAGE (TCL)
Transaction Control Language
Transaction Control Language (TCL)
- not every change you make to a database is saved automatically
the COMMIT statement
- related to INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE
- will save the changes you’ve made
- will let other users have access to the modified version of the database
Transaction Control Language
DB administrator
Transaction Control Language
DB administrator
- Change the last name of the 4th customer from ‘Winnfield’ to ‘Johnson’
Transaction Control Language
DB administrator
- Change the last name of the 4th customer from ‘Winnfield’ to ‘Johnson’
Transaction Control Language
DB administrator
- Change the last name of the 4th customer from ‘Winnfield’ to ‘Johnson’
Transaction Control Language
DB administrator
Transaction Control Language
DB administrator
UPDATE customers
SET last_name = ‘Johnson’
WHERE customer_id = 4;
Transaction Control Language
DB administrator
UPDATE customers
SET last_name = ‘Johnson’
WHERE customer_id = 4;
Transaction Control Language
DB administrator
UPDATE customers
SET last_name = ‘Johnson’
WHERE customer_id = 4;
Transaction Control Language
DB administrator
Problem: users
Transaction Control Language
DB administrator
UPDATE customers
SET last_name = ‘Johnson’
WHERE customer_id = 4;
Transaction Control Language
DB administrator
UPDATE customers
SET last_name = ‘Johnson’
WHERE customer_id = 4
COMMIT;
Transaction Control Language
DB administrator
users
Transaction Control Language
the COMMIT statement
committed states can accrue
the ROLLBACK clause
the clause that will let you make a step back
- allows you to undo any changes you have made but don’t want to be saved permanently
Transaction Control Language
DB administrator
UPDATE customers
SET last_name = ‘Johnson’
WHERE customer_id = 4
COMMIT;
Transaction Control Language
DB administrator
UPDATE customers
SET last_name = ‘Johnson’
WHERE customer_id = 4
COMMIT;
ROLLBACK;
Transaction Control Language
DB administrator
UPDATE customers
SET last_name = ‘Johnson’
WHERE customer_id = 4
COMMIT;
ROLLBACK;
Transaction Control Language
the COMMIT statement
- saves the transaction in the database
- changes cannot be undone
the ROLLBACK clause
- allows you to take a step back
- the last change(s) made will not count
- reverts to the last non-committed state
SQL Syntax
DDL – Data Definition Language
creation of data
DML – Data Manipulation Language
manipulation of data
DCL – Data Control Language
assignment and removal of permissions to use this data
TCL – Transaction Control Language
saving and restoring changes to a database
