Renewable Energy Systems

Unit- 1 Renewable Energy

Energy on Earth, Renewable Energy, SI Metric System, Measuring Energy, Generating Electricity,
Electricity Transmission, Home electricity bill calculation.

Indian energy scenario in various sectors–domestic, industrial, commercial, agriculture, transportation

and others – Present conventional energy status and renewable energy status-Potential of various
renewable energy sources-Global energy status- Case Study on Maharashtra Electricity Generation,
plans and consumption

Prepared by
Dr.M.Sujith
9486820743
 1. Energy on Earth
Content
2. Renewable Energy
3. SI Metric System
4. Measuring Energy
Energy on Earth
Overview of Energy Sources

01 02 03
Types of Energy Global Energy Environmental
Sources Consumption Impact
Trends

Explore the various Analyze current statistics Discuss the environmental

categories of energy on global energy implications of different
sources, including consumption, highlighting energy sources, focusing
renewable (solar, wind, the shift towards on carbon emissions and
hydro) and non-renewable renewable energy sustainability.
(fossil fuels, nuclear). sources.
The Role of Renewable Energy

Sustainability and Environmental Benefits

Economic Growth and Job Creation

Technological Advancements
 Challenges in Energy Production

Resource Availability Infrastructure Regulatory and Policy

Assess the limitations of Development Issues
renewable energy resources, Examine the challenges in building Discuss the impact of government
including geographic and and maintaining the necessary regulations and policies on energy
climatic factors that affect infrastructure for energy production, including incentives for
energy generation. production, such as power plants renewable energy and barriers to
and grid systems. entry for new technologies.
Renewable Energy
 Renewable Energy

Renewable energy is energy that comes from a source that won’t run out. They are
natural and self-replenishing, and usually have a low- or zero-carbon footprint.

Examples of renewable energy sources include wind power, solar power, bioenergy
(organic matter burned as a fuel) and hydroelectric, including tidal energy.

Burning fossil fuels to create electricity has long been a major contributor in the
emission of greenhouse gases into our atmosphere, so these renewable sources are
considered vital in the race to tackle climate change.
 Renewable Energy
Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are replenished faster than they are consumed.
Renewable energy sources are plentiful and can be used for electricity, heating, cooling, and
transportation.

Some examples of renewable energy sources include:

Wind power: A renewable energy source that's constantly replenished

Solar power: A renewable energy source that's constantly replenished
Bioenergy: Organic matter that's burned as a fuel
Hydroelectric power: A renewable energy source that includes tidal energy
Geothermal energy: A renewable energy source that uses the earth's core heat to create electricity

Renewable energy sources are often called sustainable energy. They have a low or zero carbon
footprint, and generate far fewer emissions than burning fossil fuels
 The most common renewable energy sources
Solar

 Solar power generates electricity by capturing sunlight on solar panels in a joint chemical and
physical reaction, known as the ‘photovoltaic effect’ (or PV).
 The most common renewable energy sources
Wind
 The most common renewable energy sources
Hydroelectric
 The most common renewable energy sources
Bioenergy
 The most common renewable energy sources
OCEAN ENERGY
 Renewable energy sources
Geothermal
 What are non-renewable energy sources?

They also emit harmful greenhouse gases like CO2 when they’re
burned.
Quiz Attendance
 Renewable Energy Systems

Unit- 1 Renewable Energy

Energy on Earth, Renewable Energy, SI Metric System, Measuring Energy, Generating Electricity,
Electricity Transmission, Home electricity bill calculation.

Indian energy scenario in various sectors–domestic, industrial, commercial, agriculture, transportation

and others – Present conventional energy status and renewable energy status-Potential of various
renewable energy sources-Global energy status- Case Study on Maharashtra Electricity Generation,
plans and consumption

Prepared by
Dr.M.Sujith
Introduction to the SI Metric System

01 02 03
Definition and Base Units Applications in
Importance Overview Energy
Measurement
The SI Metric System, or The system comprises Understanding the SI
International System of seven base units, Metric System is crucial
Units, is a standardized including meter (length), for accurately measuring
system of measurement kilogram (mass), second energy in joules, power in
used globally, essential for (time), and their derived watts, and other related
scientific communication units, which are metrics, facilitating
and consistency. fundamental for effective energy
measuring various management and
physical quantities. analysis.
 Conversions and Calculations
Understanding Energy Units Conversion Factors

Practical Applications
 Understand Electricity

VOLTAGE is like the pressure that pushes water through the hose. It is measured in volts (V).

CURRENT is like the diameter of the hose. The wider it is, the more water will flow through. It
is measured in amps (I or A).

RESISTANCE is like sand in the hose that slows down the water flow. It is measured in ohms
(R or Ω).
 Understand Electricity

Voltage, current, and resistance are all related. If you change one of them in a circuit, the
others will change, too. Specifically, voltage is equal to current multiplied by resistance
(V = I x R).

Thinking about water, if you add sand into the hose and keep the pressure the same, it’s like
reducing the diameter of the hose… less water will flow.
Understand Electricity
POWER is like the volume of water that is flowing from the hose, given a specific pressure
and diameter.

Electric power is measured in watts (W).

And larger systems are measured in kilowatts (1 KW = 1000 watts) or megawatts (1 MW =

1,000,000 watts).
ENERGY is like measuring the volume of water that has flowed through the hose over a
period of time, like filling a 5 gallon bucket in a minute.

Electric energy is often confused with electric power but they are two different things – power
measures capacity and energy measures delivery.

Electric energy is measured in watt hours (wh) but most people are more familiar with the
measurement on their electric bills, kilowatt hours (1 kWh = 1,000 watt hours=1 unit).

Electric utilities work at a larger scale and will commonly use megawatt hours (1 MWh = 1,000
kWh).
Measuring Energy

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/circuit-construction-kit-
dc/latest/circuit-construction-kit-dc_all.html
 Power System –Generating Station
• The power system is a network which consists generation, distribution
and transmission system.
• It uses the form of energy (like coal and diesel) and converts it into
electrical energy.
• In generating station the fuel (coal, water, nuclear energy, etc.) is
converted into electrical energy.
• The electrical power is generated in the range of 11kV to 25kV, which is
step-up for long distance transmission.
• The power plant of the generating substation is mainly classified into
three types, i.e., thermal power plant, hydropower plant and nuclear
power plan
 Power System –Generating Station
• The power plant, transformer, transmission line, substations, distribution
line, and distribution transformer are the six main components of the
power system.

• The power plant generates the power which is step-up or step-down

through the transformer for transmission.

• The transmission line transfers the power to the various substations.

• Through substation, the power is transferred to the distribution

transformer which step-down the power to the appropriate value which is
suitable for the consumers
Power System -Structure
 Power System –Generating Station

• The generator and the transformer are the main components of the
generating station.

• The generator converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy.

• The mechanical energy comes from the burning of coal, gas and nuclear
fuel, gas turbines, or occasionally the internal combustion engine.

• The transformer transfers the power with very high efficiency from one
level to another.
 Power System –Transmission Substation

The transmission lines mainly perform the two functions

• It transports the energy from generating stations to bulk receiving stations.

• It interconnects the two or more generating stations. The neighboring

substations are also interconnected through the transmission lines
 Power System –Distribution Substation

• The component of an electrical power system connecting all the consumers in an

area to the bulk power sources is called a distribution system.

• The bulk power stations are connected to the generating substations by

transmission lines.

• The substations distribute the power to the domestic, commercial and relatively
small consumers.
 Google Classroom: zuk5epi

Quiz Attendance
 Renewable Energy Systems

Unit- 1 Renewable Energy

Energy on Earth, Renewable Energy, SI Metric System, Measuring Energy, Generating Electricity,
Electricity Transmission, Home electricity bill calculation.

Indian energy scenario in various sectors–domestic, industrial, commercial, agriculture, transportation

and others – Present conventional energy status and renewable energy status-Potential of various
renewable energy sources-Global energy status- Case Study on Maharashtra Electricity Generation,
plans and consumption

Prepared by
Dr.M.Sujith
 Power System –Generating Station
• The power plant, transformer, transmission line, substations, distribution
line, and distribution transformer are the six main components of the
power system.

• The power plant generates the power which is step-up or step-down

through the transformer for transmission.

• The transmission line transfers the power to the various substations.

• Through substation, the power is transferred to the distribution

transformer which step-down the power to the appropriate value which is
suitable for the consumers
Power System -Structure
 Indian energy scenario in various sectors–
domestic, industrial, commercial, agriculture,
transportation and others
 Green House Gas Emissions from Various Energy Sources
• Greenhouse gases are gases in Earth's atmosphere that trap heat. They let sunlight
pass through the atmosphere, but they prevent the heat that the sunlight brings
from leaving the atmosphere.

The other GHG that are emitted as a result of human activity are
• Methane (CH4), which comes from landfills, coal mines, agriculture, and oil and
natural gas operations

• Nitrous oxide (N2O), which comes from using nitrogen fertilizers and certain
industrial and waste management processes and burning fossil fuels
 Green House Gas Emissions from Various Energy Sources
High global warming potential (GWP) gases, which are human-made industrial
gases
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
• Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
• Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
• Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)
 Importance of renewable sources of energy
Sl. No Renewable Energy Advantages

1 Solar energy • Sunlight does not produce any wastes or pollutants for
(From the sun) environment.
• It is free to collect sunlight as it is always present

2 The Wind • The wind does not produce any wastes or pollutants for
environment.

• It takes up little ground space

3 Hydropower • Hydropower is considered as inexpensive source.

• It does not leave any harmful chemicals as waste

 Importance of renewable sources of energy

Sl. No Renewable Energy Advantages

4 Biomass • Growing biomass crops use up carbon dioxide and increase

oxygen
• Biomass is always available, thus, it can be used as renewable
resource
5 Geothermal Energy • For heating and cooling, geothermal heat pump systems use 25%
to 50% less electricity than conventional systems

• Biomass is always available and can be used as a renewable

resource
Indian Energy Scenario
Indian Energy Scenario
The top three states with highest coal
reserves in India are Odisha, Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh, which account for major coal
reserves in the country.

Out of the total reserves in the country, proven

reserves i.e. those available for extraction in terms
of i.e. economically viability, feasibility study and
geologically exploration level, account for almost
52% of the total as depicted
Indian Energy Scenario

The highest reserves of lignite are found in

the state of Tamil Nadu.

Out of the total Lignite reserves in the

country, proven reserves account for almost
only 16% of the total as depicted
 Indian Energy Scenario

Estimated Reserves of Crude Oil in India as on 01.04.2023

Indian Energy Scenario

BCM-Billion Cubic Meters

Indian Energy Scenario
Indian Energy Scenario
Trends in Installed Electricity Generation Capacity (MW) in India
during the period 2013-14 to 2022-23
Trends in Installed Electricity Generation Capacity from Utilities (MW)
in India - Source wise during the period 2013-14 to 2022-23
Indian Energy Scenario-All
Consumption of Electricity by Sectors during 2022-23(P)
Consumption of Electricity by Sectors during 2022-23(P)
The targets adopted in India as a part of the Goal 7 of SDGs 2030 Agenda are as follows:.

I. By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services.

II. By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.

III. By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency.

IV. By 2030, enhance international co-operation to facilitate access to clean energy research and
technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel
technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology.
S.No Conventional Sources of Energy Non-conventional Sources of Energy

1 Derived from fossil fuels Derived from renewable sources

2 Limited availability Abundant availability
3 High carbon emissions Low or zero carbon emissions

4 Non-renewable Renewable
5 Established technology Evolving technology
6 Relatively cheaper Initially higher costs
7 Reliance on centralized grids Distributed energy systems

8 Dependence on geopolitics Reduces geopolitical conflicts

9 Environmental impact Minimal environmental impact
 Renewable Energy Systems

Unit- 2 SDG

Introduction to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - Overview

of the 17 SDGs, The role of energy in achieving SDGs, Smart grids and
renewable energy contribute to SDGs, Case studies on different SDG.

Prepared by
Sujith M
 Introduction to SDGs
What are the SDGs?

17 global goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015

Aim: To achieve a better and more sustainable future by 2030

Focus: Social, economic, and environmental sustainability

 Key SDGs Relevant to India

• SDG 1 : No Poverty
• SDG 3 : Good Health and Well-being
• SDG 4 : Quality Education
• SDG 6 : Clean Water and Sanitation
• SDG 13 : Climate Action
 Government Initiatives Supporting SDGs

• Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) – SDG 6

• Ayushman Bharat (Health insurance for all) – SDG 3

• Skill India Mission – SDG 8

• National Solar Mission – SDG 7

 Challenges in Achieving SDGs in India

• Regional disparities in development

• Urban-rural divide

• Economic inequality

• Environmental degradation and climate change

 The Way Forward- India

• Strengthen partnerships (SDG 17)

• Focus on innovation and technology

• Community involvement for local action

• Increase funding and policy coordination

 Why the SDGs are essential for India?

• The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are

particularly important for India due to several pressing
reasons that align with both global priorities and India's
unique socio-economic and environmental challenges.
1: Large Population with Global Impact

2: Addressing Poverty and Inequality

3: Healthcare and Education Challenges

4: Environmental Concerns

5: Economic Growth and Employment

6: Urbanization and Infrastructure Development

7: Agriculture and Food Security

8: Global Responsibility

9: Policy Integration
• India’s government has integrated SDG targets into its national policy
framework, aligning them with existing initiatives such as Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan, National Solar Mission, Ayushman Bharat, and others, which support
multiple SDGs.

• State-level SDG rankings by The National Institution for Transforming India

(NITI Aayog) ensure that the goals are tracked, making accountability a part
of the national development agenda.
 Millennium Development Goals MDGs
• In the United Nations, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were eight
international development goals for the year 2015 created following the Millennium
Summit, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
Next Class
 Present Conventional energy status and renewable energy status -
Group 1 M2063 Maharashtra CO1
M2013
M2015
M2016

Group 2 M2027 Present Conventional energy status and renewable energy status- India CO1
M2069
M2006
M2070

Group 3 M2042 Home Electricity Bill calculation for Single phase and three phase tariff CO1
M2037
M2001
M2083
 Next Class

• List of SDG

• Supporting policies by INDIA to promote SDGs

 Renewable Energy Systems

Unit- 2 SDG

Introduction to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - Overview

of the 17 SDGs, The role of energy in achieving SDGs, Smart grids and
renewable energy contribute to SDGs, Case studies on different SDG.

Prepared by
Sujith M
 Millennium Development Goals MDGs
• In the United Nations, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were eight
international development goals for the year 2000 created following the Millennium
Summit, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs)

• Adopted in 2015 as a universal call-to-action to

achieve peace and prosperity for all by 2030
• MDGs were about lifting developing countries out of
poverty
• SDGs also focus on our own need to transform
unsustainable lifestyles, promote equality, human
rights, and justice
(Definition by UNICEF – United Nation Conference on Environment
and Development)
 Sustainable development meets the needs of the current generation without
compromising the needs of future generations.

A Viable Natural Environment

Economy Development
Natural and Built Environment

Nurturing Community

Sufficient Economy
In easy language,
• It means our economic development should not damage the environment so much that
our future generations have to face environmental problems
For example
• Our factories should not generate so much air pollution that it is difficult to survive for our
future generations
In easy language,
• It means our economic development should not damage the environment so much that
our future generations have to face environmental problems
For example
• Our factories should not generate so much air pollution that it is difficult to survive for our
future generations
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org
• State-level SDG rankings by The National Institution for Transforming India
(NITI Aayog) ensure that the goals are tracked, making accountability a part
of the national development agenda.

https://sdgindiaindex.niti.gov.in/#/ranking
https://sdgtransformationcenter.org/
https://www.niti.gov.in/overview-sustainable-development-goals
• India has introduced and implemented a variety of national policies and initiatives
that directly support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs).

• These policies demonstrate India's commitment to achieving the SDGs by

integrating them into national and state-level planning frameworks,
addressing key areas of sustainable development.
 SDG 1: No Poverty
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): A financial inclusion
initiative that provides access to banking facilities for low-income
individuals.

• Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY): A social welfare

scheme for poor and vulnerable sections of society.

• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP): Offers pensions to

elderly, widows, and disabled individuals living below the poverty line.
 SDG 2: Zero Hunger
• National Food Security Act (NFSA): Ensures subsidized food grains
for two-thirds of the population.

• Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY): Provides crop

insurance to farmers, promoting sustainable agriculture.

• Mid-Day Meal Scheme: Provides free lunches to school children to

improve nutrition and promote education.
 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being
• Ayushman Bharat (PM-JAY): Universal health coverage program
offering health insurance to vulnerable families.

• National Health Mission (NHM): Aims to improve healthcare

services, particularly in rural areas.

• Poshan Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission): Focuses on reducing

malnutrition among children, pregnant women, and lactating mothers.
 SDG 4: Quality Education
• Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan: A comprehensive program that integrates
primary, secondary, and higher secondary education.

• Mid-Day Meal Scheme: Enhances enrollment and attendance in

schools while improving child nutrition.

• Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009: Provides free and compulsory

education to children aged 6 to 14 years.
 SDG 5: Gender Equality
• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao: Aims to improve the child sex ratio and
ensure education for girls.

• Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY): Provides free LPG

connections to women from below-poverty-line households.

• Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017: Extends paid maternity

leave to 26 weeks.
 SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
• Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM): Aims to eliminate open defecation
and improve sanitation facilities across India.

• Jal Jeevan Mission: Ensures piped water supply to rural households by

2024.

• Namami Gange Programme: Focuses on cleaning and rejuvenating

the Ganga River.
 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
• National Solar Mission: Promotes solar energy use and aims for 100
GW of solar capacity by 2022.

• Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY): Focuses on

rural electrification.

• Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY): Provides LPG

connections to poor households, reducing the dependence on polluting
fuels.
 SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
• Skill India Mission: Aims to train over 40 crore people in various
skills by 2022. (https://skillindiamission.in/)

• Make in India: Promotes domestic manufacturing and aims to boost

job creation.

• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

(MGNREGA): Guarantees 100 days of wage employment in rural
areas.
 SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
• Bharatmala Pariyojana: Focuses on highway development and
connectivity.

• Digital India: Aims to provide internet access to all citizens and boost
the digital economy.

• Make in India: Encourages domestic manufacturing to strengthen

infrastructure and industry.
 SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): Promotes financial
inclusion for marginalized communities.

• Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act: Protects

marginalized communities from discrimination.

• National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM): Aims to enhance

livelihood opportunities for the rural poor.
 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
• Smart Cities Mission: Focuses on urban renewal and retrofitting to
create sustainable cities.

• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY): Provides affordable housing

to all by 2022.

• Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation

(AMRUT): Aims at improving basic urban infrastructure, including
water supply, sanitation, and green spaces.
 SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
• National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA): Promotes
sustainable agricultural practices.

• Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM): Encourages responsible waste

management and clean environments.

• Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA): Promotes energy

efficiency through LED lighting.
 SDG 13: Climate Action
• National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Focuses on
climate adaptation and mitigation strategies across various sectors.

• National Disaster Management Plan: Aims to reduce vulnerabilities

to disasters and climate-related risks.

• National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF): Finances clean energy

initiatives.
 SDG 14: Life Below Water
• National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA):
Aims to conserve and manage wetlands and aquatic ecosystems.

• Blue Revolution Mission: Promotes sustainable development of

fisheries and aquatic resources.
 SDG 15: Life on Land
• National Afforestation Programme (NAP): Promotes afforestation
and sustainable forest management.

• Green India Mission: Aims to enhance forest cover and restore

ecosystems.

• Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning

Authority (CAMPA): Ensures proper management of forest
conservation funds.
 SDG 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
• BharatNet: Aims to provide high-speed broadband to all gram
panchayats, improving e-governance and access to justice.

• Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): Improves transparency and reduces

corruption by directly transferring benefits to citizens.

• Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act: Strengthens the legal framework to

tackle corruption.
 SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals
• NITI Aayog's SDG India Index: Tracks state-level progress on SDGs
and fosters competition among states to meet targets.

• India’s International Solar Alliance (ISA): Collaborates with other

nations to promote solar energy and sustainable development globally.

• Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Encourages collaboration

between government and the private sector for sustainable
development.
Next Class
 27.09.2024
Present Conventional energy status and renewable energy status -
Group 1 F2015 Maharashtra CO1
F2062
F2021
F2071

Group 2 F2052 Present Conventional energy status and renewable energy status- India CO1
F2047
F2034
F2035

Group 3 M2051 Home Electricity Bill calculation for Single phase and three phase tariff CO1
M2040
M2042
M2041
 30.09.2024
Group 4 M2008 Case Study on SDG-6 CO2
M2078
M2079

Group 5 M2045
M2081
M2098 Case Study on SDG-7 CO2
M2046

Group 6 F2014
M2087 Case Study on SDG-11 CO2
F2074
F2094

Group 7 M2020
M2100 Case Study on SDG-12 CO2
M2109
M2080

Group 8 F2003
F2004 Case Study on SDG-13 CO2
F2049
F2032
 Next Class

• List of SDG

• Supporting policies by INDIA to promote SDGs

SUSTANIABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
(SDG)
 Example: - Case study – SDG 6
1. No of Indicators for SDG 6 (Refer National Indicator Framework, 2024 )
2. No of targets for SDG 6
(http://www.sdgindia2030.mospi.gov.in/dashboard/overview)
3. No of Initiatives under SDGs 6 – State wise (MH) and Compare with other
state initiatives
4. State the initiative taken by Maharashtra government
5. State wise performance for SDG 6 – Table, chart / graph
6. State wise ranking for all SDGs – Table, chart / graph
7. Interlinking indicators – SDGs 6 with others
8. Problem Identified from your point of view and propose the solutions for the
same. (1 Problem statement)
9. Presentation – 15 Marks and Video Submission - 5 marks
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org
http://www.sdgindia2030.mospi.gov.in/dashboard/overview
Difference between MDG and SDG
 What is new and different about the 17 SDGs?
First, and most important, these Goals apply to every nation … and every sector.
Cities, businesses, schools, organizations, all are challenged to act.
This is called Universality

Second, it is recognized that the Goals are all inter-connected, in a system. We cannot
aim to achieve just one Goal. We must achieve them all.
This is called Integration

And finally, it is widely recognized that achieving these Goals involves making very
big, fundamental changes in how we live on Earth.
This is called Transformation
6 Essential
elements
of SDGs
 6 Essential elements of SDGs
1. People
To ensure healthy lives of all people and better state of development for improvements and
amelioration of living standards
2. Planet
To protect the environment, ecosystems and surroundings for all societies, both humans
and animals.
3. Prosperity
To grow a strong economy that can sustain a country’s future, as well as the country’s
citizens
4. Justice
To promote safe environment with strong institutions and peaceful societies
5. Partnership
To develop good global relationship with other nations for innovations and sustainable
development
6. Dignity
To put an end to poverty and oppose inequality in all nations
 17 SDGs

8 MDG
17 SDGs Social groups

Economy groups

Environmental groups
SDG Grouping
The interconnection of Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs)
illustrates how each sustainable
development objective is
interlinked and influences one
another. In the context of
investments, understanding these
linkages is crucial for companies,
especially if they aim to make a
significant contribution to the
achievement of the SDGs.
 27.09.2024
Present Conventional energy status and renewable energy status -
Group 1 F2015 Maharashtra CO1
F2062
F2021
F2071

Group 2 F2052 Present Conventional energy status and renewable energy status- India CO1
F2047
F2034
F2035

Group 3 M2051 Home Electricity Bill calculation for Single phase and three phase tariff CO1
M2040
M2042
M2041
 30.09.2024
Group 4 M2008 Case Study on SDG-6 CO2
M2078
M2079

Group 5 M2045 Case Study on SDG-7

M2081
M2098 CO2
M2046

Group 6 F2014
M2087 Case Study on SDG-11 CO2
F2074
F2094

Group 7 M2020
M2100 Case Study on SDG-12 CO2
M2109
M2080

Group 8 F2003
F2004 Case Study on SDG-13 CO2
F2049
F2032
 Unit-3

Solar Energy and Wind Energy

Prepared by

Dr.M.Sujith
 Content
Photovoltaic cell concepts: Cell, module, array ,PV Module I-V Characteristics,
Efficiency & Quality of the Cell, series and parallel connections, maximum power
point tracking, Applications- Design of Solar PV System for home appliances,
Selection of batteries.

Wind Energy- Wind Characteristics, Wind Power, Wind Turbine Design, Wind
Turbine Components. The role of solar and wind energy in reducing carbon
emissions and supporting SDGs, Case studies on PV system design.

CO3: Explain the fundamental principles, key components of solar and wind energy
conversion and supporting the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals
 History of Solar Cells
While experimenting in his father’s laboratory, 19-year-old Alexandre Edmond
Becquerel created the world's first photovoltaic cell and thereby discovered the
photovoltaic effect in 1839 (French)

The next significant photovoltaic development arose from the interest in the
photoconductive effect in selenium after Willoughby Smith found that
selenium shows photoconductivity in 1873. (UK)

In 1877 William Grylls Adams and his student Richard Evans Day observed the
photovoltaic effect in solidified selenium by illuminating a junction between
selenium and platinum. (UK)
 History of Solar Cells

In 1884 the first rooftop solar array was installed in New York, demonstrating an
efficiency of almost 1%. The solar array used selenium solar cells invented the
year before by an American inventor Charles Fritts

In 1905, Albert Einstein published his paper on the photoelectric effect, explaining
how light can dislodge electrons from certain materials, thus generating electricity.
This work later earned him the Nobel Prize and laid a theoretical foundation for
modern solar cells. (German)
 History of Solar Cells
• In 1941, American engineer Russell Ohl patented the first silicon solar cell. Silicon later became the
dominant material for solar cells due to its semiconductor properties and abundance. – The First
Silicon Solar Cell Concept

• In 1954, Researchers at Bell Laboratories, including Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald
Pearson, developed the first practical silicon solar cell with an efficiency of about 6%. This
breakthrough marked the beginning of modern photovoltaic technology. These cells were used to power
small devices and were later adapted for space applications – The First Practical Solar Cell
•
 Solar Luminosity & Solar Constant

• This we can calculate since we know the power output (or) luminosity of the sun

(3.828x1026 W) and the distance from the Sun to the Earth (1 AU = 1.496x1011 m).

• The solar constant (σ) can then be calculated as the ratio between the power output

of the sun and the surface area of a sphere with the Sun/Earth distance as its radius,

see figure 1 for a graphical representation.

 Calculation of Efficiency
• Measuring a commercial selenium cell, Chapin recorded that the cell
produced 4.9 watts per square meter.

Calculate efficiency of this device using the formula

• P= Output Power = 4.9 W

• Sigma (σ ) = Pin = Solar Irradiance = 1000 W/m2

• A= Area = 1 m2

• Efficiency (ƞ ) etha= ?
 Revision

1. Calculate the power output of a 0.5 m2 solar cell with an efficiency of 1%

assuming 1000 W/m2 of illumination.

2. When was the silicon solar cell invented?

3. What was the typical efficiency of solar cells before the invention of silicon
solar cells?

4. What was the typical efficiency of solar cells after the invention of silicon
solar cells?

5. What is the solar constant?

5. Calculate the solar constant at Mars
The luminosity of the sun to be 3.828x1026W and the distance from the Sun to
Mars is 1.524 AU or 2.280x1011m2 . Calculate the ratio between the
luminosity and this area.
Solar cell efficiency

6. Please provide the formula to calculate the efficiency of a solar cell given the input
power (Pin) and the power output of the solar cell (Pout)

Efficiency = Pout / Pin

6. Calculate the efficiency of a 0.5 m2 solar panel producing 20 W. Assume that the
power input is 500W.

Efficiency = Pout / Pin = 20 / 500 =4%

 Unit-3

Construction and Working of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Cell

Prepared by

Dr.M.Sujith
 Photovoltaic (PV)

• Photovoltaic (PV) technologies – more commonly known as solar panels

• It generate power using devices that absorb energy from sunlight and convert it
into electrical energy through semiconducting materials.

• These devices, known as solar cells, are then connected to form larger power-
generating units known as modules or panels.
 PV

A solar cell, also known as a photovoltaic

(PV) cell, is the fundamental unit that
converts sunlight directly into electricity
through the photovoltaic effect.

A solar module, also known as a solar panel,

is a collection of multiple solar cells
connected together in a specific arrangement A solar array or system is a larger
and encased to form a single unit assembly consisting of multiple solar
modules connected together to generate a
significant amount of electricity.
 Construction of Photovoltaic Cell
A typical PV cell is composed of several layers of materials, each serving a specific function to
capture and convert sunlight into electrical energy.
 Construction of Photovoltaic Cell
1. Basic Structure

The main components include:

• Semiconductor Material: Usually silicon, which can be either monocrystalline, polycrystalline, or

amorphous.

• Anti-Reflective Coating: Applied to reduce the reflection of sunlight and ensure maximum
absorption.

• Metal Contacts: Placed on the front and back of the cell to collect and conduct the generated
electricity.
Construction of Photovoltaic Cell
 Construction of Photovoltaic Cell
2. Semiconductor Layers

PV cells typically consist of two types of semiconductor layers that form a p-n junction:

• P-type Layer: The p-type layer is doped with materials like boron, which creates an abundance of
positive charge carriers (holes).

• N-type Layer: The n-type layer is doped with elements such as phosphorus, which provides extra
electrons, creating negative charge carriers.
 Construction of Photovoltaic Cell
3. Anti-Reflective Coating

• An anti-reflective coating is applied to the surface of the cell to minimize the loss of sunlight due to
reflection. This coating ensures that more sunlight penetrates the cell and contributes to electricity
generation.

4. Metal Contacts

• Front Contact: A grid-like structure made of thin metal lines is placed on the surface of the cell.
This allows sunlight to pass through while collecting the generated electrons.

• Back Contact: A solid metal layer covers the entire back surface, serving as the second electrical
contact.
 Working of Photovoltaic

The working of photovoltaic is involved as follows

1. Photovoltaic Effect

2. Formation of Electric Field

3. Current Generation

4. Voltage Creation
 Working of Photovoltaic
1. Photovoltaic Effect

• The core principle behind the operation of PV cells is the photovoltaic effect, which involves the
generation of voltage and electric current in a material upon exposure to light.

The steps include:

• Light Absorption: When sunlight strikes the PV cell, the energy from the photons is absorbed by
the semiconductor material, specifically the silicon atoms.

• Electron Excitation: The absorbed energy excites electrons, causing them to break free from
their atomic bonds. This process creates electron-hole pairs.
 Working of Photovoltaic
2. Formation of Electric Field

The p-n junction creates an internal electric field due to the difference in charge between the p-type

and n-type layers. This electric field drives the free electrons towards the n-type layer and the holes

towards the p-type layer.

 Working of Photovoltaic
3. Current Generation

• Electron Movement: The internal electric field causes the free electrons to move towards the
front contact, creating a flow of electric current.

• External Circuit: The electrons flow through an external circuit, delivering electrical energy to the
load (e.g., a light bulb or battery).

• Recombination: After passing through the external circuit, the electrons return to the p-type layer
via the back contact, recombining with the holes.
 Working of Photovoltaic
4. Voltage Creation

The movement of electrons creates a potential difference (voltage) across the p-n junction. This
voltage, combined with the current generated by the flow of electrons, produces electrical power.
Working of Photovoltaic Cell
Solar Cell I-V Characteristic Curves
 Solar Cell I-V Characteristic Curves
• The main electrical characteristics of a PV cell or module are summarized in the
relationship between the current and voltage produced on a typical solar cell I-V
characteristics curve.

• The intensity of the solar radiation (insolation) that hits the cell controls the current (I),
while the increases in the temperature of the solar cell reduces its voltage (V)

Intensity  Controls the Current

Temperature  Reduce the Voltage