CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

A good knowledge on how to Build and assemble a computer system is very important
because it gives the students the prerequisite knowledge they need to know about the
invention of the computer system. Desktop computer is frequently used in our today’s
society. It is composed of parts like monitor, mouse, and keyboard and system unit.
The computer box itself known as system unit is also called cabinet or chassis. It is the
container that houses other components such as motherboard, RAM, interface or add-on
cards, switch mode, power supply, drives, ports etc.
A good knowledge of how the computer is made up, will enable one to use it more
effectively. Most people thought the system box to be the CPU, but a good understanding
will help users to know it better. It is only when all the necessary components are
assembled together that we can get a computer system. Having a good knowledge of the
hardware components or parts of the system unit or chassis or box will enable the user to
replace it when any of them breaks down. To understand, identify and know the basic
hardware parts of the system unit is the purpose of this project. It is good for one to
understand that inside the system box, there are components that are connected together
which make up the computer. Different kinds of parts for connecting external devices are
found outside the system casing. Open bays are for connecting optical devices such as
DVD and CD-ROM drive are also found on the front side. A small button is found near the
drives door which can be pressed to eject the tray where you can place the CD or DVD
disc. Same button can also be pressed to take-in the tray. It can also be operated from the
system’s windows operating system. In some cases, USB port is also found at the front of
the casing which allows your flash drives, printers, iPod, iPad and external plug and play
USB devices to be connected into your computer. At the front panel one can also see ports
for camera, memory media reader. Here you can slot in your memory card containing your
memory storage removed from the camera or the phone and you insert it into the computer
so that the image stored on it can be accessible.
The rear-part of the system unit box are other connectors like parallel port for printers,
more USB ports, PS/2 ports for mouse, keyboard, serial ports and others. These ports are
used for connection of the peripheral devices (i.e., the non-essential parts of the computer).
 These peripherals include external devices like monitors, speakers, micro-phones etc. At
the rear is also found the Ethernet (Network Interface Card) port for connecting the
computer to the network.
When you open the system unit casing by unscrewing, you will see some individual
components connected via cables or plugged directly into large board attached to the side
of the casing. This board is the motherboard and is used to connect all the individual
devices inside the computer box. The power supply unit also provides power supply to
these components as they are connected to it.
The memory (RAM) and the microprocessor are also seated fixed on the motherboard. The
interface or add-on cards are also connected as they communicate with the board where it
is properly fixed.(Egwu, N. O. 2006)
Building the computer system on this research embarks on gathering different
components/devices of computer system together in other to make a well-functioning
computer system available to the computer laboratory and to enable students to be more
familiar to each component of the computer system. Thus, this project will cover all the
process of purchasing components, coupling, and the process of installing the OS
(operating system) into the computer system. Building or assembling Intel Pentium core i5
computer brings a significant benefit which is identified below.
i. Know about computer components and how they fit and work together.
ii. Understanding the internal and hardware workings of a computer.
iii.Learning computer hardware terminology
iv. Ability to customize a computer according to specialized specifications.
v. Building and assembling computer system from components.
vi.The satisfaction of a job well-done.
vii. Technical problem solving ability.

1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The motivation grows in the view that the researchers have passion to know the functions
of each and every component of the computer and to be able to build a functioning
computer system that will be capable to in laboratories
1.3 AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of the study is to Build and assemble computer system from components.

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective is to build well-functioning computer with purpose of:

i. Identifying computer components and how they fit and work together.
ii. Understanding the internal and hardware workings of a computer.
iii. Ability to customize a computer according to specialized specifications.
iv. Reduce the cost of buying new computer system

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION

For the successful accomplishment of this study, the following research questions are
raised:
1. What are the basic components of computer needed for assembling?
2. How can different components of computer be assembled to make up a computer
system?
3. What are the most common technical problems associated with assembling of
computers?

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The limitation of this research is to show how computer system (Personal Computer)
could be purchased in parts, assembled and installed with required software to match a
given configuration for the use in the laboratory.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

i. It is expected to be of great impact to student and companions of learning to aid

prosper understanding of computer component and assembling processes.
ii. The study is expected to specify the fact that computer is made up of several
components functioning together as a single unit.
iii. It will enable us to know that hardware cannot work alone to makes a computer
without software being installed. It gears us up to know the functionality of
human to computer system.
1.8 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

Computer: is electronic machine/devices that accept and process data according to the set
of instructions given thereby outputting the processed data as a means of information for
usage.
Computer Case: This is the actual case that will house all your other parts. Consider it
your computers house. It will dictate how your machine looks at first glance as well as
what and how many parts you can put into your machine.
Hard Drive/Hard Disk: This is the “long-term memory” of the computer, used for
persistent storage i.e. the things stored on it remains even when the computer is powered
down. The operating system and all your programs and data are stored here. It is also
known as mass storage device.
Optical Drive Device: This is used for reading/writing disks. May read CDs, DVDs, or
other optical media, depending on the type. It is essential for installing operating systems
and programs.
The Motherboard: is also called a main board, is an electronic circuit board that provide
and attachment for other internal and external components of the computer system to be
fixed on. Examples are RAM slot, PROCESSOR socket etc.
RAM: also known as random access memory is volatile memory storage that computer
used to run programs.
Processor: is the brain of the computer that performs the major operation that is being
done inside of the computer system
Monitor: This is the device that display all processed data in computer system to the
outside world. Monitor can be inform of LCD/CRT.
Mouse: This is used to point and locate where necessary in the computer system. It can
either be PS2/optical mouse.
Speakers: This is the medium that produces sounds made inside the computer such as audio
sound, midi, and video sound.
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Cloning of computer system primarily specifies the ability of a computer science student
to have the technical know how about and how to choose between buying a whole or sub
assembly computer system. Cloning of a computer system regards as step-by-step
procedure for assembling computer components for the purpose of achieving a set of
configurations required by the users. (Ogunlola O. O, 2018)

2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER CLONING

The Personal Computer marketplace changed radically after the introduction of the
international business machine (IBM) Personal Computer (PC) in August of 1981. As the
IBM PC was built from commercially available off the shelf parts a concept similar to the
original Altair microcomputer, companies began trying to clone it. This created a
generation of MS-DOS computers which called themselves compatible, but which
weren't 100% compatible. This created numerous headaches for unsuspecting end users.
Some systems offered the capability to run both CP/M and MS-DOS. The first company
to successfully build a 100% compatible IBM PC clone was Compaq computer, who
introduced their first system as what they called a portable. Its size and weight made it a
luggable computer. Then other companies followed with true IBM compatibles, mostly
built overseas in Taiwan. Most of the CP/M computers quickly disappeared, as did the
not true compatibles, leaving their owners in a category which is now well known and
feared in the PC world - orphaned computer owners.
Just as IBM appeared to conquer the marketplace by 1983, Apple Computer introduced
the Macintosh, whose graphical user interface and mouse presented a totally new
approach to personal computing. Microsoft had to walk a careful narrow line, saying nice
things about the Mac because they worked closely with Apple, while not offending IBM.
At the same time Bill Gates had plans for his own graphical user interface, which he
called Windows. Gates was convinced that a graphical user interface based operating
system was the future.
IBM also had plans for its own new operating system, trying to break its reliance on
Microsoft by developing their own character-based but windowing operating system they
called Top View. This went absolutely nowhere. The heralded new Intel 80286 processor
 also wasn't fast enough to run Microsoft's Windows at acceptable speed, and had a design
flaw related to multitasking which caused Industry Analysis to refer to it as "brain dead".
Microsoft and IBM continued to argue over operating systems, with Microsoft trying to
convince IBM to go with Windows. IBM however opted to develop their own GUI
operating system which they named OS/2, and enlisted Microsoft's help in writing it.
This created years of doublespeak by the two companies as to where each product was
going to fit into the marketplace. Meanwhile the millions of IBM PC and compatible
users got along fine with plain old DOS, and Apple's Macintosh with a GUI-that worked
continued to gain market acceptance.
In 1986, Compaq computer beat IBM to the punch and introduced the world's first
80386-based PC, using an Intel processor which finally had the power and design to run
a GUI-based operating system. By this time, IBM's PC sales were taken over by clone
PC sales. In fact, the word clone was a misnomer, as these copy-cat computers actually
offered better performance and features, and more bang for the buck.
The relationship between IBM and Microsoft finally exploded and evaporated, with IBM
taking over the job of trying to write OS/2, and with Microsoft going full speed ahead
with a market plan for Windows to dominate the world. The power of the 386 processor
made this happen, and Windows 3.0 actually worked - to a degree. It was released in
May, 1990, and was a complete overhaul of the Windows environment. With the
capability to address memory beyond 640K and a much more powerful user interface,
independent software vendors started developing Windows applications with vigor. The
powerful new applications helped Microsoft sell more than 10 million copies of
Windows, making it the best-selling graphical user interface in the history of computing.

(Clan, C. 1991)
2.2 APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS
The various applications of computers in today's arena:
1. Business
2. Education
3. Marketing
4. Banking
5. Insurance
6. Communication
 7. Health Care
8. Military
9. Engineering Design
BUSINESS
A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility
which made it an integrated part in all business organizations.
Computer is used in business organizations for: Payroll calculations, Sales analysis,
Budgeting, Financial forecasting, Managing employees database and Maintenance of
stocks. (Wille, G. 2005)
EDUCATION
Computers have its dominant use in the education field which can significantly enhance
performance in learning. Even distance learning is made productive and effective through
internet and video-based classes. Researchers have massive usage of these computers in
their work from the starting to till the end of their scholarly work. (Wille, G. 2005)
MARKETING
In marketing, uses of computer are :
Advertising - With computers, advertising professionals create art and graphics, write
and revise copy, and print and disseminate ads with the goal of selling more products.
Home Shopping - Home shopping has been made possible through use of computerised
catalogues that provide access to product information and permit direct entry of orders to
be filled by the customers. (Wille, G. 2005)
BANKING
Today banking is almost totally dependent on computer. Banks provide the facilities of:
Banks provide online accounting facility, which includes current balances, deposits,
overdrafts, interest charges, shares, and trustee records.
ATM machines are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks. Insurance
Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of computers. The
insurance companies, finance houses and stock broking firms are widely using computers
for their concerns. (Wille, G. 2005)
COMMUNICATION
 Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture or speech that is received
and understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant for. Some main
areas in this category are: Chatting, E-mail, Usenet, FTP, Video-conferencing and Telnet.

(Wille, G. 2005)
HEALTH CARE
Most of the medical information can now be digitized from the prescription to reports.
Computation in the field of medicine allows us to offer varied miraculous therapies to the
patients. ECG’s, radiotherapy wasn’t possible without computers.
MILITARY
Computers are the main tools which help in developing missiles and other equipment in
the deference system. Designing and the maintenance are possible only through
computers. Computer builds the links between the soldiers and commanders through the
satellite.
Construction of weapons and controlling their function is not possible without the aid of
computers. The list of the criminals and the records of the cops are maintained regularly
in the system. (Wille, G. 2005)
ENGINEERING DESIGN
As per the title, computers aid in designing buildings, magazines, prints, newspapers,
books and many others. The construction layouts are designed beautifully on system
using different tools and software’s. (Wille, G. 2005).

2.3 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER

Computer originated from a device known as ABACUS. It is considered to be the first
computer in the world. However, the construction of computer technology is traced back
to the 19th Century. It was invented as a result of man’s need for assistance from a
machine in carrying out mathematical function. Abacus was used to do simple
measurement and calculations. Up till date it’s still available for some nursery and
primary schools children. In the 17th Century, a scientist name Blaise Paschal developed a
machine that could perform mathematical calculation. The machine comprised of gears.
The movement of gear mechanism was used to perform some calculations. It was called
Paschaline machine.
 However, the concept of the modern computer was propounded by the scientist and
mathematician called Charles Babbage is the father of computer. Firstly, he wrote on the
use of logic and loops in process execution. Based on the concept of logic and loops,
Babbage envisaged two models for performing computations. Hence, he invented
Analytical Engine and difference Engine. Because, electronics has not been developed, in
those days, models proposed by Charles Babbage existed only on paper.
Nevertheless, the invention of the electronics paved way for the implementation of the
ideas of Charles Babbage. A man named George Boole established the famous Boolean
algebra based on binary numbers. De Morgan out forward theorems on logic gates. The
Theorem’s are known as De Morgan’s’ Theorems. Lady Ada was the first computer
programmer. The original application of computer began in the later fifties. The United
States used computer for various applications such as defense, census, universities,
Research and Developments (R&D). (Wille, G. 2005)

2.4 ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER

Computer has many advantages compared to the old traditional system of calculation,
and data storage. These advantages are:
1. High Speed of operation
2. Great Accuracy
3. Reliability
4. Portability
5. Efficiency
6. Large storage capacity
7. Economical in the long term
8. User friendly features
2.5 TYPES OF COMPUTERS
Computer can be classified in several ways depending upon the principle of construction,
working, size and applications. Numerous types of computers are discussed in this
section.
2.6 DIGITAL AND ANALOG COMPUTERS
2.6.1 ANALOG COMPUTERS
 Analog computers are computers that accept continuous change in analog inputs
(signals). They process analog signals. E.g. Sine wave, car speed, Temperature, time
duration etc. analog quantities are based on decimal number systems. All devices used to
process analog signals are known as Analog Computers e.g. slide rule, stop watch,
thermometer, car speedometer, wind vane etc. (Darril Gibson, 2011)

2.6.2 DIGITAL COMPUTERS

Digital Computers are computers that process digital signal. Digital signal is a discrete
signal with two states 1 and 0. Practically, the digital computers are used and not analog
computers. Other types of computers such as mainframe computers, mini-computers,
super computers, microcomputers, personal computers etc, are all examples of digital
computers. (Darril Gibson, 2011)
Super computers are the most powerful types of computer in terms of speed. It has high
speed of execution and large storage capacity. NASA uses super computer to track and
control space exploration and weather forecasting.
The next to super computer in terms of capacity are the mainframe computers. They have
many terminals, which can allow several users to share or work simultaneously. Unlike
personal computers, mainframe computers offer time sharing, for instance insurance
companies uses mainframe computers to process information about millions of its policy
holders.
In between the mainframe computer and the microcomputer is the mini-computers. It has
medium scale application. They are larger than microcomputers by size but not as large
as the mainframe. They accept multiple users at the same time through their terminals
just like the mainframe. It has lower speed compare to mainframe but higher speed than
microcomputers. They can be dedicated to a specific task e.g. Census Record,
Accounting etc., depending on the purpose of production.
The microcomputers are least powerful compare to super computer, mainframe and mini-
computers, yet they have high speed configuration and operations. It is widely used
because its price is affordable for individuals. It is called personal computer because it is
designed for use by one person only. The size is sizeable enough that it can be kept on a
desk. Other miniaturize size if the microcomputers are the laptop, palm-top, notebook,
PDA, organizers are all referred to as portable /mobile computers.
2.7 THEORETICAL FRAME WORK
The design of computer system came out as a result of man’s quest to better his
environment using the inspiration and God’s given wisdom in him. Though people are
not machinery logical but the human energy system is somehow kike a computer system.
Just as humans are made in the image of God, so computer is made to represent human
articulation and intelligence through his creative ideas to function as an intelligent
machine. The computer is composed of the following:
1. The Central Processing Unit (CPU).
2. The Main Memory (RAM).
3. Permanent and Temporary Data Bank
4. An Input device (Mouse, Keyboard).
5. Visual Display Unit (LCD Screen).
6. Software/Program.
7. Connectivity Wiring and Power Source.
2.8 USES OF THE PROJECT
There are several application uses to Desktop Computer System. It all depends on what
the designer has in mind to achieve. However, the project can be used for word
processing, internet browsing, internal networking, digital video or audio composition,
desktop publishing, mathematical calculations, telecommunications, E-learning,
Architectural/Engineering drawing & designing, Jamb CBT Exam and also useful for
writing other exams, checking results on-line and on-line studies through the internet.

2.9 FUNCTION OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

Simple web surfer
To provide basic functionality to a user who just needs web surfing, a little-word
processing, and the occasional game of solitaire, it’s important not to go overboard. Such
a user has no need for a top of the line processor or 3D graphics card. A modestly
configured system with an adequate internet connection will suit this user best and can be
assembled quite cheaply. This usage pattern is not going to stress any particular
component, you should be looking at a mid-to low-level processor historically, and
current, enough RAM for the OS (operating system) and a mother board with built in
Ethernet, video and audio. If you have a little extra money, spend it on a better monitor,
mouse/keyboard, and case power supply in that order. (Okoye, P. O. 2007)
Office computer
An office computer can be expected to do word processing, spreadsheet and database
work, internet and intranet access (including e-mail) and a little light development of
spreadsheets, databases, and presentations. It might also be called on to do page lay out
work, some 2D graphic creation, and/or terminal emulation. (Okoye, P. O. 2007)
Gaming System
We’re not talking here about the occasional game of solitaire or a secret late night Zuma
obsession. Were talking about cutting edge 3D gaming first-person-shooters or real-time
strategy games with thousands of troops on the screen at the same time, specula
reflections and a lot of other confusing terminology that describes visual effects designed
to make your system fall down on its knees and cry like a little girl.
So you’re going to need the fasted processor you can afford and plenty of RAM, as well
as a motherboard to match, since the speed of the motherboard buses can limit high-end
components. (Okoye, P. O. 2007)
Video editing
Big and fast hard drives are key, 10000 RPM Raptors in Raid 0 as working space with
multiple 750 GB drives or I terabyte drives for storage is a good target. SATA/300 is
highly recommended and SCSI subsystems should also be considered. A large amount of
memory (2GB, 3GB, even 4GB) would be beneficial. (Okoye, P. O. 2007)

Music production
Plenty of disk space is important, but a music production (recording and mixing)
workstation is chiefly distinguished by specialized external components studio reference
monitors instead of speakers, mixing consoles, microphones, etc.
One piece of advice, if you have extra money, get better microphones, even if you have
to trade the Blues mobile. (Okoye, P. O. 2007)
Workstation
A workstation was, originally, a single-user computer with more muscle than a PC,
intended to support a demanding technical application, like CAD or complicated array-
based simulations of real world phenomena. The niche that these computers filled
 between high end PCs and low end minicomputers has essentially evaporated. The
serious scientific applications have migrated to clusters of PC’s with near super-
computer speeds, and end-user applications, like video editing, music production and
CAD, run well on high-end PC’s. One sector that still uses large workstation farms from
Sun or Silicon Graphics is serious, Pixar-style animation. For any of the following uses,
you will need the fastest processor and the most RAM you can manage. (Okoye, P. O.

2007)
Entertainment System/Media Center
This is a computer designed to sit in the living room with the rest of your A/V gear. The
idea is that it will record and serve audio and video files foreplay via your existing
television and stereo. (Okoye, P. O. 2007),

2.10 WHERE AND HOW TO GET THE PART/COMPONENTS

Once you have decided what you’re going to use your computer for, and have reviewed
which parts are available for reuse, you should make a list of what components you will
need to buy. A few hours of research can save your years of regret, so make sure that the
computer builds will do need it to do.
Computer terminology can be confusing, so if there are terms you don’t understand, be
sure to look them up.
There are several places to buy parts:
Internet retailers generally offer the best price for new parts. If a part needs to be
returned, you may be stuck for the shipping; check return policies before it can be
purchase.
Auction sites like eBay and several others offer very good prices for used parts. This is
especially useful for parts which do not wear out. Return scan be problematic or
impossible. Some auctions may not be legitimate. Always check the shipping cost before
you bid.
Local PC shops their prices are often higher, but they may make up for this by providing
a lot of expertise. Get opinions from other sources, however, as they may be eager to sell
you parts you don’t need. Big Local retailers often lack technical expertise and higher
prices, but can be useful because they usually handle returns quickly. Also good if you
need something right then
Trade shows that occur from time to time also provide a good to shop, as the prices are
often significantly reduced. Also, your local town dump may have a special section for
computers & monitors that others have got rid of. These can be more or less brand new
computers with trivial problems such as a busted power supply or faulty cables.
Of course if the dump does have such a section, you should ask permission of those in
charge. They’re usually glad to let you go through it, but don’t leave mess. Taking
advantage of this can yield incredible finds, with a price tag of nothing or very little.
OEM vs. retail
Many hardware manufactures will sell the same components in both OEM and Retail
versions. Retail hardware is intended to be sold to the end-user through retail channels,
and will come fully packaged with manuals. Accessories, software, etc. OEM stands for
original equipment manufacture; items labeled as such are intended to be sold in bulk for
use by firms which integrate the components into their own products.
However, many online stores will offer OEM hardware at cheaper prices than the
corresponding retail versions. You will usually receive such an item by itself in an anti-
static bag. It may or may not come with a manual or a CD containing drivers. Warranties
on OEM parts may often be shorter, and sometimes require you to obtain support through
your vendor, rather than the manufacturer. OEM components are also sometimes
specified differently than retail counterparts, parts may be clocked slower, and ports or
features maybe missing. Again, do your research. (Richard D.I. 1981)
2.11 FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF ANY PART/PERIPHERAL

CHOOSING PRICE

Today, there are wide arrays of hardware components and peripherals tailored to fit every
home computing need and budget. With all these options to choose from, it can be a bit
overwhelming if you’ve never bought computer parts before. Shop around and remember
to factor in shipping and handling, and taxes. Someplace may be priced a bit higher, but
offer perks such as free shipping, limited warranties, or 24-hour tech wait until the part
you want goes down in price. The higher the price of a computer component, the
standard the quality[Evans et al,2018]. Unfortunately, the reason prices decline is that
better/faster parts are coming out all the time, so the part you want this year that costs
#3500 may well be #2000 next year, but by that time you won’t want it any more, you ‘ill
want the new, better part that still costs #3500. At some point you’ve got to get on the
bus and ride, even if the prices are still falling. Usually, the best bet is to buy just behind
the bleeding edge, where, typically, you can get 90% of the performance of the top-of-
the-line part for 50% or 60% of the price. That last 10% is very expensive and if you
don’t need it, you can save a lot of money with the second-tier part. It may well pay you
think of future upgradeability when selecting some components. While the computer that
you are building today may be fine for your current needs you will probably need to
upgrade it later. So look for components that support the newest standards and have room
for future expansion, like a motherboard that will allow user/ builder to fit more memory
than he’s planning to use, or a case that has room for extra hard drives. If your current
machine is maxed out the only possible upgrade is often another new machine.
COMPATIBILITY
System is seen as the integration of independent and efficient component that are
compatible to each other to achieve a particular objective [Evans,2018]. While
comparing on the type of components you want to go for when building a computer, it is
essential to know the state of each component if they are compatible with each other and
you’ll want to make sure that all the parts you buy work together without problems. The
CPU, the motherboard, and the RAM in particular must be compatible with each other.
Check the motherboard manufacture’s web site; most will list compatible RAM and
processors. Often quality RAM that is not on the approved list (but is of the proper type)
will work anyway, but the manufacturer list of processors should be rigidly adhered to.
Again, you’ll also want to make sure that your operating systems support the hardware
you choose. (Egwu, N. O. 2006)
ERGONOMICS
Ergonomics is the science of designing things so that they work with the human body.
This is obviously important when choosing peripherals such as a keyboard or mouse but
should also be considered when selecting a monitor, and especially when setting up the
computer for your use. If your wrist hurts or youre getting a crick in your neck, look at
the physical setup of your computer, check your chair height and posture. An ounce of
prevention here can avert troublesome repetitive strain injuries. (Egwu, N. O. 2006)
OPERATING TEMPERATURE
Modern components, notably processors, GPU’s, RAM, and some elements on the
motherboard, are very small and draw a lot of power. A small area doing a lot of work
with a lot of power leads to high temperatures. Various factors can cause electronic parts
to break down over time and all of these factors are exacerbated by heat. Very high
temperatures can burn out chips almost instantly, while running hot can shorten the
useful life of a part, so the cooler we can make these parts, the better. If you are not
going to over clock your system, stock air cooling, when paired with a good case with
adequate fans, should be enough to keep your system cool. If you want a quiet computer
then components designed for passive (fan less) cooling can be paired with very low
noise case fans (or a well-vented case). In general, high-end parts will require more
attention to cooling. To keep your system at a proper operating temperature, you can
monitor vital components with software (which usually comes with your motherboard).
If you are seeing high temps, make sure the interior of your case is dust free, and
remember that most cooling solutions can not reduce the temperature of your computer
parts below room temperature. Of course, unless you happen to have your computer
outdoors in a climate such as the Sahara, room temperature will be well within the
thermal limits of any component on your computer. This brings us to over clocking. It’s
specialty cooling solutions that make over clocking possible, a processor that might run
stable at a maximum of 3.3 GHz at 60C could hit speeds as high as 5 GHz with
specialized cooling systems. A sensible person wanting a 20% over clock could add a
special fan/heat sink to his CPU and some extra case fans. An enthusiast seeking a major
over clock might go with a water-cooling solution for the CPU and GPU and sometimes
other chips. The real fanatics have been known to use liquid nitrogen or total immersion
in pure water or oil. You should not try any of the more extreme solutions unless you
’really’ know what you are doing. (Egwu, N. O. 2006)
POWER
If money is no object, this is an easy question; just buy the most powerful components
you can find. If, like most of us, there are limits to what you can/want to spend, then
focus on those areas where more powerful parts will pay o ff for you and scrimp on
others. Always look for that sweet spot on the price/performance curve where you get the
most bang for your buck. These are the components that will be the core of your new
computer. It is impractical to put together a PC compatible computer without these
components and a bare set of peripherals. (Egwu, N. O. 2006)
CHASSIS (CASE) & POWER SUPPLY
in earlier eras most cases were beige, and since most components drew far less power
than similar components do now, power supplies received little attention. Recently,
however, cases for the home market have become considerably more elaborate, with
lights, side windows, glow-in-the-dark cables and other shiny/glowing embellishments.
Cases now come in a plethora of styles and colors to suit anyone’s taste. And as current
components require much more power, power supply quality and size is an important
issue if you are only building an office computer, the style of case will be of little
concern to you. You might want a inexpensive ATX case (ATX is a specification which
refers to the size of the motherboard. Any ATX motherboard, and the parts designed
therefore, will fit in any ATX case), and an inexpensive power supply as you won’t be
running a high-end processor or graphics card. As a guide, you’ll want a power supply
with a rating of more than 300 watts; any less won’t reliably power modern components.
Most case/PSU bundles are adequate, but tend to feature a lower quality power supply
than those that are sold separately from cases. If possible, avoid power supplies with
sleeve bearing fans, as these are of considerably lesser quality. Before purchasing any
PSU, make sure that the supplied wattage is sufficient for your components. Power
requirements are usually listed in the manuals that came with your components. It is
important to note a power supply’s total power, and the power at each voltage: 3.3, 5 and
12V. If any of these do not meet your requirements, the rest of the specifications don’t
matter. Some companies have calculators to help you determine what your power supply
needs are; if you are the type to just plug in the numbers without reading the details, you
should buy a power supply that is 1.5 to 2 times the wattage that results from these
calculators. For a quiet system, you can choose a fan less power supply – more expensive
but well worth it if noise is a concern, but be sure to monitor system temperatures to
make sure cooling is adequate. For cases and power supply here are some things to
consider:
Form factor Form factor is the specification that provides the physical measurements for
the size of components and where mounting devices for them are located. • ATX is the
most common form factor and is the de facto standard. In this form factor the
motherboard is (usually) vertically mounted for more space and more efficient cooling
than some other standards. • microATX, or ATX, is smaller than standard ATX, but at
the cost of fewer expansion slots. Many cases that support ATX also allow microATX.
Flex ATX is even smaller than microATX, but only allows 2 expansion slots. • WTX is
intended for workstations and servers. • BTX is another form factor designed for more
efficient cooling. – PicoBTX 8“x10.5” – MicroBTX up to 10.4“x10.5” – BTX up to
12.8“x10.5” • Mini-ITX is even smaller than BTX, at 6.75” square. • NLX Many OEM
computers use non-standard form factors. Be sure to choose a motherboard compatible
with your case’s form factor.
Number of storage drive spaces Internal hard drives/floppy drives (which go in the small
3.5“ bays) and internal CD/DVD drives (which go in the large 5.25” bays) take up space
in the case, so make sure you consider how many drives you will need and what size slot
they require. Note that optical drives and floppy drives will need what are called
“external” slots (meaning they have a hole in the case through which their face can be
accessed, while hard drives do not need to be manipulated manually often, so they can
usually go into an “internal” slot. This is not to be confused with an external drive, which
doesn’t go into the case at all. Note that it’s possible to buy adapters to fit items that go in
small bays (usually hard drives) into large bays. It is, however, not possible to do the
reverse. (Egwu, N. O. 2006)
POWER RATING
The power supply you choose needs to supply enough DC current to run your
components. Beyond that it needs to supply stable, accurate voltages, i.e. the 12 volt rail
 needs to supply 12 volts (within normal tolerances of 10% or so) steadily under any
foreseeable load, likewise the 3 and 5v rails at their respective voltages. Cheap power
several tech-heavy websites that actually throw a millimeter on the PSU in the course of
a review, seek these out and make sure you select a quality PSU. In selecting a power
supply, check carefully that it has the power feeds you need, e.g. six-pin PCI power, 20
vs. 24-pin motherboard connectors, etc. If you are planning on running two video cards
in SLI (NVIDIA) or Crossfire (ATI) mode, make sure your power supply is approved for
that. (Egwu, N. O. 2006)
2.12 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED DURING ASSEMBLING

Various problems were encountered during the assembling process the are:
i. Time consuming.
ii. Damages of some components.
iii. Take a long period of time to troubleshoot affected components.
 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

These phases discuss and enlighten the various parts/components and the required tools
which will be used to coupled it. This will be needed as a result of assembling the
components to make it a whole computer system.
3.2 TOOLS REQUIRED TO SETUP A WHOLE COMPUTER
i. Human effort and composure
ii. A small plastic bin(s) to put your screws and other small parts into. Needle nose
pliers, Screwdriver with a good collection of bits.
iii. A small flashlight. Used to check in to some internal component that is not seen
clear.
iv. Antistatic Wrist Bank: Computer components are very sensitive to static
electricity.

Tool/Kits

Other useful tools s and equipment can come in handy as well, such as:
1. Grounding Mat or anti-static carpet.
2. Spring action parts grabber.
3. Electrical tape.
4. Flashlight
 5. A second, working computer look for tips, ask for help online, download drivers
and patches, etc. very useful.
6. A can of compressed air—useful when working with older parts that have
collected dust. A better alternative but also more costly, is a vacuum cleaner
designed for cleaning electronics.
If you do not have access to an anti-static mat or wrist-band, when working on a table
rubber or leather-soled shoes can help prevent static charges obtained from walking
around, although if you move your hands upon the ground, say picking up a dropped
screw, your static charge WILL stay with you until you touch something metal.
Therefore, after doing anything that might have potentially caused you to pick up a static
charge, ground yourself on an unpainted surface of the computer case before touching
anything electronic.
3.3 Basic Preparation for PC assembling
Proper preparation is the key to a successful build. Before you begin, make sure you have
all the tools you will need, and secure a clear, well-lit workspace. Gather all the
components you’ll be using and unpack them one at a time, verifying that everything that
is supposed to be there is actually present. At this point you should leave the parts
themselves in their protective anti-static bags, and assemble all the accompanying
manuals. Now I know you want to get started, but trust me, read the manuals, check the
diagrams, make sure you understand where each part goes and how it attaches. If there is
anything you dont understand, now is the time to do a little extra internet research or call
the manufacturer with your questions. Find a dry, well-ventilated place to do your work.
You should have plenty of light to see your components with, and if possible, you should
choose an area without carpet on the floor, as carpet tends to generate a lot of static, and
this can be ameliorated by choosing a nonconductive floor surface. An unfurnished
basement is a good work location.
Safety precautions
1. Static electricity is the biggest danger to the expensive parts you are about assemble,
even a tiny shock, much too small for you to feel, can damage or ruin the delicate
electronic traces, many times smaller than a human hair, that make up your CPU,
RAM and other chips. Its important to use your anti-static wrist strap. Once you have
the power supply installed in the case, clip the end of the wrist strap to the outside of
 the power supply. (Never plug your computer in while you are connected to it by a
wrist strap.) This will ensure that you, the case and the power supply are all
connected to a common ground, in other words there will be no inequality of charge
that will allow a spark to jump from you to the case. It’s also helpful to have an
antistatic mat to set the case and other components on.
2. Nobody but you is at fault if you shock your components with static electricity. Make
sure that you take the precautions in the previous paragraph to ground yourself from
static electricity. (Note: if you really must work on a computer and haven’t got proper
anti-static equipment, it is usually OK if you make sure that you don’t move about
much; are not wearing any static-prone clothing; handle components by the edges;
and regularly (once a minute or so), touch a grounded object.). The case metal of
your PC’s power supply will usually be a suitable grounded object. As noted above,
touch it every few minutes while you are working on your PC if you haven’t got a
wrist strap.
3. Turn off your computer and unplug your Power Supply before installing or removing
any components if power is flowing to components as they are installed or removed,
they can be seriously damaged.
4. Never cut the grounding pin of your power cord. This “safety ground”
standsbetweenyouandpotentiallylethalvoltagesinsidethepowersupply. 5. Be wary of
sharp edges! Many lower-end PC cases have sharp, unfinished edges. This is
especially so on interior surfaces, and where the case has been cut or punched-out.
Use care and take your time to avoid cutting our hands If your case has this problem,
a little time with somas and paper before you begin construction can spare you a lot
of pain.
5. Dismantling discrete electronic components such as your Power Supply or Monitor is
dangerous. They contain high voltage capacitors, which can cause a severe electric
shock if you touch them. These hold a charge even when the unit is not plugged in
and are capable of delivering a fatal shock.
Start by putting your case down on your work surface, with the case door facing up,
and open the case.
3.4 THE COMPONENTS/PARTS REQUIRED FOR PC ASSEMBLY

The components that make a whole PC cannot be over emphasized because they all have
various functions and tasks they perform, these has made it known to the users that they
come one after the other thereby assembling it in procedural process (step by step). The
majorly components that will must put into consideration are.

3.4.1 Computer Case and Power Pack

This is the actual case that will house all your other parts. Name it computers house. It
will dictate how your machine looks all first glances as well as what and how many parts
you can put into your machine. It also let you know the type of motherboard you be
going for. The type of casing going for hare is ATX casing, it should be noted that most
motherboard in this new age also comes up with ATX power pack. So you need not to go
for a power separately except the voltage of the power pack is either high or low to
supply the motherboard.

3.4.2 Motherboard

A motherboard is also called a main board or just “The Board”. So don’t get confused,
this is your core computer part. It is where all your components will plug into.
It’s the electronic circuit that provides and attachment for other internal components of
computer system to be fixed on it, some of the attachments it provides are: RAM slot.

3.4.3 Hard disk

This is where your computer stores your programs, personal data and operating System.
The bigger the hard drive the more stuff you can fit on it. It’s also known as mass storage
which stores information for other time consultations.

3.4.4 CD/DVD-ROM

This is your optical drive. Optical drives are very handy and nowadays are in more
systems than floppy drives. You use this type of drive to listen to music, watch videos or
to backup/move data.
This optical drive can be a CD-Rom/DVD-Rom capable only of reading CD’s/DVD’s or
a CD/DVD-RW that can read, write and re-write CD’s/DVD’s.
3.4.5 RAM (Memory)

Your RAM (Read Only Memory) aka Memory is what the computer uses to run
programs. The more RAM you have on your machine the easier you make it for your
computer to perform its functions. Is the one that first holds the data you inputted for
processing, it is volatile in nature.

3.4.6 TYPES OF CARDS (Video card, Sound card, Network card)

These cards mentioned above has different functions they performed on computer, the
Video card deals with visualization and any type f graphical display of the monitor, it is
the one that provide where monitor can be connected to the computer system.Sound
card deals with production of sound either in audio or video format: it provides port
where audio devices can be plug into called sound jack. Network card: as the name
implies it deals with connection of networks (WAN, LAN) where it provide port in
which connecting cables can be plug into.
As the technologies improve these cards are now onboard with the motherboard so there
is no need to shop for it except if the system required being upgrade.
3.5 THE EXTERNAL AND PERIPHERALS COMPONENTS

Monitor: Display processed data made by the computer to the outside word for
visualization. It can be LCD/CRT.

Keyboard: This is used to computer data in to the computer system.

Mouse: It is use to point and click to the desire icon/program that one need to make use
of at any point in time.

Speaker: Produces the sound made by the computer to the outside world.
PICTURES OF THE ABOVE MENTIONED COMPONENTS AND DEVICES

MOTHERBOARD ATX POWER PACK

COMPUTER CASING HARD DISK DRIVE

DVD-ROM Computer Casing

Keyboard Monitor

Network card Mouse

 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 SYSTEM DESIGN AND EVALUATION

This phase describes the process of how the components of the computer system are to be
assembled right from the major components/devices to the least. Thereafter the
installation of the operating system comes in to check and test for the required
configuration of the system.

4.2 FEATURES OF THE COMPUTER

PROCESSOR SPEED 2.80GHZ

RAM 3GB
HDD 500GB
MONITOR LCD SCREEN
KEYBOARD PS2
MOUSE USB
ABILITY TO RUN PROGRAMS like Java, VB, and Fortran etc.

4.3 PROCEDURE FOR THE ASSEMBLAGE OF THE PC (PERSONAL

COMPUTER)

Availability of workshop or a big table which you will put everything accordingly must
be considered first. Then next step is to un-wrap all the new components/devices from
their sachets staring from the motherboard, processor, memory etc. make sue the manuals
of all the components are intact and you follow as stipulated in other not to damage some
components. The tool/kits needed for the completion of the processes should be made
available. After this must have been done then the procedure begins;
4.4 PROCESS OF ASSEMBLING PC
Put on the Static Wrist protector; this will prevent accidental; electric shocks or damage
to the equipment. Always make sure the power IS NOT connected to your
case/motherboard!
4.4.1 INSTALLING A SOCKET PROCESSOR AND THE HEAT SINK ON THE
MOTHERBOARD
Lift up the lever that is on the side of the socket. This unlocks the mechanism and gets it
ready for you to insert the processor. Carefully match up the pins on the bottom of the
new processor with the holes in the socket, and then VERY gently insert the processor
into the socket. If you don’t get it right on the first shot pull it straight back up, avoid
bending the pins and try again. Use the corner arrow reference marks on the processor
and socket to align the processor in the socket correctly. Do not force the processor into
the socket or you could damage the processor, It should go in smooth and fit like a glove.
Placing the heat sink follows immediately. Connect the fan power cable to the power
cable connector on the system board.

4.4.2 INSTALLING MEMORY MODULES

1. Find the memory module bank on your system board. They should look similar to
what you see below. There may only be two slots instead of four as you see
2. Align the notches on the memory module with the notches on the memory
module bank, and then press the module firmly into the bank. The tabs on the
sides of the module bank should secure the memory module automatically. When
the module Is secure, you hear a click.

Fig.4.3.2
3. Repeat this procedure for any additional memory modules that need to be
installed.
4.4.3 INSTALLATION OF MOTHERBOARD.

After fixing all the necessary components/devices on the motherboard and making sure
that they all intact then installing of the motherboard to the system case follows, it should
be noted that the power pack comes with casing bough that’s why the step is sipped here.
Slide the motherboard gently towards the back of the Case. The system board standoffs
side it the keyhole slots. The picture is shown

Fig.4.3.2
Your board should have a thumbscrew to secure it to the case. Screw it in and lock it into
place using your screwdriver or thumb and fore-finger. After this procedure for installing
the motherboard, the outlook is shown above.
It should be noted that configuration set for the Hard Disk is master while the CD ROM
Drive is slave
4.4.4 INSTALLING THE CD ROM AND HARDISK

Readily the space for the Hard disk and the CR-ROM drive in the computer case are easy
to know. The HARD DISK and the CD-ROM drive should be placed in to the casing in
the form that will allow cables to be connected. Connect power cables to your physical
hard and CD-ROM drives.
 Fig.3.1

4.4.5 CONNECTING THE POWER SUPPLY CABLES TO THE

MOTHERBOARD

1. There is always a big power supply cable that connects the power supply to the main
board make sure the connector locks into place.

Fig. 4.3.5

2. If you have a second, smaller power cable (Usually four round connectors on it),
connect the smaller power cable to the system board as well, there is only one place it
could go and make sure the cable clicks into place.
4.4.6 CONNECTING THE MOTHERBOARD TO THE DRIVES

The picture below shows the IDE cable side that connects to the IDE socket on the main
board. The other end of this cable connects to your hard drive or optical.

Fig. 4.3.6

3.4.7 CONNECTING THE FRONT PANNEL CABLE

With all the hardware installed correctly, follow these steps to connect the internal
cabling.
This is the final step. What you’re going to do here is to make sure that power/standby
buttons, earphone port etc. that are located on the front of your case are working.
Depending on the case you got there should see a bunch of small cables coming out from
it; they should look similar to the ones below.

SPK (Speaker) – For small speaker mounted in the PC Case (if present)
 PWR SW (Power switch) – Turns the PC on/off

RST SW (Reset switch) – Resets the system

PWR LED (Power LED) – Shows when system is on (usually green)

SLP LED (Sleep LED) – shows when system is suspended (in ‘sleep’ mode

HDD LED (HDD LED) - Shows when system is accessing hard drive (usually red)

These connectors need to be connected onto a set of grouped pins on the Motherboard. At
this step you will need to refer to your Motherboard manual for the connection method of
these cables.

4.5 INSTALLING THE OPERATING SYSTEM

Now that you’ve put everything together, you’ve past all the difficult stages the rest is a
cakewalk. Here’s how to install your operating system and get everything up and
running. If you’ve never installed an OS before, it’s remarkably easy, if you have, I’d still
suggest reading through this guide to make sure you’ve got it all down. Installing
Windows on a custom machine can take a few extra steps than installing it on a pre-built
machine. For this guide, we’re going to use Windows 7 as an example, but you can of
course install Window XP, Linux, or even Mac OS X, if you’re building a Hackintosh.
Refer to our
Getting Started with Linux series and easy Hackintosh guide if you’re using those OSes
instead.

4.5.1 Step One: SETTING THE BIOS

When you first start up your computer, it’ll tell you to press a key to enter setup, usually
DEL. This takes you to the setup of your Basic Inputs/Outputs System, or BIOS, here;
you can configure some of the lowest-level aspects of your new machine. You may not
actually need to edit any of these settings, but it’s a good idea to go through, get
acquainted with them, and make sure everything’s in good order before moving on.
Note that BIOS will be a little bit different on different brands of motherboard, so your
screen may not look exactly like the images here, but it should be close.
 First, we should make sure that everything’s been installed correctly. If you have a
System Information page in your BIOS, head there and make sure the amount of RAM
listed is the same amount you put in. if it isn’t detecting all of your RAM, some of it
might not be seated correctly, so go back and fix that before continuing. If there isn’t a
System Information page in your BIOS, your motherboard probably lists the amount of
RAM it detects on the POST screen, right after you press the power button.
Find the SATA configuration option, and make sure it’s configured as AHCI. If you’re
running Window XP you’ll need to change this to IDE, otherwise AHCI is probably what
you want to go with.
Lastly, find the “Boot Order” or “Boot Priority” page. Make sure your DVD drive is the
first drive on the list (or your USB drive if you’re installing from a flash drive), and that
the hard drive you’ll be installing to is second. Note that some BIOS utilities split this up
into two menus one for setting the boot order for your different media (CD-ROM, hard
disks, USB disks) and another that lets you choose the order of just the hard drives.If you
don’t see your hard drive listed, it may not be plugged in correctly or it may be dead.
Turn your computer off and re-check the connection if necessary.

4.5.2 Step Two: INSTALLING THE WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM

Next, grab your Windows installation DVD (or flash drive, if that be the case) and pop it
in. Start up your computer and it should automatically boot into the Windows installer. If
you ever get a “Press any key to boot from CD” option, make sure to hit a key on your
keyboard to continue.
Once the installer loads, hit the “Install Now” button, accept the terms of use, and choose
“Custom (advanced)” when asked what type of installation you want. Find your primary
hard drive (if you have more then one), click on the “Unallocated Space” partition, and
Hit Next. Windows should start installing.
 If you aren’t using a brand new drive, you may have to format it first. Click on the
currently-used partition, click “Drive options (advanced)”, and then hit “Format”,. It
should format the drive to be Widows- compatible, after which you can hit next and let
the installation run.
From there, the rest is just a waiting game. Leave your computer alone to do its thing.
It’ll copy all the necessary files to your disk and reboot a number of times in the process.
You’ll know you’re done when you hear the familiar startup chime and boot into the
default Windows 7 desktop.
4.5.3 Step Three: ACTIVATING THE WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
The last thing you need to do before you actually use your computer is install your
drivers. If your Ethernet or Wi-Fi works out-of-the-box, Windows may find most or all of
your drivers for you. If not, you’ll need to pop in the CD that came with your
motherboard to install the Ethernet or Wi-Fi drivers you need to access the internet.
Don’t install any other drivers from that CD just yet.
Once you’ve got the internet up and running, Windows will install drivers for you. It
might not catch everything though, so you’ll have to install some manually. The CDs that
came with your motherboard, video card, and other hardware are probably already out of
date, so I don’t recommend using these to install those drivers.
Instead, you’ll want to download the drivers manually from the manufacture’s web site.
Open up Device Manager by opening up the Start menu and searching for “Device
Manager”. Look for anything that has a question mark or an exclamation point next to it.

Often, it’ll tell you what the missing driver is for say, SATA and you can then head to
your motherboard manufacture’s web site, go to their support page, and download the
drivers manually. If it’s your video card that’s missing a driver, you’ll want to head to
 NVIDIA or ATI’s web site instead.

If it says “Unknown Device” next to the driver-fewer devices, try inserting the CD that
came with your motherboard and seeing if there are any drivers that aren’t listed in the
Device manager, and try installing those from the manufacturer’s web site. Eventually,
you should be able to get everything installed.

4.5.4 Step Four: INSTALL WINDOWS UPDATES

The last thing you’ll want to do is get Windows up to date. Chances are, you’ve already
gotten a notification from Windows Update at this point, but if not, head into your Start
Menu, go to Programs, and hit Windows Update. Install all the updates it gives you, and
reboot your computer. Check for updates again and it’ll have a whole new slew of them
for you. You’ll have to do this quite a few times, but eventually it should stop serving
you notifications and you’ll be all up to date. When you are, you’re ready to actually start
using your computer.
This is also a good time to get some antivirus on your machine, as well as any other basic
apps you want.
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

This project, assembly of desktop computer system was design to solve some of the
problems associated with limited practical knowledge of this system within the upcoming
graduates. All steps I took in the design of this project were accomplished by taken each
in unit at a time in the design process, as I started earlier that the project is made up of
several sub-units.
The motherboard was the first units the researcher work on to ensure it fit in properly
into the case before the other sub-units. However, the assemblies of desktop computer
system have passed across vital information that cannot be over emphasized to me, since
I started this project. Hence, it is a very big opportunity and advantage for me and all
who passed across this project, also it will be of good advantage to as many as, who will
go through this project in future, and it will be helpful to them. My achievement is that I
have now got the knowledge of how to assembly a desktop computer system and also
how to replace a faulty component if the case arises.
5.2 CONCLUSION.
The design and construction of a desktop computer system and the installation of the
operating system software e.g. windows 7; the system being well constructed, and tested
by us. It is suitable for both domestic and commercial purpose, example in IMT, ESUT,
University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital and other private firms/companies. The
importance of this project by us can never be over emphasized, since almost every
endeavor of human life lies upon this project. Thus, we are proud to present to you an
embedded system which is capable of solving almost all human problems.
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
This design and construction of desktop computer system with necessary operating
system software e.g. Windows 7; is a prototype and hence can be improved upon to a
standard one, on this bases, recommendation have been made for inducement.
To improve the soundness and portability of this project, it is recommended that our
Nigerian government should intervene as regards to providing all the necessary materials
or components and all the tools needed for research purposes. They should create avenue
for seminars, workshops, etc to help create awareness of computer construction and to
teach students on how to construct it. They are expected to create lots of computer
manufacturing companies to help students with such technical electronics engineering
ventures and ideas.
Finally, the researcher recommend that this work should serve as a prototype for
students in electrical/electronic engineering as well as computer science and engineering.

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