MOLECULAR BIOLOGY:

1. Question: In DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA
double helix? A) DNA polymerase B) RNA polymerase C) Helicase D) Ligase

Answer: C) Helicase

2. Question: Which of the following nitrogenous bases is present in RNA but not in
DNA? A) Thymine B) Cytosine C) Adenine D) Uracil

Answer: D) Uracil

3. Question: During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for proofreading and
correcting errors in the newly synthesized DNA strand? A) DNA ligase B) DNA
polymerase III C) DNA polymerase I D) Primase

Answer: B) DNA polymerase III

4. Question: What is the correct order of the steps in DNA replication? A) Elongation,
initiation, termination B) Initiation, elongation, termination C) Termination, initiation,
elongation D) Initiation, termination, elongation

Answer: B) Initiation, elongation, termination

5. Question: Which structure of DNA allows for compact storage of genetic

information? A) A-DNA B) B-DNA C) Z-DNA D) P-DNA

Answer: C) Z-DNA

6. Question: In DNA, how many hydrogen bonds are there between adenine (A) and
thymine (T)? A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four

Answer: B) Two

7. Question: Which enzyme is responsible for sealing the gaps in the sugar-phosphate
backbone during DNA replication? A) DNA polymerase I B) DNA helicase C) DNA ligase
D) RNA polymerase

Answer: C) DNA ligase

8. Question: In the structure of DNA, the 3' end of one strand is paired with the ______
end of the complementary strand. A) 3' B) 5' C) 2' D) 1'

Answer: B) 5'
9. Question: During DNA replication, which enzyme synthesizes the RNA primer that is
necessary for DNA polymerase to initiate replication? A) DNA ligase B) Primase C) DNA
helicase D) RNA polymerase

Answer: B) Primase

10. Question: Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the synthesis of RNA from a
DNA template during transcription? A) DNA polymerase B) RNA polymerase C) Helicase
D) Ligase

Answer: B) RNA polymerase

11. Question: During transcription, the region where RNA polymerase binds to initiate
transcription is called: A) Promoter B) Terminator C) Enhancer D) Silencer

Answer: A) Promoter

12. Question: Which of the following types of RNA carries the genetic information from
the DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis? A) Messenger RNA (mRNA) B)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) C) Transfer RNA (tRNA) D) Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

Answer: A) Messenger RNA (mRNA)

13. Question: Which type of RNA is involved in splicing and processing of pre-mRNA
into mature mRNA? A) Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) B) Transfer RNA (tRNA) C)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) D) Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer: A) Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

14. Question: In eukaryotes, where does mRNA processing (e.g., capping, splicing, and
polyadenylation) occur? A) Nucleus B) Cytoplasm C) Mitochondria D) Endoplasmic
reticulum

Answer: A) Nucleus

15. Question: Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein
synthesis? A) Messenger RNA (mRNA) B) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) C) Transfer RNA
(tRNA) D) Small interfering RNA (siRNA)

Answer: C) Transfer RNA (tRNA)

16. Question: Which type of RNA plays a role in gene regulation and can inhibit gene
expression by targeting specific mRNAs for degradation? A) MicroRNA (miRNA) B)
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) C) Transfer RNA (tRNA) D) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer: A) MicroRNA (miRNA)

17. Question: During transcription, which DNA strand serves as the template for RNA
synthesis? A) Sense strand B) Antisense strand C) Leading strand D) Lagging strand

Answer: B) Antisense strand

18. Question: Which type of RNA is a component of the ribosome and essential for
protein synthesis? A) Messenger RNA (mRNA) B) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) C) Small
nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) D) Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer: B) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

19. Question: Which RNA molecule is involved in telomere maintenance and genome
stability? A) Telomerase RNA B) Vault RNA C) Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) D) Long
non-coding RNA (lncRNA)

Answer: A) Telomerase RNA

20. Question: During translation, what is the role of the ribosome? A) Synthesize
proteins B) Read and interpret mRNA C) Initiate transcription D) Process tRNA
molecules

Answer: A) Synthesize proteins

21. Question: In translation, the start codon that initiates protein synthesis is: A) AUG
B) UAA C) UAG D) UGA

Answer: A) AUG

22. Question: Which molecule carries the amino acids to the ribosome during
translation? A) tRNA (transfer RNA) B) mRNA (messenger RNA) C) rRNA (ribosomal
RNA) D) siRNA (small interfering RNA)

Answer: A) tRNA (transfer RNA)

23. Question: What is the function of the lac operon in bacteria? A) Regulate lactose
metabolism B) Control ATP production C) Manage cell division D) Regulate glucose
metabolism

Answer: A) Regulate lactose metabolism

24. Question: In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor binds to: A) The operator B)
The promoter C) The enhancer D) The terminator

Answer: A) The operator

25. Question: Which protein is responsible for the activation of the lac operon in the
presence of lactose? A) CAP (catabolite activator protein) B) RNA polymerase C) Lac
repressor D) Helicase

Answer: A) CAP (catabolite activator protein)

26. Question: The lac operon is an example of a(n): A) Inducible operon B) Repressible
operon C) Constitutive operon D) Operator-independent operon

Answer: A) Inducible operon

27. Question: What happens to the lac repressor in the presence of lactose? A) It
undergoes an allosteric change and is inactivated. B) It binds more tightly to the
operator. C) It dissociates from the operator. D) It binds more tightly to the promoter.

Answer: A) It undergoes an allosteric change and is inactivated.

28. Question: Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down lactose into glucose and
galactose in bacteria? A) β-galactosidase B) DNA polymerase C) RNA ligase D) DNA
helicase

Answer: A) β-galactosidase

29. Question: What is the function of the lac promoter? A) It initiates transcription of
the lac operon genes. B) It inhibits transcription of the lac operon genes. C) It activates
the repressor protein. D) It binds to lactose and facilitates its uptake.

Answer: A) It initiates transcription of the lac operon genes.

30. Question: What was the primary goal of the Human Genome Project (HGP)? A)
Sequencing the entire human genome B) Identifying all human genes C) Creating
genetically modified organisms D) Developing gene therapy for genetic disorders

Answer: A) Sequencing the entire human genome

31. Question: In the context of DNA fingerprinting, which technique is commonly used
to amplify specific DNA regions for analysis? A) Southern blotting B) Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR) C) DNA sequencing D) Gel electrophoresis

Answer: B) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

32. Question: What is the purpose of using short tandem repeats (STRs) in DNA
fingerprinting? A) To determine the sequence of DNA B) To identify unique individuals
based on repeat patterns C) To identify mutations in the DNA sequence D) To separate
DNA fragments based on size
Answer: B) To identify unique individuals based on repeat patterns

33. Question: Which term describes the comparison of DNA profiles from different
individuals to determine biological relatedness or forensic identification? A) DNA
sequencing B) DNA profiling C) DNA replication D) DNA translocation

Answer: B) DNA profiling

34. Question: What is the significance of DNA fingerprinting in forensic investigations?

A) It provides information about an individual's physical traits. B) It helps establish
genetic links between suspects and crime scenes. C) It identifies the ancestral origin of
an individual. D) It determines an individual's susceptibility to diseases.

Answer: B) It helps establish genetic links between suspects and crime scenes.