Introduction to Signal

&
System
(Part 1)
References
• Signals & Systems by Alan V. Oppenheim & Alan S. Willsky
• Continuous and discrete signals and systems by Samir S. Soliman
• Linear systems and signals by B. P Lathi
• Signals and Systems by Simon S. Haykin

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Contents

Definition of Signal

Classification of Signal

Basic operations on signal

Elementary Signals

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 What is Signal?
A signal is defined as a function of one or more variables, which conveys
information on the nature of a physical phenomenon.

Example: Audio signal, Video signal etc.

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What is Signal?

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 What is Signal?
Signals are represented mathematically as functions of one or more independent
variables .

One-dimentional : Depends on a single independent variable.

For example, a speech signal can be represented mathematically by acoustic

pressure as a function of time

Multi-dimentional : Depends on two or more independent variables.

A picture can be represented by brightness as a function of two spatial variables.

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 Basic operation on signals

The Shifting Operation

The reflection Operation

The Scaling Operation

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 Time Shifting
Consider a signal f(t) and the same signal delayed or advanced(anticipated)by T
seconds.

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 Time Shifting

Signals that are related in this fashion arise in applications such as

radar, sonar and seismic signal processing, in which several receivers at
different locations observe a signal being transmitted through a
medium (water, rock, air, etc.). In this case, the difference in
propagation time from the point of origin of the transmitted signal to
any two receivers results in a time shift between the signals at the two
receivers.

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 Reflection/ Time Invertion
Mirror image of f(t) about the vertical axis

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 Time Scaling
Compression or expansion of a signal in time.

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Time Scaling

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 Classification of Signals
Continuous time – Discrete time signal
Analog – Digital signal
Periodic – Aperiodic signal
Energy – Power signal
Odd –Even signal
Causal – Non Causal signal
Deterministic – Random signal(probabilistic)

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 CONTINUOUS-TIME AND DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS
Continuous-time signals: The independent variable is
continuous, and thus these signals are defined for a
continuum of values of the independent variable. We will
use the symbol t to denote the continuous-time
independent variable.

Discrete-time signals: These Signals are defined only at

discrete times, and consequently, for these signals, the
independent variable takes on only a discrete set of
values. We will use the symbol n to denote the discrete
time independent variable.

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 CONTINUOUS-TIME AND DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS
(Sampling)
• Discrete-time signal x[n] may represent a phenomenon for which the
independent variable is inherently discrete. Signals such as
demographic data are examples of this.

• On the other hand, a very important class of discrete-time signals

arises from the sampling of continuous-time signals. In this case, the
discrete-time signal x[n] represents successive samples of an
underlying phenomenon for which the independent variable is
continuous.

• Because of their speed, computational power, and flexibility, modem

digital processors are used to implement many practical systems,
ranging from digital autopilots to digital audio systems. Such systems
require the use of discrete-time sequences representing sampled
versions of continuous-time signals

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 Analog & Digital Signal
Analog signal: A Signal whose amplitude can take on any

value in a continuous range .

 The amplitude of the function f(t) (or f(x)) has the cardinality of
real numbers .

 The difference between analog and digital is similar to the

difference between continuous-time and discrete-time.

 Analog corresponds to a continuous y-axis, while digital

corresponds to a discrete y-axis .

 An analog signal can be both continuous time and discrete time.

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 Analog & Digital Signal
Digital signal: a signal is one whose amplitude can
take on only a finite number of values (thus it is
quantized)

The amplitude of the function f(x) can take only a

finite number of values

A digital signal whose amplitude can take only M

different values is said to be M-ary.

Binary signals are a special case for M=2

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 Example

Continuous time analog Continuous time digital (or quantized)

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 Example

Discrete time analog Discrete time digital

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 Periodic Signal & Aperiodic Signal
• A periodic continuous-time signal x(t) has the
property that there is a positive value of T for which
x(t) = x(t + T)
for all values of t.
• In other words, a periodic signal has the property
that it is unchanged by a time shift of T. In this case,
we say that x(t) is periodic with period T.
• x(t) is periodic with period T, then
x(t) = x(t + mT)
for all t and for any integer m.
• Thus, x(t) is also periodic with period 2T, 3T, 4T, ....
The fundamental period T of x(t) is the smallest
positive value of T.

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 Periodic Signal & Aperiodic Signal
A discrete time signal x[n] is periodic with period N, where N is a positive integer, if
it is unchanged by a time shift of N, i.e., if
x[n] = x[n + N]
for all values of n.
If this equation holds, then x[n] is also periodic with period 2N, 3N, ....
The fundamental period No is the smallest positive value of N for which equation
holds.
An example of a discrete-time periodic signal with fundamental period No = 3 is
shown in Figure.

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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 Even and Odd Signals
Even Signal:
• In continuous time a signal is even if
x(- t) = x(t),
• while a discrete-time signal is even if
x[- n] = x[n]

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 Even and Odd Signals

Odd Signal: A signal is referred to as

odd if
x( -t) = - x(t),
x[-n] = -x[n].

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 Even and Odd Signals
Any signal can be written as a combination of an even and an odd
signals

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Energy Signal & Power Signal

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 Energy Signal & Power Signal

A signal with finite energy is an energy signal .

A signal with finite and different from zero power is a power signal.

A power signal has infinite energy and an energy signal has zero power .

All practical signals have finite energy and thus are energy signals

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 Causal , Anticausal & Noncausal signal
• Causal signals are signals that are
zero for all negative time (or spatial
positions).

• Anticausal are signals that are zero for

all positive time (or spatial positions).

• Noncausal signals are signals that

have nonzero values in both positive
and negative time.

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 Deterministic signal random Signals
Deterministic signal: a signal whose physical description is known
completely
A deterministic signal is a signal in which each value of the signal is
fixed and can be determined by a mathematical expression, rule, or
table.
Because of this the future values of the signal can be calculated from
past values with complete confidence.
There is no uncertainty about its amplitude values .

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 Deterministic signal random Signals
Probabilistic (or random) signals: The amplitude values cannot be
predicted precisely but are known only in terms of probabilistic
descriptors .
The future values of a random signal cannot be accurately predicted
and can usually only be guessed based on the averages of sets of signals
They are realization of a stochastic process for which a model could be
available

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 Elementary Signals

There are several elementary signals. These signals are used as

building blocks for many complex signals.

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 Exponential Signal
A real exponential signal is written as,
• a > 0 ,Growing Exponential
• a < 0 ,Decaying Exponential

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 Exponential Signal
• Discrete Time:

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Sinusoidal Signals

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Sinusoidal Signals

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Unit Step

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Unit Impulse

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Ramp Function

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Solve Them

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