THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM Two objects are said to be in

thermal equilibrium
if they won't enhange any energy at
macroscopic level if placed in contact Whenthis happens we
also say that the two bodies are at same temperature
When this happens typically average kimchi
energy per degreeof
freedom becomes same for the two bodies This can be understood
statistrally we will study more on it when we learn entropy
Thus temperature is in a measure of energy possessed
way by
substance particles per degree
of freedom
A hotter body has more energy per degree freedom than a of

R
colder body and they keep enihanging energy until the energy

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per degree of freedom is equalized

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H
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ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS If two
A and B are bodies
in thermal equilibrium and A and C are also in thermal
C
SI
equilibrium then B and C are also in thermalequilibrium
Y
PH

Zeroth Law
ofthermodynamics forms the basis of measurement
E

of temperature We could choose some physicalproperty which

TH

depends on per offreedom say thermal expansion

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degree
energy
of mercury kept in glasstube Now if the length of
M

a
O

mercury column is same upon keeping it in with contest

.C

different bodies then thetwo bodies must be at same temperature

E
B

which could be sherified in units of lengthy mercury column

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U

DEFINING TEMPERATURE SCALES To give numericalvalue to temperature

O
Y

we can choose property of a substance which changes monotonically

with supplying heat to the substance and mote its value at some
standardized thermodynamic state Isuit as melting and
boiling point of water We can assign certain arbitrary
values to the temperature at these states and then
between temperature and the measured
make linear
a fit
substance property to read temperature against the substance
property
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 For instance let us assign a temperature value Tm
to the length of mercury column say lm when it is
in thermal equilibrium will melting ice and similarly let
us define a temperature value of T when the column is in

equilibrium with boiling water Let the column length now be

lb Thus now as han Two data points lm Tm and
lb Tb Now we can
fit a straight line between two
points to read temperature against any length of column

Tbt

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E
LT
E
Tm

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d
em C lb
SI
Y
PH

Tb Tm Tm
IIe l l
Now T Tm T
E

l lm es em
TH
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Note that this definition is completely arbitrary because we have

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O

infinite choice for Tb and Tm and also choice of property

.C

varying with temperature However certain scales are more

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B

popular than other scales for that matter we could also choose
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melting and boiling points sodium

of
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O
Y

Celsius Scale Centigrade Scale In this stale Tm 8C and I 10 s

c
fie x

Fahrenheit Scale In this stale Tm 32 F T 212 F

F 1804
Iffy
Using Equation 32

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 Equations also enable us to convert temperaturefrom

of to OC and vile 130

guy from
visa Eliminating

of 32 C O OF
18 100
32770C

RESISTANIE THERMOMETER In thistype of thermometer we use the

fact that electrical resistance of metals changer will temperature

Thus we lould find the resistance of a wire at o's and
lose and then fit a linear inn between two points

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thus obtained From equation can readily write

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rn

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Tim xiosP
otfg.my

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C
Constant VolumeThermometer SI
the
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In this thermometer we use
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factthat pressure of a gas

increases
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at constant volume
TH

upon heating a
to equation in
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According
this standardization m could define
M
O

temperature as
.C
E
B

TY
HIII x 100
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U
O
Y

Here volume is maintained constant by increasing mercury led in

a tube as shown in the figure above

EXISTENCE OF MINIMUM POSSIBLE TEMPERATURE At one point

of time it was thought that temperature couldbe decreased
indefinitely however as statistical understanding of
energy of matter particles at microsiopis lent developed it
was understood that if molecule win to stop colliding against
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 walls of a nseel I Zeno Kineti Energy then pressure wouldbecome
Thus we could evaluate a temperature at which pressure
zero
of an ideal gas becomes
zero by setting P o in equation

T for zero x105C When this

Ifip
pressure

is calculated it comes out about 273.16 C Thu

temperature less than 273.167 can't exist and this is
therefore theoretically minimum achievable temperature

R
KELVIN SCALE In this scale we
assign a zero numerical

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value to a ideal gas exerts no pressure
temperature when

E
and a numerical value of 273.16 to triple point of

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water thus m has two data points and according to
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SI
equation
P
Y
T k O t X 273.16 k
PH

P
E

T 273.16k
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TriplePoint Pressure
pyx
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M
O

Enample The pressure of air in bulb constantvolumethermometer

ya
.C

is 73 at OC 100.3 am at105C and77.8cmof

E

cm
of mercury
B

at room temperature Findthe room temperature in

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centigrade
mercury
U

to
O

Sol According T Tmt

equation
ftpro x Ts Tm
Y

T Of 10 17.6
7,785.73
3

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 Example

R
Sol T Tmt Ts Tm Ot

E
Rpgfan x
5553g xt

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E
T 405 Platinum Sealed

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SS
Note that
C
point and steam point
because ice
just are
SI
Y
values thermometer it
given same as
for a
mercury
PH

does not all temperatures because different

ensure at
E

monotonic functions between same starting and end

TH

points have differentshape hence the

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word
may Scale
Platinum
M
O
.C

Enamble
E
B
TU
U
O
Y

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Solution TPP of x 10
11pm
Now Rm RIO R It axo Exo R
R Ro It ax too BX1003 Ro It 038 0 0056

Rb R 1.3744 R 11 it 2 5 B x so

R Roc 1 0.19 0.00147 Ro I 1886

R
TIP 10 50.49
1

E
13878

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E
This example clearly illustrates how platinum and mercury

H
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thermometers would disagree in general even though they
will agree at ite point and boiling points C
SI
Y
PH

Example
E
TH
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M
O
.C
E
B
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U
O
Y

Solution
tp R P X 00
R it 1027 Byron R

to RR 10 D Ratp Atlas R
100 Introop R
R Ro it atpttoptp Am
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REAUMEAVR In this scale
SCALE ice point is taken as 5
and boiling point is taken an 85

Example Find conversion formula between Reaume Scale Pr

and Celsius Scale

Solution K l lm y 80 C l dm x ios
lb lm lb lm

R
C
on
I

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E
Enample Find Conversion formula between F and K

H
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of l lm C
Solution 32 t x 180 9 80
SI
lb lm 1,112
Y
PH
E

From two equations of 32 9 Am

TH

94
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Enample At what temperature will numerical values

I Reaumes
M
O

stale and Fahrenheit scale will be came

.C
E
B

Sol Let the numerical value be a 32

2
In
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U
O

32 N 25.6 25.6 F 25.6 s

In
Y

Enample In a temperature scale X ice point and boiling point

are respectively taken as 20 X and 2207 while in another
scale taken as
these are 2004 and 38004 At what
temperature is the numerital value same in both States

Sol 4 4
20
them x 20 207Hitmen x 40

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 ox 20 1 30 04 2
21
Let the two read same numerical value n
for some temp

N 30 22 2 60 657 654 Ans

ABSOLUTE SCALES An absolute scale is one whish reads
numerically zero at OK When
gaspressure is zero
Example Two absolute scale X and Y have triple point of

R
water defined as 30004 and 45004 respectively How

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are T and T related

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Solution X 4
F
O x 300 450
t
SI
C 11
Yam
Y
OX
3
PH
E
TH
/@
M
O
.C
E
B
TU
U
O
Y

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