Khartoum International Developed School

Dr.Hussam Mohammed AbdElgalil 0125299830 – 0925279332

Complex Numbers If sin 𝜃 is positive and cos 𝜃 is
negative, then the angle lies in
Polar Form of Complex
the second quadrant and
Number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is

𝑧 = 𝑟 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 ) = [𝑟, 𝜃 ° ] the argument = 180° − 𝜃

where the magnitude If sin 𝜃 and cos 𝜃 are negative,

(modulus) |𝑧| = 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 then the angle lies in the third
quadrant and
𝑧 × 𝑧̅ = |𝑧|2 = 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
the argument = 180° + 𝜃
and the amplitude (argument)
satisfies the following If cos 𝜃 is positive and sin 𝜃 is
negative, then the angle lies in
𝑥 𝑦
cos 𝜃 = , sin 𝜃 = the fourth quadrant and
𝑟 𝑟
𝜃 30° 60° 45° the argument = 360° − 𝜃
sin 𝜃 1 √3 1
Example1: Write the complex
2 2 √2
1 number 𝑧 = 1 − √3𝑖 in the
cos 𝜃 √3 1
2 √2 polar form
2
Solution: 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = −√3
𝜃 0° , 360° 90° 180° 270°
2
sin 𝜃 0 1 0 −1 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √12 + (−√3)
cos 𝜃 1 0 −1 0
If sin 𝜃 and cos 𝜃 are positive, = √1 + 3 = √4 = 2
then the angle lies in the first
𝑥 1
quadrant and cos 𝜃 = =
𝑟 2
the argument = 𝜃
𝑦 −√3
sin 𝜃 = =
𝑟 2

1 Dr.Hussam 0925279332 – 0125299830

In fourth quadrant 1 1 −𝜃
(𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑧
𝑟
𝜃 = 360° − 60° = 300° 𝑧 𝑛
𝑟𝑛 𝑛𝜃
𝑧1 × 𝑧2 𝑟1 × 𝑟2 𝜃1 + 𝜃2
𝑧 = [2, 300° ] 𝑧1 𝑟1 𝜃1 − 𝜃2
= 2[cos 300° + 𝑖 sin 300° ] 𝑧2 𝑟2
Example3: If 𝑧1 = [2, 40° ] , 𝑧2 =
Example2: Write the complex [6, 10° ] , find the following
3𝜋
number 𝑧 = [√2 , ] in the
4 1
Cartesian form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 1) , 2) ̅̅̅̅̅
4𝑧1 , 3) 𝑧1 3
𝑧2
3𝜋 180° 𝑧2
Solution: × = 135° 4) 𝑧1 × 𝑧2 , 5)
4 𝜋 𝑧1
135° in the second quadrant
Solution:
cos 135° is negative and 1 1
sin 135° is positive 1) = [ , −10° ]
𝑧2 6
180° − 135° = 45° 2) ̅̅̅̅̅
4𝑧1 = [ 4 × 2 , −40° ]
= [ 8 , −40° ]
𝑧 = √2[cos 135° + 𝑖 sin 135° ]
−1 1 3)𝑧1 3 =[ 23 , 3 × 40° ]=[8, 120° ]
= √2 [ + 𝑖 ( )] = −1 + 𝑖
√2 √2 4) 𝑧1 × 𝑧2 = [2 × 6, 10° + 40° ]
Properties of Polar Form: = [12, 50° ]
If 𝑧 = [ 𝑟 , 𝜃 ] , 𝑧1 = [ 𝑟1 , 𝜃1 ] 𝑧2 6
5) =[ , 10° − 40° ]=[3, −30° ]
𝑧1 2
, 𝑧2 = [ 𝑟2 , 𝜃2 ] then
= 3[cos −30° + 𝑖 sin −30° ]
Complex Magnitud Argumen
Number e𝑟 t𝜃 √3 𝑖
= 3[ − ]
𝑎𝑧 𝑎𝑟 𝜃 2 2
𝑧̅ 𝑟 −𝜃
2 Dr.Hussam 0925279332 – 0125299830
Example4: If 1 1 30° + 360° 𝑘
𝑧3 =[ 83 , ]=
°
𝑧1 = ( sin 100 + 𝑖 cos 80 °) 3

𝑧2 = cos 20° + 𝑖 sin 20° [ 2 , 10° + 120° 𝑘 ] , 𝑘 = 0 , 1 , 2

Write 𝑧1 × 𝑧2 in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑧1 = [ 1 , 10° ]
Solution: 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 = 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑧2 = [ 1 , 130° ]
sin(90° + 10° ) + 𝑖 cos(90° − 10° )
𝑖𝑓 𝑘 = 2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑧3 = [ 1 , 250° ]
𝑧1 = cos 10° + 𝑖 sin 10°
Some Questions (Secondary
𝑧1 × 𝑧2 = School Certificate
cos(20° + 10° ) + 𝑖 sin(20° + 10° ) Examinations):

√3 𝑖 1) Complete each of the

= cos 30° + 𝑖 sin 30° = +
2 2 following :
De-Movire’s Theorem: 2022If 𝑧 is a complex number,
1
𝑧𝑛 = [ 𝑟𝑛 , 𝑛 𝜃 ] where 𝑧 = then |𝑧| =…………….
𝑧̅

If the power is fraction 2020 According to De-Movire’s

theorem , if the complex number
1 1 𝜃 + 360° 𝑘 𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 )
𝑧 𝑛 =[ 𝑟 𝑛 , ]
𝑛
then 𝑧 𝑛 =……………………………………..
𝑘 = 0 ,1 ,2 ,… ,𝑛 − 1
2) Draw a circle around the
Example5: Find the cubic root letter of the correct answer in
of the complex number the following:
𝑧 = 8 [ cos 30° + 𝑖 sin 30° ] 2022 If a complex number 𝑧 =
( write the answer in the polar [2, 30° ] then the modulus of the
form [ 𝑟 , 𝜃 ° ] ) conjugate of 3𝑧 =

3 Dr.Hussam 0925279332 – 0125299830

𝑎) − 30° 𝑏) 30° 𝑐) 2 𝑑) 6 2022 a) Write the complex number

2020 If a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑧 = 2𝑖 in form𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 )

[2, 15° ] then the argument of b) Write the complex number
3𝑧 =
𝑧 = 2(cos 110° + 𝑖 sin 70° ) in a
𝑎) 15° 𝑏) 45° 𝑐) 2 𝑑) 6 polar form, and then find 𝑧 5
2019 If a complex number 𝑧1 = c) Find the cubic roots of the
[4, 120° ] , 𝑧1 = [8, 60° ] then
𝑧 complex number 𝑧 = [8, 15° ] in
the argument of 1 =
𝑧2 the form [ 𝑟 , 𝜃 ° ].
1 2020 Write the complex number
𝑎) − 60° 𝑏) 60° 𝑐) − 4 𝑑)
2
𝑧 = 5√3 + 5𝑖 in the polar form.
3) Put the sign (√) if the
statement is correct and (×) if it b)Find the cubic roots of the
is wrong: complex number

2022 The argument of the 𝑧 = 8(cos 45° + 𝑖 sin 45° )

inverse of a complex number 𝑧
in the form [ 𝑟 , 𝜃 ° ]
equal the inverse of the
argument of 𝑧 (……..) 2019 If the complex number

2020 The amplitude of the 𝑧 = 2(cos 15° + 𝑖 sin 15° ) Find

reciprocal of the complex 𝑧 6 in the form (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)
1
number [8, 60° ] equals (…….) …………………………………………………
60°
…………………………………………………
2019 The only complex number
…………………………………………………
whose length is zero is the zero
…………………………………………………
number (……….)
…………………………………………………
4) Solve the following: …………………………………………………

4 Dr.Hussam 0925279332 – 0125299830