Introductory Chemistry 8th Edition Zumdahl Solutions Manual

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Introductory Chemistry 8th Edition Zumdahl Solutions Manual

CHAPTER 2

Measurements and Calculations

1. measurement

2. “Scientific notation” means we have to put the decimal point after the first significant figure, and
then express the order of magnitude of the number as a power of ten. So we want to put the
decimal point after the first 2:
2,421  2.421 × 10to some power
To be able to move the decimal point three places to the left in going from 2,421 to 2.421, means
I will need a power of 103 after the number, where the exponent 3 shows that I moved the decimal
point 3 places to the left.
2,421  2.421 × 10to some power = 2.421 × 103

3. a. 9.651
b. 3.521
c. 9.3241
d. 1.002

4. a. 106
b. 10–2
c. 10–4
d. 109
5. a. positive
b. positive
c. negative
d. negative
6. a. negative
b. zero
c. negative
d. positive

7. a. The decimal point must be moved one space to the right, so the exponent is negative;
0.5012 = 5.012 × 10–1.
b. The decimal point must be moved six spaces to the left, so the exponent is positive;
5,012,000 = 5.012 × 106.

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Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

c. The decimal point must be moved six spaces to the right, so the exponent is negative;
0.000005012 = 5.012 × 10–6.
d. The decimal point does not have to be moved, so the exponent is zero;
5.012 = 5.012 × 100.
e. The decimal point must be moved three spaces to the left, so the exponent is positive;
5012 = 5.012 × 103.
f. The decimal point must be moved three spaces to the right, so the exponent is negative;
0.005012 = 5.012 × 10–3.

8. a. The decimal point must be moved three spaces to the right: 2,789
b. The decimal point must be moved three spaces to the left: 0.002789
c. The decimal point must be moved seven spaces to the right: 93,000,000
d. The decimal point must be moved one space to the right: 42.89
e. The decimal point must be moved 4 spaces to the right: 99,990
f. The decimal point must be moved 5 spaces to the left: 0.00009999

9. a. six spaces to the right


b. five spaces to the left
c. one space to the right
d. The decimal point does not have to be moved.
e. 18 spaces to the right
f. 16 spaces to the left

10. a. three spaces to the left


b. one space to the left
c. five spaces to the right
d. one space to the left
e. two spaces to the right
f. two spaces to the left

11. To say that scientific notation is in standard form means that you have a number between 1 and
10, followed by an exponential term.
a. The decimal point must be moved 4 spaces to the left, so the exponent will be 4:
9.782 × 104
b. 42.14 must first be converted to 4.214 × 101 and then the exponents combined:
4.214 × 104
c. 0.08214 must first be converted to 8.214 × 10–2 and then the exponents combined:
8.214 × 10–5
d. The decimal point must be moved four spaces to the right, so the exponent will be –4:
3.914 × 10–4

4
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

e. The decimal point must be moved two spaces to the left, so the exponent will be 2:
9.271 × 102
f. The exponents must be combined: 4.781 × 10–1

12. a. The decimal point must be moved 3 places to the right: 6,244
b. The decimal point must be moved 2 spaces to the left: 0.09117
c. The decimal point must be moved 1 space to the right: 82.99
d. The decimal point must be moved 4 spaces to the left: 0.0001771
e. The decimal point must be moved 2 spaces to the right: 545.1
f. The decimal point must be moved 5 spaces to the left: 0.00002934

13. a. 1/1033 = 9.681  10–4


b. 1/105 = 1  10–5
c. 1/10–7 = 1  107
d. 1/0.0002 = 5  103
e. 1/3,093,000 = 3.233  10–7
f. 1/10–4 = 1  104
g. 1/109 = 1  10–9
h. 1/0.000015 = 6.7  104

14. a. 1/0.00032 = 3.1  103


b. 103/10–3 = 1  106
c. 103/103 = 1 (1  100); any number divided by itself is unity.
d. 1/55,000 = 1.8  10–5
e. (105)(104)(10–4)/10–2 = 1  107
4.32  101
f. 43.2/(4.32  10–5) = = 1.00  106
4.32  10-5
4.32  10-5
g. (4.32  10–5)/432 = = 1.00  10–7
4.32  102
h. 1/(105)(10–6) = 1/(10–1) = 1  101

15. mass, kilogram; length, meter; temperature, kelvin

16. a. kilo

b. milli

c. nano

d. mega

5
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

e. deci

f. micro

17. Since a meter is longer than a yard, the floor will require somewhat more than 25 square yards of
linoleum. 25 m2 = 5 m × 5 m = 5.47 yd × 5.47 yd = 30 yd2

18. Since a pound is 453.6 grams, the 125-g can will be slightly more than ¼ pound.

19. Since a liter is slightly more than a quart, and since 4 quarts make 1 gallon, 48 liters will be
approximately 12 gallons.

20. Since 1 inch = 2.54 cm, the nail is approximately an inch long.

1 mi
21. 100 km × = 62 km
1.6093 km

1.6093 km
22. 100. mi ´ = 161 km
1 mi

100 cm 100 cm 1 in
23. 2m× = 200 cm; 2 m   = 79 in (80 in to one significant figure)
1m 1m 2.54 cm

24. 1.62 m is approximately 5 ft, 4 in. The woman is slightly taller.

25. a. kilometers
b. meters
c. centimeters
d. micrometers

26. a. inch
b. yard
c. mile

27. a. about 4 liters


b. about half a liter (500 mL)
c. about 1/4 of a liter (250 mL)

28. b (the other units would give very small numbers for the length)

29. We estimate measurements between the smallest divisions on the scale; since this is our best
estimate, the last significant digit recorded is uncertain.

30. When we use a measuring device with an analog scale, we estimate the reading to 0.1 of the
smallest scale divisions on the measuring scale. Since this last reading is decided by the user, not
by the divisions on the measuring scale, the final digit of the measurement is uncertain no matter
how careful we may be in making the determination.

6
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

31. The third figure in the length of the pin is uncertain because the measuring scale of the ruler has
tenths as the smallest marked scale division. The length of the pin is given as 2.85 cm (rather than
any other number) to indicate that the point of the pin appears to the observer to be half way
between the smallest marked scale divisions.

32. The scale of the ruler shown is only marked to the nearest tenth of a centimeter; writing 2.850
would imply that the scale was marked to the nearest hundredth of a centimeter (and that the zero
in the thousandths place had been estimated).

33. a. three
b. two
c. two
d. four

34. a. probably only two


b. infinite (definition)
c. infinite (definition)
d. probably one
e. three (the race is defined to be 500. miles)

35. increase the preceding digit by 1

36. It is better to round off only the final answer, and to carry through extra digits in intermediate
calculations. If there are enough steps to the calculation, rounding off in each step may lead to a
cumulative error in the final answer.

37. a. 2.55 × 105


b. 2.56 × 10–4
c. 4.79 × 104
d. 8.21 × 103

38. a. 1.57 × 106


b. 2.77 × 10–3
c. 7.76 × 10–2
d. 1.17 × 10–3

39. a. 4.34 × 105


b. 9.34 × 104
c. 9.916 × 101
d. 9.327 × 100

40. a. 3.42 × 10–4


b. 1.034 × 104

7
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

c. 1.7992 × 101
d. 3.37 × 105
41. Since the only operations in the calculation are multiplication and division, the number of
significant figures is limited by the factor of 0.15 that has only two significant figures.

42. 170. mL;

18 mL
+ 128.7 mL
+ 23.45 mL
= 170.15 mL

18 mL limits the precision to the ones place, thus the answer is rounded to 170. mL

43. three (based on 2.31 having 3 significant figures)

44. three; (b), (c), and (d); (a) contains two significant figures

45. two decimal places (based on 2.11 being known only to the second decimal place)

46. none (10,434 is only known to the nearest whole number)

47. a. 52.36 (the answer can only be given to the second decimal place because 0.81 is only
known to the second decimal place)
b. 10.90 (the answer can only be given to the second decimal place because 2.21 is only
known to the second decimal place)
c. 5.25 (the answer can only be given to the second decimal place because 4.14 is only
known to the second decimal place)
d. 6.5 (the answer can only be given to two significant figures because 3.1 is only known to
two significant figures.

48. a. 2.3 (the answer can only be given to two significant figures because 3.1 is only known to
two significant figures)
b. 9.1 × 102: (the answer can only be given to the first decimal place because 4.1 is only
given to the first decimal place; both numbers have the same power of ten)
c. 1.323 × 103: (the numbers must be first expressed as the same power of ten;
1.091 × 103 + 0.221 × 103 + 0.0114 × 103 = 1.323 × 103)
d. 6.63 × 10–13 (the answer can only be given to three significant figures because 4.22 × 106
is only given to three significant figures)

49. a. two (based on 1.1 having only two significant figures)


b. two (based on 0.22 having only 2 significant figures)
c. two (based on 0.00033 having only two significant figures)
d. three (assuming sum in numerator is considered to second decimal place)

8
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

50. a. one (the factor of 2 has only one significant figure)


b. four (the sum within the parentheses will contain four significant figures)
c. two (based on the factor 4.7  10–6 only having two significant figures)
d. three (based on the factor 63.9 having only three significant figures)
51. a. two (the factor of 2.1 has only two significant figures)
b. two (the factor of 0.98 has only two significant figures)
c. four (the factor of 3.014 has only four significant figures)
d. three (the factor of 1.86 × 10–3 has only three significant figures)

52. a. (2.0944 + 0.0003233 + 12.22)/7.001 = (14.31)/7.001 = 2.045


b. (1.42  102 + 1.021  103)/(3.1  10–1) =
(142 + 1021)/(3.1  10–1) = (1163)/(3.1  10–1) = 3752 = 3.8  103
c. (9.762  10–3)/(1.43  102 + 4.51  101) =
(9.762  10–3)/(143 + 45.1) = (9.762  10–3)/(188.1) = 5.19  10–5
d. (6.1982  10–4)2 = (6.1982  10–4)(6.1982  10–4) = 3.8418  10–7

53. conversion factor

54. an infinite number (a definition)

1 mi 1760 yd
55. and
1760 yd 1 mi

5280 ft 5280 ft
56. ; 15.6 mi ´
1 mi 1 mi

1 mi 1 mi
; 86.19 ft ´
5280 ft 5280 ft

$1.75 $1.75
57. ; 5.3 lb ´
lb lb

lb lb
; $10.00 ´
58. $1.75 $1.75

2.54 cm
59. a. 12.5 in  = 31.8 cm
1 in
1 in
b. 12.5 cm  = 4.92 in
2.54 cm
1 mi
c. 2513 ft  = 0.4759 mi
5280 ft

9
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

1 yd 1m
d. 4.53 ft   = 1.38 m
3 ft 1.0936 yd

60 sec
e. 6.52 min  = 391 sec
1 min
1m
f. 52.3 cm  = 0.523 m
100 cm
1.0936 yd
g. 4.21 m  = 4.60 yd
1m
1 lb
h. 8.02 oz  = 0.501 lb
16 oz

1.0936 yd
60. a. 2.23 m  = 2.44 yd
1m
1m
b. 46.2 yd  = 42.2 m
1.0936 yd
1 in
c. 292 cm  = 115 in
2.54 cm
2.54 cm
d. 881.2 in  = 2238 cm
1 in
1 mi
e. 1043 km  = 648.1 mi
1.6093 km
1.6093 km
f. 445.5 mi  = 716.9 km
1 mi
1 km
g. 36.2 m  = 0.0362 km
1000 m
1000 m 100 cm
h. 0.501 km   = 5.01  104 cm
1 km 1m

1.6093 km
61. a. 1.75 mi  = 2.82 km
1 mi
4 qt
b. 2.63 gal  = 10.5 qt
1 gal

4.184 J
c. 4.675 cal  = 19.56 J
1 cal
1 atm
d. 756.2 mm Hg  = 0.9950 atm
760 mm Hg

10
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

1.66056  1027 kg
e. 36.3 amu  = 6.03 × 10–26 kg
1 amu
2.54 cm
f. 46.2 in  = 117 cm
1 in
32 fl oz
g. 2.75 qt  = 88.0 fl oz
1 qt

1m
h. 3.51 yd  = 3.21 m
1.0936 yd

1 kg
62. a. 254.3 g × = 0.2543 kg
1000 g
1000 g
b. 2.75 kg × = 2750 g
1 kg
2.2046 lb
c. 2.75 kg × = 6.06 lb
1 kg
1000 g 16 oz
d. 2.75 kg × × = 97.0 oz
1 kg 453.59 g
1 kg 2.2046 lb
e. 534.1 g × × = 1.177 lb
1000 g 1 kg
1 kg 1000 g
f. 1.75 lb × × = 794 g
2.2046 lb 1 kg
453.59 g
g. 8.7 oz × = 250 g
16 oz
16 oz
h. 45.9 g × = 1.62 oz
453.59 g

12.01 g
63. 1.89 × 1025 C atoms × = 377 g
6.02  1023 C atoms

1.6093 km
64. 2558 mi × = 4117 km
1 mi

65. To decide which train is faster, both speeds must be expressed in the same unit of distance (either
miles or kilometers).
225 km 1 mi
 = 140. mi/hr
1 hr 1.6093 km
So the Boston-New York trains will be faster.

11
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

100 cm
66. 1  10–10 m  = 1  10–8 cm
1m
1 in
1  10–8 cm  = 4  10–9 in.
2.54 cm
1m 109 nm
1  10–8 cm   = 0.1 nm
100 cm 1m

67. Celsius

68. freezing

69. 212ºF; 100ºC

70. 373

71. 100

72. Fahrenheit (F)

73. TK = TC + 273 TC  TK  273


a. 44.2°C + 273 = 317.2 K (317 K)
b. 891 K – 273 = 618ºC
c. –20°C + 273 = 253 K
d. 273.1 K – 273 = 0.1ºC (0°C)

74. TC = (TF  32)/1.80 TK = TC + 273 TC  TK  273

a. ( ) ( ) ( )
Tc = T f - 32 / 1.80 = -201o F - 32 / 1.80 = -233 / 1.80 = -129.4o C

-129.4o C + 273 = 144 K


b. -201o C + 273 = 72 K
c. ( ) ( )
TF = 1.80 Tc + 32 = 1.80 351o C + 32 = 664o F

d. ( ) ( )
Tc = T f - 32 / 1.80 = -150o F - 32 / 1.80 = -101o C

75. TC = (TF  32)/1.80


a. (45 – 32)/1.80 = 13/1.80 = 7.2ºC
b. (115 – 32)/1.80 = 83/1.80 = 46ºC
c. (–10 – 32)/1.80 = –42/1.80 = –23ºC
d. Assuming 10,000ºF to be known to two significant figures: (10,000 – 32)/1.80 = 5500ºC

76. TF  1.80(TC )  32

12
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

a. 1.80(78.1) + 32 = 173ºF
b. 1.80(40.) + 32 = 104ºF
c. 1.80(–273) + 32 = –459ºF
d. 1.80(32) + 32 = 90.ºF

77. a. Gallium is in the liquid state over the temperature range of this thermometer.
b. TF  1.80(TC )  32
TF = 1.80(50°C) + 32 = 122°F
TF = 1.80(500°C) + 32 = 932°F

78. TF  1.80(TC )  32 TC = (TF  32)/1.80 TK = TC + 273


a. 275 – 273 = 2ºC
b. (82 – 32)/1.80 = 28ºC
c. 1.80(–21) + 32 = –5.8ºF (–6ºF)
d. (–40 – 32)/1.80 = –40 ºC (Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures are the same at –40).

79. Density represents the mass per unit volume of a substance.

80. g/cm3 (g/mL)

81. lead

82. 100 in.3

83. smaller; gases are mostly empty space, so there is less mass in a given volume than for solids and
liquids.

84. Density is a characteristic property, which is always the same for a pure substance.

85. Gold is the most dense; hydrogen is the least dense; 1 g of hydrogen would occupy the larger
volume.

86. Silver is the most dense (10.5 g/cm3).

mass
87. density =
volume
452.1 g
a. d= = 1.55 g/cm3
292 cm3
b. m = 0.14 lb = 63.5 g v = 125 mL = 125 cm3
63.5 g
d= = 0.51 g/cm3
125 cm3
c. m = 1.01 kg = 1010 g

13
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

1010 g
d= = 1.01 g/cm3
1000 cm3
d. m = 225 mg = 0.225 g v = 2.51 mL = 2.51 cm3
0.225 g
d= 3
= 0.0896 g/cm3
2.51 cm

mass
88. density =
volume
1000 g
a. m = 4.53 kg  = 4530 g
1 kg

4530 g
d= 3
= 20.1 g/cm 3
225 cm
1 cm 3
b. v = 25.0 mL  = 25.0 cm3
1 mL
26.3 g
d= 3
= 1.05 g/cm 3
25.0 cm
1 kg 1000 g
c. m = 1.00 lb   = 454 g
2.2046 lb 1 kg

454 g
d= 3
= 0.907 g/cm 3
500. cm
1g
d. m = 352 mg  = 0.352 g
1000 mg
0.352 g
d= 3
= 1.30 g/cm 3
0.271 cm

3.12 g
89. 125 mL  = 390. g
1 mL

1 mL
85.0 g × = 27.2 mL
3.12 g

1000 mL 0.920 g
90. 4.50 L   = 4140 g
1L mL

mL 1L
375 g   = 0.408 L
0.920 g 1000 L

929 g
91. d=  0.929 g/mL assuming 1000 mL is exact.
1000 mL

14
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

453.59 g
92. m = 3.5 lb  = 1.59  103 g
1 lb
3
 2.54 cm 
v = 1.2  10 in.  
4 3
 = 1.97  10 cm
5 3

 1 in 
1.59  103 g
d= = 8.1  10–3 g/cm3
1.97  105 cm3
The material will float.

93. The volume of the iron can be calculated from its mass and density:
1 cm3
v = 52.4 g  = 6.66 cm3 = 6.66 mL.
7.87 g
The liquid level in the graduated cylinder will rise by 6.66 mL when the piece of iron is added,
giving a final volume of (75.0 + 6.66) = 81.7 mL

cm 3
94. 25.75 g  = 1.333 cm3 = 1.333 mL
19.32 g
13.3 mL + 1.333 mL = 14.6 mL

1 cm3
95. a. 50.0 g  = 23.1 cm3
2.16 g

1 cm3
b. 50.0 g  = 3.68 cm3
13.6 g

1 cm3
c. 50.0 g  = 56.8 cm3
0.880 g

1 cm3
d. 50.0 g  = 4.76 cm3
10.5 g

19.32 g
96. a. 50.0 cm3  = 966 g
1 cm3
7.87 g
b. 50.0 cm3  = 394 g
1 cm3
11.34 g
c. 50.0 cm3  = 567 g
1 cm3
2.70 g
d. 50.0 cm3  = 135 g
1 cm3

97. a. three
b. three

15
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

c. three

98. a. 3.011  1023 = 301,100,000,000,000,000,000,000


b. 5.091  109 = 5,091,000,000
c. 7.2  102 = 720
d. 1.234  105 = 123,400
e. 4.32002  10–4 = 0.000432002
f. 3.001  10–2 = 0.03001
g. 2.9901  10–7 = 0.00000029901
h. 4.2  10–1 = 0.42

99. a. 4.25  102


b. 7.81  10–4
c. 2.68  104
d. 6.54  10–4
e. 7.26  101

100. (e)

1 ft
101. a. 1.25 in.  = 0.104 ft
12 in
2.54 cm
1.25 in.  = 3.18 cm
1 in
1 gal
b. 2.12 qt  = 0.530 gal
4 qt

1L
2.12 qt  = 2.01 L
1.0567 qt

1 mi
c. 2640 ft  = 0.500 mi
5280 ft
1.6093 km
2640 ft  = 0.805 km
5280. ft
103 g 1 cm3
d. 1.254 kg   = 110.6 cm3
1 kg 11.34 g

e. 250. mL  0.785 g/mL = 196 g


3
 2.54 cm 
f. 3.5 in.3   3
 = 57 cm = 57 mL
 1 in 
57 cm3  13.6 g/cm3 = 7.8  102 g = 0.78 kg

16
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

1400 kryll
102. a. 36.2 blim  = 5.07  104 kryll
1 blim
1 blim
b. 170 kryll  = 0.12 blim
1400 kryll
2
 1 blim 
c. 72.5 kryll2    = 3.70  10 blim
–5 2

 1400 kryll 

1 hr
103. 110 km  = 1.1 hr
100 km

45 mi 1.61 km 1000 m 1 hr
104. ´ ´ ´ = 20. m/s
hr 1 mi 1 km 3600 s

1.6093 km
105. 45 mi  = 72.4 km
1 mi

1.6093 km
38 mi  = 61.2 km
1 mi
1 gal = 3.7854 L
highway: 72.4 km/3.7854 L = 19 km/L
city: 61.2 km/3.7854 L = 16 km/L

1 kg 2.76 euros $1.00


106. 1 lb ´ ´ ´ = $0.87
2.205 lb 1 kg 1.44 euros

1 capsule
107. 15.6 g  = 24 capsules
0.65 g

108. °X = 1.26C + 14

109. v 4
3  r  
3 4
3 (3.1416)(0.5 cm)3 = 0.52 cm3

2.0 g
d= = 3.8 g/cm3 (the ball will sink)
0.52 cm3

36.8 g
110. d= = 3.50 g/L (3.50  10–3 g/cm3)
10.5 L

1 cm3
111. a. 25.0 g  = 2.98  105 cm3
0.000084 g

1 cm3
b. 25.0 g  = 1.84 cm3
13.6 g

17
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

1 cm3
c. 25.0 g  = 2.20 cm3
11.34 g

1 cm3
d. 25.0 g  = 25.0 cm3
1.00 g

0.785 g
112. For ethanol, 100. mL  = 78.5 g
1 mL
0.880 g
For benzene, 1000 mL  = 880. g
1 mL
total mass, 78.5 + 880. = 959 g

113. three

114. a. negative
b. negative
c. positive
d. zero
e. negative

115. a. positive
b. negative
c. negative
d. zero

116. a. 2; positive
b. 11; negative
c. 3; positive
d. 5; negative
e. 5; positive
f. 0; zero
g. 1; negative
h. 7; negative

117. a. 4; positive
b. 6; negative
c. 0; zero
d. 5; positive
e. 2; negative

18
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

118. a. 1; positive
b. 3; negative
c. 0; zero
d. 3; positive
e. 9; negative

119. a. The decimal point must be moved two places to the left, so the exponent is positive 2;
529 = 5.29  102.
b. The decimal point must be moved eight places to the left, so the exponent is positive 8;
240,000,000 = 2.4  108.
c. The decimal point must be moved 17 places to the left, so the exponent is positive 17;
301,000,000,000,000,000 = 3.01  1017.
d. The decimal point must be moved four places to the left, so the exponent is positive 4;
78,444 = 7.8444  104.
e. The decimal point must be moved four places to the right, so the exponent is negative 4;
0.0003442 = 3.442  10–4.
f. The decimal point must be moved 10 places to the right, so the exponent is negative 10;
0.000000000902 = 9.02  10–10.
g. The decimal point must be moved two places to the right, so the exponent is negative 2;
0.043 = 4.3  10–2.
h. The decimal point must be moved two places to the right, so the exponent is negative 2;
0.0821 = 8.21  10–2.

120. a. The decimal point must be moved five places to the left; 2.98  10–5 = 0.0000298.
b. The decimal point must be moved nine places to the right; 4.358  109 = 4,358,000,000.
c. The decimal point must be moved six places to the left; 1.9928  10–6 = 0.0000019928.
d. The decimal point must be moved 23 places to the right; 6.02  1023 =
602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.
e. The decimal point must be moved one place to the left; 1.01  10–1 = 0.101.
f. The decimal point must be moved three places to the left; 7.87  10–3 = 0.00787.
g. The decimal point must be moved seven places to the right; 9.87  107 = 98,700,000.
h. The decimal point must be moved two places to the right; 3.7899  102 = 378.99.
i. The decimal point must be moved one place to the left; 1.093  10–1 = 0.1093.
j. The decimal point must be moved zero places; 2.9004  100 = 2.9004.
k. The decimal point must be moved four places to the left; 3.9  10–4 = 0.00039.
l. The decimal point must be moved eight places to the left; 1.904  10–8 = 0.00000001904.

19
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

121. To say that scientific notation is in standard form means that you have a number between 1 and
10, followed by an exponential term. The numbers given in this problem are not between 1 and
10 as written.
a. 102.3  10–5 = (1.023  102)  10–5 = 1.023  10–3
b. 32.03  10–3 = (3.203  101)  10–3 = 3.203  10–2
c. 59933  102 = (5.9933  104)  102 = 5.9933  106
d. 599.33  104 = (5.9933  102)  104 = 5.9933  106
e. 5993.3  103 = (5.9933  103)  103 = 5.9933  106
f. 2054  10–1 = (2.054  103)  10–1 = 2.054  102
g. 32,000,000  10–6 = (3.2  107)  10–6 = 3.2  101
h. 59.933  105 = (5.9933  101)  105 = 5.9933  106

122. a. 1/102 = 1  10–2


b. 1/10–2 = 1  102
5.5  101
c. 55/103 = = 5.5  10–2
1  103

3.1  106
d. (3.1  106)/10–3 = = 3.1  109
1  103
e. (106)1/2 = 1  103
(1  106 )(1  104 )
f. (106)(104)/(102) = = 1  108
(1  102 )

1
g. 1/0.0034 = = 2.9  102
3.4  10-3
3.453
h. 3.453/10–4 = = 3.453  104
1  10-4

123. meter

124.

125. 100 km (See inside cover of textbook.)

20
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

126. 1 L = 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3 = 1000 mL

127. 250. mL

128. 0.105 m

129. 100 km/hr = 62.1 mi/hr; you would not violate the speed limit.

130. They weigh the same.

1g
1 mg ´ = 0.001 g
1000 mg

131. 4.25 g (425 mg = 0.425 g)

132. 51011 nm

109 nm
500 m ´ = 5 ´1011 nm
1m

133. volume

134. v=lhw

0.310 m3 = (0.7120 m)(0.52458 m)  w

w = 0.830 m (The answer is to three significant figures because the final volume of the box is
reported to three significant figures. The other two measurements contain more significant figures
and do not limit the precision of the volume.)

135. a. one
b. one
c. four
d. two
e. infinite (definition)
f. one

136. a. 0.000426
b. 4.02  10–5
c. 5.99  106
d. 400.
e. 0.00600

137. a. 0.7556
b. 293

21
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

c. 17.01
d. 432.97

138. a. 2149.6 (the answer can only be given to the first decimal place, because 149.2 is only
known to the first decimal place)
b. 5.37  103 (the answer can only be given to two decimal places because 4.34 is only
known to two decimal places; moreover, since the power of ten is the same for each
number, the calculation can be performed directly)
c. Before performing the calculation, the numbers have to be converted so that they contain
the same power of ten.
4.03  10–2 – 2.044  10–3 = 4.03  10–2 – 0.2044  10–2 = 3.83  10–2 (the answer can
only be given the second decimal place because 4.03  10–2 is only known to the second
decimal place)
d. Before performing the calculation, the numbers have to be converted so that they contain
the same power of ten.
2.094  105 – 1.073  106 = 2.094  105 – 10.73  105 = –8.64  105

139. a. 5.57  107 (the answer can only be given to three significant figures because 0.0432 and
4.43  108 are only known to three significant figures)
b. 2.38  10–1 (the answer can only be given to three significant figures because 0.00932
and 4.03  102 are only known to three significant figures)
c. 4.72 (the answer can only be given to three significant figures because 2.94 is only
known to three significant figures)
d. 8.08  108 (the answer can only be given to three significant figures because 0.000934 is
only known to three significant figures)

140. a. (2.9932  104)(2.4443  102 + 1.0032  101) =


(2.9932  104)(24.443  101 + 1.0032  101) =
(2.9932  104)(25.446  101) = 7.6166  106
b. (2.34  102 + 2.443  10–1)/(0.0323) =
(2.34  102 + 0.002443  102)/(0.0323) =
(2.34  102)/(0.0323) = 7.24  103
c. (4.38  10–3)2 = 1.92  10–5
d. (5.9938  10–6)1/2 = 2.4482  10–3

1L 1000 cm3
141. ;
1000 cm3 1L

1 year 12 months
142. ;
12 months 1 year

22
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

10 mm
143. a. 8.43 cm  = 84.3 mm
1 cm
1m
b. 2.41  102 cm  = 2.41 m
100 cm
1m 100 cm
c. 294.5 nm  9
 = 2.945  10–5 cm
10 nm 1m
1 km
d. 404.5 m  = 0.4045 km
1000 m
1 km
e. 1.445  104 m  = 14.45 km
1000 m
1 cm
f. 42.2 mm  = 4.22 cm
10 mm
1000 mm
g. 235.3 m  = 2.353  105 mm
1m
1m 106 μm
h. 903.3 nm  9
 = 0.9033 m
10 nm 1m

1 lb 1 kg
144. a. 908 oz   = 25.7 kg
16 oz 2.2046 lb
1 qt 1 gal
b. 12.8 L   = 3.38 gal
0.94633 L 4 qt

1L 1 qt
c. 125 mL   = 0.132 qt
1000 mL 0.94633 L
4 qt 1L 1000 mL
d. 2.89 gal    = 1.09  104 mL
1 gal 1.0567 qt 1L

453.59 g
e. 4.48 lb  = 2.03  103 g
1 lb
1L 1.0567 qt
f. 550 mL   = 0.58 qt
1000 mL 1L

1 km
145. 9.3  107 mi  = 1.5  108 km
0.62137 mi
1000 m 100 cm
1.5  108 km   = 1.5  1013 cm
1 km 1m

1 kg 1 metric ton
146. 5.3´103 lbs ´ ´ = 2.4 metric tons
2.2046 lbs 1000 kg

23
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

147. TK  TC  273
a. 0 + 273 = 273 K
b. 25 + 273 = 298 K
c. 37 + 273 = 310. K
d. 100 + 273 = 373 K
e. –175 + 273 = 98 K
f. 212 + 273 = 485 K

148. a. Celsius temperature = (175 – 32)/1.80 = 79.4C


Kelvin temperature = 79.4 + 273 = 352 K
b. 255 – 273 = –18 C
c. (–45 – 32)/1.80 = –43C
d. 1.80(125) + 32 = 257F

mass
149. density =
volume
234 g
a. d= = 110 g/cm3
2.2 cm3
1000 g
b. m = 2.34 kg  = 2340 g
1 kg
3
 100 cm 
v = 2.2 m  
3
 = 2.2  10 cm
6 3

 1m 
2340 g
d= = 1.1  10–3 g/cm3
2.2  106 cm3
453.59 g
c. m = 1.2 lb  = 544 g
1 lb
3 3
 12 in   2.54 cm 
v = 2.1 ft3      = 5.95  10 cm
4 3

 1 ft   1 in 
544 g
d= = 9.1  10–3 g/cm3
5.95  104 cm3

24
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

2000lb 453.59 g
d. m = 4.3 ton   = 3.90  106 g
1 ton 1 lb
3
 1m 
3
 100 cm 
v = 54.2 yd  
3
   = 4.14  10 cm
7 3

 1.0936 yd   1 m 
3.90  106 g
d= = 9.4  10–2 g/cm3
4.14  107 cm3

0.915 g
150. 85.5 mL  = 78.2 g
1 mL

1 mL
151. 50.0 g  = 38.2 g
1.31 g

453.59 g
152. m = 155 lb  = 7.031  104 g
1 lb
3 3
 12 in   2.54 cm 
v = 4.2 ft3      = 1.189  10 cm
5 3

 1 ft   1 in 
7.031  104 g
d= = 0.59 g/cm3
1.189  105 cm3

153. Volume = 21.6 mL – 12.7 mL = 8.9 mL


33.42 g
d= = 3.8 g/mL
8.9 mL

154. TF  1.80(TC )  32

a. 23 F
b. 32 F
c. –321 F
d. –459 F
e. 187 F
f. –459 F

155. a. 103
b. 109
c. 10–2
d. 10–3

156. a. The Mars Climate Orbiter dipped 100 km lower in the Mars atmosphere than was
planned. Using the conversion factor between miles and kilometers found inside the
cover of this text

25
Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

1 mi
100 km  = 62 mi
1.6093 km
b. The aircraft required 22,300 kg of fuel, but only 22,300 lb of fuel was loaded. Using the
conversion factor between pounds and kilograms found inside the cover of this text, the
amount of fuel required in pounds was
2.2046 lb
22,300 kg  = 49, 163 lb
1 kg
Therefore, (49,163 – 22,300) = 26,863 = 2.69 × 104 lb additional fuel was needed.

157. a. The text mentions oxygen sensors in automobile exhaust systems; detection of nitrogen-
containing compounds in airline baggage; use of sensory hair from crabs to detect low
levels of hormones; use of pineapple extracts to detect hydrogen peroxide
b. We can now detect the presence of impurities or contaminants to much lower levels than
was possible in the past. Although that may seem helpful, we now have to determine
whether these contaminants were always present and are not harmful or if they are
something new that we should be concerned about.

108 g 1 lb 1L 4 qt
158.    = 8  1011 lb/gal
L 453.59 g 1.0567 qt 1 gal

159. Scientific Notation Number of Significant Figures

9.000102 4

3.007103 4

2.345104 4

2.700102 4

4.37105 3

160. Number of Significant Figures Result

2 0.51

3 29.1

3 8.61

3 1.89

4 134.6

3 14.4

5280 ft 1 fathom 1 cable length


161. 4145 mi ´ ´ ´ = 3.648 ´104 cable lengths
1 mi 6 ft 100 fathoms

26
Introductory Chemistry 8th Edition Zumdahl Solutions Manual

Chapter 2: Measurements and Calculations

1.6093 km 1000 m
4145 mi ´ ´ = 6.671´106 m
1 mi 1 km

1 nautical mile
3.648 ´104 cable lengths ´ = 3648 nautical miles
10 cable lengths

1.6093 km 1000 m
162. 1.25 mi ´ ´ = 2011.625 m
1 mi 1 km

60 sec + 59.2 sec = 119.2 sec

2011.625 m
= 16.9 m/s
119.2 s

163. TC = (TF  32)/1.80

TC = (69.1 – 32)/1.80 = 20.6ºC

164. TC = (TF  32)/1.80

TC = (134 – 32)/1.80 = 56.7ºC

Since the temperature is higher than the melting point (44ºC), phosphorus would be a liquid.

165. 1.84 cm  3.61 cm  2.10 cm = 13.9 cm3

22.57 g
13.9 cm 3 ´ = 315 g
cm 3

1m 100 cm
166. 69 pm ´ 12
´ = 6.9 ´ 10-9 cm
10 pm 1 m

V = 43 p (6.9 ´10-9 cm)3 = 1.4 ´10-24 cm3

mass 3.35 ´ 10-23 g


d= = -24
= 24 g/cm 3
volume 1.4 ´ 10 cm 3

27

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