Lesson 7 Species Extinction

species
extinction
learning competency
Relate species extinction to the failure of
populations of organisms to adapt to abrupt
changes in the environment. (S9LT-Ie-f-30)
lesson objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students should be
able to:
Differentiate between local extinction and

functional extinction.
Identify the five major causes of extinction.
Identify conservaton strategies to support
endangered support endangered species.
species extinction
A species becomes extinct when the last
existing individual of that species dies.
There are no more surviving organisms that
could reproduce a new generation of
offspring.
local extinction/
extirpation
A species may be extinct in a particular
area but contnues to exixt elsewhere. Local
extinction may addressed by the
reintroduction of the species from other
areas or locations. Species that are not
extinct are called extant species.
extant species
Extant species that are
threathened by
extinction or near
extinction are referred to
as threathened or Tamaraw
endangered species. Tamaraw Bubalus mindorensis
only 500 left on Mindoro
funcionally
extinct species
are those preserved and
only maintained in zoos
and other artificial
habitats because they are
no longer found in the South China Tiger
Panthera tigris amoyensis
wild. not been in the wild for 25 years
endemic
are those species of
plants or animals which
are found exclusively in a
particular area.
Philippine Eagle
Phithecophaga jefferyi
endemic to Philipine forests
how do abrupt
environmental changes
contribute to the failure
of species to adapt,
leading to extinction?
adaptation
Adaptation is the process by which species
develop trats over many generations to survive in
their environment.
Example: The thick fur of Arctic
foxes helps them survive in
cold climates.
causes of extinction
Natural cause
Climate Change
Asteroids and Cosmic Radiation
Acid Rain
Diseases and Epidemics
causes of extinction
Anthropogenic cause (resulting from
human activities)
Habitat Destruction
ion
Pollution
Overexploitation
Introduction of Invasive Alien Species
Climate change
Climate refers to the characteristic atmospheric
conditions of a given place. These conditions
include patterns of temperature, precipitation,
humidity, wind, and seasons. Climate change
refers to change in weather patterns that lasts
over a long period. Climate change plays a
fundamental role in shaping natural
ecosystems.
Climate change
The fate of many species will likely depend on
their ability to migrate from increasingly less
favorable climatic conditions to new
environments that suit their physical and
biological needs.
Asteroids &
cosmic radiation
One theory that explains the extinction of dinosaurs
holds that some of the asteroids that hit the Earth killed
many organisms upon impact. Another theory holds
that the exposure of species to the radiation emitted
from outer space and the Sun- caused the genes in
organisms to mutate. Mutation resulted in the
weakening of the gene pool of succeeding generations.
acid rain
Acid rain results from the chemical reactions of
sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide with water
molecules in the atmosphere.
Acid rain acidifies bodies of water and thus harm
aquatic organisms. It also damages plants that
are sensitive to changes in the acidity of the soil.
diseases & epidemics
With the continuing changes in climate

conditions, many species of plants and
animals are losing their ability to adapt and
fight off diseases and epidemics. As a
consequence, they become more susceptible
to extinction.
habitat destruction
A major cause of extinction is habitat
destruction. This happens in part because of
agriculture, logging, mining, grazing,
development of infrastructure, and illegal
fishing practices. Breaking of larger habitats into
smaller pieces or fragments is called habitat
fragmentation.
For example, clearing forests to build roads
and houses decreases the space available
for animals. This harms large mammals
that need large areas to meet their basic
needs. Vital resources and food are
depleted during habitat destruction leading
to species extinction.
pollution
Pollution refers to the introduction of potentially
harmful substances or suspended particles into
the environment. These substances cause
harm not only to individual organisms but also
to the stability of ecosystems. Both pollution and
habitat destruction are major contributing
factors in the extinction of species.
Overrxploitation
Humans have been using Earth's resources to
enrich their lives to a point that these resources
are being overexploited. Overexploitation causes
the supply of food and other resources to be
exhausted. For example, overfishing in an aquatic
biome or overgrazing in a terrestrial ecosystem
may cause the local extinction of plants and
animals.
introduction of
invasive alien species
Foreign species can cause adverse ecological
impacts on a new habitat. The introduced
species can be predators of certain native
species. For example, in the 1970s, fish pond
owners in Buhi, Camarines Sur started culturing
the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to increase
food production.
Unfortunately, some of the captive tilapia
escaped into Lake Buhi when typhoons caused
the fishponds to overflow. In this new habitat, the
Nile tilapia preyed on the eggs and fry of the
native fish sinarapan (Mistichthys luzonensis) -
considered as the world's smallest food fish. The
result is the eventual decline of the population of
this native fish. Fishing of sinarapan from Lake
Buhi is now banned.
How does the failure to
adapt of affect the
species survival and
reproductive rates?
Rapid changes in the environment don’t give
species enough time to develop necessary
adaptations through natural selection
Example: The Tasmanian tiger
couldn’t adapt quickl enough
to habitat destrcution and
hunting, leading to its
extinction in the early 20th
century.
How does coral bleaching impact marine
biodiversity?
Coral reefs are highly
sensitive to temperature healthy coral
changes. Increased in
ocean temperatures cause
coral bleaching, where
corals expel algae liing in
their tissues, leading to their
death. coral bleaching
How does the loss of Arctic ice directly affect
polar bear populations?
Polar bears rely on the Arctic

ice to hunt seals. As the
Arctic ice melts due to
global warming, polar bears
struggle to find food.
what are some actions we
can take to help protect
endangered species in our
local area?
establishing protected areas
Creating national
parks, wildlife reserves,
and marine protected
areas to safeguard
habitats from human
activities.
implementing conservation laws
Enforcing regulations
and international
agreements to prevent
illegal hunting, fishing,
and trade of
endangered species.
habitat restoration
Restoring degraded
ecosystems to improve
conditions for speies
that have lost their
natural habitats.
reducing human impact
Mitigating activities
such as deforestation
pollution, and climate
change to reduce their
negative effects on
species.
educating the public
Raising awareness
about the importance
of conservation and
encouraging people to
support and
participate in
conservation efforts.
scientific research
Conducting research
to better understand
species’ needs, threats,
and effective
coservation strategies.
what can you do as a
student to help protect
endangered species?
let’s practice
Identify the sentences with the type of reason for
extinction whether NATURALLY or HUMAN INTERACTION.
1. Pollution from factories causes species to die out.

2. Climate change and the lower temperature of the
earth.
3. New predators move to the area.
4. Over-hunting by ocean fisherman results in
endangered fish.
5. Food is no longer available for an animal.
references
Legaspi, G., Magleo, L., Bernas, V., & Sta. Ana, S., -
Adventures in Integrated Science 9 (pg. 57-63)
prepared by:
Ms. Rieza Shayne F. Gamol
Subejct Teacher

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species

Differentiate between local extinction and

With the continuing changes in climate

Polar bears rely on the Arctic

1. Pollution from factories causes species to die out.

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