The picture illustrates how bricks are produced.

Overall, the procedure of producing bricks is comprised of ten

stages which are rather simple.
The process begins when clay is dug out through the use of a digger, which is followed by clay passing through
a metal grid. Fine clay is then carried by a roller after which sand and water are added to it. In the next stage,
either this mixture is pressed through a frame and cut into bricks using a wire cutter, or it is put into moulds
and formed into bricks. Following that, the bricks are dried in a drying oven for one to two days. The next
three stages involve two kilns connected to a cooling chamber. The dried bricks are first heated from 200 to
980 degrees centigrade, before being exposed to high temperature (870 to 1300 degrees). They are then
cooled within 48 to 72 hours. Eventually, they are packed and delivered to customers by trucks.
(161 words)

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You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The diagram below shows the process by which bricks are manufactured for the building industry.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant.

Brick Manufacturing

The picture illustrates the procedure for producing construction bricks from clay, sand and water
through ten rather simple stages.
It commences when raw clay is dug using a digger machine following which it is sifted through a metal grid
into finer fragments which then fall onto a conveyor belt. In the next stage, water and sand are added and the
resulting mixture is either pushed through a frame and cut into simple bricks, or is moulded into specially-
formed bricks.
These are then placed in a special oven for one or two days in order to minimise their moisture content. The
following three stages involve the use of a couple of kilns and a cooling chamber: bricks are first heated
moderately in the first kiln to reach a temperature of between 200 and 980 degrees centigrade before being
subjected to higher temperatures (870 to 1300 degrees) in the second one. Next, they are allowed to cool
down for two to three days in the cooling chamber. The process ends with the bricks being packed on pallets
and delivered to end users on trucks.

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You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The diagram gives information about the process for making pulp and paper.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant.

The diagram shows the process through which wood is used to manufacture pulp and paper for printing and
box production purposes. Overall, it is rather sophisticated and is comprised of more than ten stages.
The process begins when trees are cut down to produce logs, after which they are chipped and combined with
purchased wood chips in a digester. The resulting pulp is then washed and screened to make clean pulp.
This pulp can then be used to produce rough paper for making boxes. After forming the pulp in a former
device, it is dried and formed into a reel. Next, it is cut into paper bales which are finally packed.
Alternatively, the clean pulp may be used to make refined paper for printing purposes. Once it is cleaned in
pulp cleaners, it is dried and pressed, first in pulp presses and then in paper presses. Ultimately, it goes
through another drying stage in paper dryers before being rolled.
(159 words)

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You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The diagram below shows how geothermal energy is used to produce electricity.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant

The diagram shows that there are five main stages in the production of electricity through the use of
geothermal energy.
The process begins with cold water being pumped from the surface of the earth down into a 4.5 kilometer-
deep injection well. From there, it is transferred to the geothermal zone, a subterranean region composed of
hot rocks, before reaching the production well, which is a vertical pipe similar to the injection well but a bit
wider.
In the stage that follows, the hot water is pumped up through the production well into a condenser on the
surface where it is converted into steam, following which it is used to power a turbine and rotate it. This
turbine is connected to an electricity generator which, when rotated by the turbine, produces electricity. The
process ends when the electricity generated by the generator is transferred to the power grid for consumption
by end users.
(152 words)

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Maps
This section addresses development map diagrams.

Describing Position and Location:

… lies/is situated/is located/is sited + to the right of/to the north of/around/below/inside/near …
north, south, east, west, northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest
at the top/bottom
on the right/left side
in the top/bottom right/left hand corner
10 miles from
10 miles to the right of
10 miles north of
in the middle / at the centre
along / off
across [from]
opposite
close to / near / in the vicinity of
adjacent to / next to / beside
… is surrounded by…
… is covered with …
… is connected to … via/through/by means of …

Examples: A post office lies 200 miles east of the river.

A new restaurant has been built to the right of the church.
The new post office is located across from the cemetery.
The residential areas are connected to the city centre via a number of access
roads.
The city was surrounded by farmland.

Useful Vocabulary for Describing Maps:

Residential/housing area: an area that has lots of houses and some schools.
Industrial area: an area that has lots of factories
Commercial area: an area that has lots of stores
Hospital: a health facility where patients receive treatment
Zoo: a place where people can go and see many kinds of animals
Post office: a place where you can send mail (letters and packages)
Fire station: a station housing fire apparatus and firemen
Airport: an airfield equipped with control tower and hangers as well as accommodations for
passengers and cargo
Park: a recreational area where people can play football and have picnics
Skyscraper: a very tall building
Warehouse: a building where things are kept until they are sold.

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Parking lot: an area where people can park cars
Museum: a place that displays things of scientific or historical or artistic value
Supermarket: a large store that sells mostly food but sometimes other items such as clothes and
furniture.
Factory: an industrial plant, a production facility,
Woodland: an area with lots of trees
River: a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)
Street: the place where cars drive
Intersection/Junction: the point where several streets meet.
Facilities: recreation/recreational facilities, entertainment facilities, transport Facilities, medical
facilities, educational/academic facilities
Remove: remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, taking off, etc.
Develop: to make
Change: modify
Construct: to build
Relocate: to move a structure or facility to a different location
Demolish: to destroy a building or other structure completely
Replace: to take the place of or substitute for somebody or something
Expand: to become or make something become larger
Convert: turn into something else

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You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
Chorleywood is a village near London whose population has increased steadily since the middle of the
nineteenth century. The map below shows the development of the village.

The map shows how a village called Chorleywood developed over a period of 126 years. Overall, it saw
considerable growth, both in the establishment of new residential areas and transportation routes, which
occurred over four phases.
From 1868 to 1883 there were only two main roads in the region with Chorleywood covering a small area
along one of them. Over the next 40 years, the village grew southward alongside the road and a railway was
built in 1909 passing through this part. Chorleywood station is also located in this area of the village.
Over the period between 1922 and 1970, the railway was the line along which Chorleywood expanded, both
towards the east and west. However, a motorway was constructed in 1970 parallel to one of the main roads
and further development of the village occurred around its intersections with the other main road and the
railway between 1970 and 1994. Furthermore, Chorleywood Park and Golf course is now located in an area
enclosed by the two main roads, the railway and this motorway.

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You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The diagrams below show the site of a school in 2004 and the plan for changes to the school site in 2024.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant.

The maps illustrate how a school site is planned to be developed over a 20-year period. Overall, there will be
extensive developments with regards to construction of buildings, facilities and roads in the school site, and
the number of students will also increase significantly.
In 2004, there was only one car park to the west of the site where the main entrance to the school was
located. There were also two school buildings, accommodating 600 students altogether, separated by a path
running from the main entrance to the sports field in the east. The school was surrounded by woodland in the
north, south and east.
There are plans to increase the number of students served by the school by 400 in 2024. As a result, a new
school building will replace the old sports field, and the two original buildings are going to be joined together.
The old path will then connect these to the new building number 3, no longer running to the main entrance.
Furthermore, a part of the woodland in the east is planned to be deforested and replaced by a new car park as
well as a new, smaller sports field. Finally, a new road will be paved passing south of the school building, which
will connect the two car parks.
(216 words)

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The diagrams below show the changes that have taken place at West Park Secondary School since its
construction in 1950.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant.

The diagrams illustrate how West Park Secondary School has developed since 1950 when it was built. Overall,
the school saw significant growth although its recreational facilities did not develop as much as its buildings
and parking space.
In 1950, the school was a single building located along the main road and to the right of a series of houses.
There was a large playground which was located right behind the school building to the right of some
farmland.
Thirty years later in 1980, the houses were demolished and replaced by a car park, as well as a new science
block, for the school while the old school building was changed into its main building. The farmland was also
replaced by a new sports field, but the playground remained unchanged.
In the last year, 2010, the car park was extended, as a result of which the land previously allocated to the
sports field was added to it. However, about a third of the old playground was turned into a new, yet much
smaller, sports field.
(174 words)

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The two maps below show an island, before and after the construction of some tourist facilities.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant.

The maps illustrate how an island has changed following the development of various facilities for visitors.
Overall, there have been significant constructions in the island in terms of accommodation and facilities for
tourists. It is noteworthy that these developments have occurred without any noticeable damage to the trees.
The length of the island is over 1200 metres while its width varies from about 200 to 500 metres in different
places. The only significant features before the constructions were a beach in the west and a few palm trees in
the eastern and western halves, apart from which the island was completely bare.
The beach has now been equipped with swimming facilities, and the western woodland is surrounded by a
series of huts which are connected to each other and to the beach via footpaths. There is also a restaurant in
the northern part which is connected to a reception building in the middle of the island, as well as a new pier
to the south, by means of a vehicle track. Finally, a larger set of huts have been constructed between the
reception and the eastern woodland.

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