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ARTICULATIONS
Study Guide

Articulations
(Joints)
■ Where two or more _________ meet
– Or where bone and ________ meet
– Or where bone and ______ meet

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Structural Classification of Joints

■ Based on:
1. Presence of absence of ____________ cavity
2. The type of connective tissue binding the bones together
■ Three types of joints:
1. ____________ joints: held together by dense connective tissue
– No synovial cavity
2. ______________ joints: held by cartilage
– No synovial cavity
3. ______________: held by dense connective tissue of an articular capsule
– Has a synovial cavity

Functional Classification of Joints

■ Based on degree of movement they permit

■ Three types:
1. _____________: immovable
2. Amphiarthroses: slightly moveable
3. _____________: freely movable

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Fibrous Joints:
Sutures, Syndesmoses, Gomphoses

■ No synovial cavity
■ Held together by dense connective tissue
■ Sutures:
– Made of thin dense connective tissue
– Synarthroses (are _____________)
■ Only found in skull
■ Synostoses:
– Present during ______________
– Replaced by osseous tissue in
adulthood

Fibrous Joints:
Sutures, Syndesmoses,
Gomphoses
■ Syndesmoses:
– Dense connective tissue of a
ligament unite the bones
– Permits _________ movement
■ Gomphoses:
– Peg-in-a-socket joint
– Composed of a bone held in its bony
socket by a periodontal ligament
– ____________are the only example
in the human body

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Fibrous Joints:
Interosseous Membrane
■ Slightly moveable joints found between the
radius and the ulna in the forearm
■ Also found between ________and ________
in lower leg

Cartilaginous Joints:
Synchondroses and
Symphysis
■ Lack ______________ cavity
■ Held together by cartilage
■ Synchondrosis:
– Composed of hyaline cartilage
– Synarthrosis (____________)
■ Symphysis:
– Fibrocartilage connecting bones at
articular cartilage surfaces
– Amphiarthrosis (_________ moveable)

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Synovial Joints
■ Have a ______________cavity
– Function as a diarthroses
(_______moveable)
– Bones are covered by articular cartilage on
articular surfaces
– Reduce friction, absorb shock
■ Synovial cavity:
– Enclosed by articular capsule made of
fibrous membrane (functions like a sleeve)
– ______________ the joint
■ Has an inner synovial membrane
– Secretes viscous, clear _______ _______
that forms a film over the articular capsule
surfaces
– Reduces friction, absorbs shock, supplies
oxygen and nutrients, removes wastes

Accessory Ligaments and Bursae

■ Accessory ligaments:
– Often found at _____________joints
– Inside and outside articular capsule
■ Articular menisci:
– Pads of fibrocartilage
– Lie ____________ articular surfaces of bones
– Stabilize joint and direct flow of synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction
– Found in areas of high ___________, such as the knee
■ Bursae:
– Sacs lined with a synovial membrane and filled with ___________ _____________
– Cushion adjacent body points at joints and alleviate friction

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Synovial Joint Movement

■ Four categories:
1. Gliding:
2. ____________ movements
3. Rotation
4. ____________ movements

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Synovial Joint Movement:

Gliding
■ Occurs at plane joints where flat bone surfaces
move back and forth and side to side
■ No ____________ of the angles between the
bones

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Synovial Joint Movements:

Angular Movement
■ Angle between articulating bones
____________ or _____________ during
movement
■ Angular movement:
– Flexion
– Extension
– Lateral flexion
– Hyperextension
– Abduction
– Adduction
– Circumduction

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Angular Movement:
Flexion and Extension
■ _______________
– Increase in the angle between articulating
bones
■ _______________
– Increase in the angle between articulating
bones
■ ________________
– Body parts at a joint extent beyond their
anatomical position
■ _____________
– Occurs laterally along the frontal plane

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Angular Movement:
Abduction and Adduction

■ _______________
– Movement of a bone away from the
midline
■ _______________
– Movement of a bone toward the
midline

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Angular Movement:
Circumduction and Rotation
■ _______________
– Circular movement of the distal end of the body
part
– Combination of a sequence of movements:
flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction
■ _______________
– Bone revolving around its own axis
– Medial rotation: limb rotates toward the midline
– Lateral rotation: limb rotates away from the
midline

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Special Movements:
■ Occur only at certain joints
■ Include:
– Elevation
– Depression
– Protraction
– Retraction
– Inversion
– Eversion
– Dorsiflexion
– Plantar flexion
– Supination
– Pronation
– Opposition

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Special Movements:

■ __________: upward movement

■ __________: downward movement
■ __________: anterior movement in the transverse
plane
■ __________: movement of protracted body part
back into anatomical position
■ __________: moving soles of the feet medially
■ __________: moving soles laterally

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■ ______________: bending of the foot

at the ankle in the direction of its
Special Movements:
superior surface
■ _______________: bending of the
foot at the ankle in the direction of
its interior surface
■ _____________: movement of the
forearm resulting in the palm facing
anteriorly
■ ____________: movement of the
forearm resulting in the palm facing
posteriorly
■ _____________: movement of the
thumb at the carpometacarpal joint
across the palm to touch fingertips

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Types of
Synovial Joints:

■ Plane joint
■ Hinge joint
■ Pivot joint
■ Condyloid joint
■ Saddle joint
■ Ball-and-socket joint

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Types of
Synovial Joints:
Plane
■ Articulating surfaces are _________
■ Bones glide back and forth and side to
side
■ May also permit rotation

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Types of
Synovial Joints:
Hinge

■ Convex surface of one bone fits into the

concave surface of another
■ Motion is angular around one __________

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Types of
Synovial Joints:
Pivot

■ Round or pointed surface of one

bone fits into a ring formed by
another bone and a ligament
■ ____________ movement

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Types of
Synovial Joints:
Condyloid
■ Oval projection of one bone fits into an
oval cavity of another
■ Motion is angular around 2 __________
■ Ex: Wrist joint

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Types of
Synovial Joints:
Saddle
■ Articular surface of one bone is shaped
like a saddle
■ The other bone fits into the the saddle
like a ____________

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Types of
Synovial Joints:
Ball-and-socket

■ The ball-shaped surface of one bone

fits into a cuplike depression of another
■ Motion is around 3 ___________

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Major Joints in the Body

■ Shoulder joint
■ Elbow joint
■ Hip joint
■ Knee joint

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Shoulder Joint

■ Formed by the head of the humerus

and glenoid cavity of scapula
– Reinforced by ligaments
– __________ reduce friction
– ______________ muscles and
their tendons provide joint
stability
■ Joint allow: flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction, medial rotation,
lateral rotation, and circumduction

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Elbow Joint

■ Hinge joint
– Formed by trochlea of _________,
trochlear notch of _________, head
of ___________
– Stabilized by ligaments
■ Joint allows: flexion and extension of
forearm

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Hip Joint

■ Ball-and-socket joint
– Formed by the head of the femur
and acetabulum of hip bone
■ ______________ is strong
– Reinforced by several strong
ligaments
■ Acetabulum is a deep ____________ for
articulation with femur
■ Permits: rotational and angular
movement
– Does not have as wide a range of
motion as the shoulder joint due to
having stronger ligaments

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Knee Joint

■ _________, most ________ joint

■ Articular capsule is ________
and incomplete
■ Strengthened considerably by
___________ of anterior thigh
muscles and ligaments
■ Tibial and fibular collateral
ligaments aid in joint stability

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