Appendix

A.L Matrix Inversion

This brief section is included only to help you understand Eq. (1.8.5) in the
main text and is by no means comprehensive.
Consider the inversion of a 3 x 3 matrix

(A.l.l)

The elements of Af have been named in this way rather than as lvfu, for in the
following discussion we will treat the rows as components of the vectors A, B, and
C, i.e., in the notation of vector analysis (which we will follow in this section).

Consider next a triplet of vectors

AR=BxC
BR=CX A (A.l.2)
CR=A X B 655
656 which are said to be reciprocal to A, B, and C. In general,
APPENDIX
and cyclic permutations (A.l.3)

If we construct now a matrix M (called the cofactor transpose of M) whose columns

are the reciprocal vectors,

(bR)l
(bRh
(bRh

then

(A.l.4)

Now all three diagonal elements are equal:

A·AR=A·(B X C) =B·(C X A)=B·BR=C·(A X B)=C·CR

= detM (A.l.S)

where the last equality follows from the fact that the cross product may be written
as a determinant:

(A.l.6)

(We shall follow the convention of using two vertical lines to denote a determinant.)
Hence the inverse of the matrix M is given by

fv!_
lvr' __ (A.l.7)
det i\1

When does det l.J vanish? If one of the vectors, say C, is a linear combination
of the other two; for if

C=aA+/1:8

then

A·(B x C) =A·(B x aA) + A·(B x j3B)=B·(aA x A)=O

Thus the determinant vanishes if the rows of the matrix are not linearly independent 657
(LI) and vice versa. If the matrix is used to represent three simultaneous equations, APPENDIX
it means not all three equations are independent. The method can be generalized for
inverting n x n matrices, with real or complex elements. One defines a cross product
of n- 1 vectors as

(A.1.8)

The resulting vector is orthogonal to the ones in the product, changes sign when we
interchange any two of the adjacent ones, and so on, just like its three-dimensional
counterpart. If we have a matrix M, whose n rows may be identified with n vectors,
At, A2 , ••• , An, then the cofactor transpose has as its columns the reciprocal vectors
AtR, ... , AnR, where

(A.l.9)

One tricky point: the cross product is defined to be orthogonal to the vectors
in the product with respect to an inner product

and not

A·B="
L... A*B I I

even when the components of A are complex. There is no contradiction here, for
the vectors At, ... , An are fictitious objects that enter a mnemonic and not the
elements of the space '~.r( C) on which the operator acts.

Exercise A.l.l. Using the method described above, show that

~]-! =[ ~ =~
1 -1 3 -2
!]
and

[~0 -1
~]-!=_!_[-:
2 12
-~
4 -2
-821]
658 Theorem A.l.l. If fll V) = 10) implies IV)= 10) then g-t exists.
APPENDIX
Proof Let I Vt), ... , IVn) be aLI basis in ·~r. Then another LI basis is gener-
ated by the action of n, i.e., fll Vt ), ... , fll Vn) is also a LI basis. To see this, let us
assume the contrary, that there exists a relation of the form

with not all a;=O. Upon pulling out n, because it is linear, we get

which, when combined with the assumed property of n, implies that

with not all a;= 0, which is not true. So we can conclude that every vector IV') in
~;n may be written as a unique linear combination in the new basis generated by n
as

IV')=l: a;fll V;)

In terms of IV)= 2: a;l V;), we see that every IV') in ' 1.-,;n may be written as

I V')=fll V)

where IV) is unique. In other words, we can think of every IV') in 'l,;n as arising
from a unique source I V) in ~;n under the action of n. Define an operator A whose
action on any vector IV') in ~;n is to take it back to its unique source IV). (If the
source of IV') were not unique-say, because there are two vectors I Vt) and I V2 )
that are mapped into IV') by n-then we could not define A, for acting on IV'), it
would not know whether to give I Vt) or I V2 ).) The action of A is then

AI V') =IV), where IV')= fll V)

We may identify A as the inverse of n,

A=n- 1 or An=/

since for any IV') in V'

AI V') = Afll V) =I V) Q.E.D.

A.2. Gaussian Integrals 659
We discuss here all the Gaussian integrals that we will need. Consider APPENDIX

(
lo a)= f e-ax dx,
2
a>O (A.2.1)
-x

This integral cannot be evaluated by conventional methods. The trick is to consider

I6(a)= foo e-ax'dx foc e·-ay'dy= fx' IX e-a(x'+y')dxdy

- u:::: -en ---- cc ~ ---· c:;c

Switching to polar coordinates in the xy plane,

l~(a)=f·.-c 1 2
" eap'pdpd¢
o Jo
= rr/a

Therefore

lo( a)= (rr I a ) 112 (A.2.2)

By differentiating with respect to a we can get all the integrals of the form

l2n(a) = f.x 2" dx

-ey~

For example,

dx

(A.2.3)

The integrals l2n+l(a) vanish because these are integrals of odd functions over an
even interval -oo to +oo. Equations (A.2.2) and (A.2.3) are valid even if a is purely
imaginary.
Consider next

fo(a, /3) = f'

--- oc.
e-ax'+fJx dx (A.2.4)
660 By completing the square on the exponent, we get
APPENDIX

J
,.. --:~_ , '-I

lo(a, /3) = 4a e -
a(Y ··{3 · 'a)'
- c.x · (TC)
j = e f3'•4a ---- (A.2.5)
----:r \a/

These results are valid even if a and f3 arc complex, provided Re a> 0. Finally. by
applying to both sides of the equation

Jo r x
e
··m d
r=
I
a

the operator (-d/da)". we obtain

Consider this integral with a = 1 and n replaced by z- 1, where z is an arbitrary

complex number. This defines the gamma function l(z)

f'(z)= I, r · e'
0
1 dr

For real, positive and integral ::,

l(z) = (::: ---- 1)!

A.3. Complex Numbers

A complex variable z can be written in terms of two real variables x andy, and
i=(-1) 12 , as

z=x+(v (A.3.l)

Its complex conjugate z* is defined to be

:::* =x ----(v (A.3.2)

One may invert these two equations to express the real and imaginary parts, x and
y, as

x= ~(z+ z*), _y=(z-z*)/2i (A.3.3)

The modulus squared of z, defined to be zz*, equals 661
APPENDIX
zz* = izl 2 = (x+ iy)(x- iy) = x 2 + l (A.3.4)

You may verify that z = z' implies that x = x' and y = y' by considering the modulus
of z-z'.
From the power-series expansions

sin x=x- x 3 /3! + x 5 /5!- · · ·

cos x= 1- x 2 /2! + x 4 /4!- · · ·

one can deduce that

eix = cos x + i sin x (A.3.5)

It is clear that
eix has unit modulus (x is real).

The expression z = x + iy gives z in Cartesian form. The polar form is

z=x+iy=(x2+l)1!2l· , x 2
(x··+y)~-
112·-1--i~~.
(x+y)
{nJ
1"

= p(cos 0 + i sin 0)
=pew

where

(A.3.6)

Clearly

lzl =p (A.3. 7)

Each complex number z = x+ iy may be visualized as a point (x, y) in the x-y plane.
This plane is also called the complex z plane.

A.4. The is Prescription

We will now derive and interpret the formula

l 1
--=?f'-±in8(x) (A.4.1)
x"fic: x
662 where s-->0 is a positive infinitesimally small quantity. Consider an integral of the
APPENDIX form

/=lim fx.f(x) ~x. (A.4.2)

··~o
-oc x-ts

Viewing this as the integral on the real axis of the complex z = x + iy plane, we see
that the integrand has an explicit pole at z = is in addition to any singularities f
might have. We assume/has no singularities on or infinitesimally close to the real
axis. As long as s is fixed, there is no problem with the integral. For example, iff
has some poles in the upper half-plane and vanishes fast enough to permit our closing
the contour in the upper half-plane, the integral equals 2;ri times the sum of the
residues of the poles off and the pole at z =is. Likewise, if we change the sign of
the s term, we simply drop the contribution from the explicit pole, which is now in
the lower half-plane.
What if S-->0? Now the pole is going to ram (from above) into our contour which
runs along the x-axis. So we prepare for this as follows. Since the only singularity near
the real axis is the explicit pole as z =is, we make the following deformation of the
contour without changing the value of I: the contour runs along the real axis from
-oo to -s', (s' is another positive infinitesimal) goes around counterclockwise, below
the origin in a semicircle of radius s', and resumes along the real axis from x = s' to
oo. The nice thing is that we can now set e = 0, which brings the pole to the origin.
The three parts of the integration contour contribute as follows:

I= lim [f -•j(x) dx +I y_ j(x) dx + i;rf(O)J

s·-o -x X 8• X

=f/J f.x f(x) dx +i;rf(O). (A.4.3)

-x X

The sum of the two integrals in the limit s' -->0 is defined as the principal value integral
denoted by the symbol f/J. In the last term, which is restricted to the infinitesimal
neighbourhood of the origin, we have set the argument of the smooth function f to
zero and done the integral of dzjz counterclockwise around the semicircle to get i;r.
Eq. (A.4.1) is a compact way to say all this. It is understood that Eq. (A.4.1)
is to be used inside an integral only and that inside an integral the factor lj(x-is)
leads to two terms: the first, f!J(ljx), leads to the principal value integral, and the
second, i;ro(x), leads to i;rf(O).
It is clear that if we reverse the sign of the s term, we change the sign of the delta
function since the semicircle now goes around the pole in the clockwise direction. The
principal part is not sensitive to this change of direction and is unaffected.
It is clear that if we replace x by x- a the pole moves from the origin to x =a
andf(O) gets replaced by f(a) so that we may write
1
f/J--±i;ro(x-a) (A.4.4)
(x-a)'fie (x-a)

It is clear that the limits on x need not be ±oo for the formula to work.
 Finally, note that according to Eq. (A.4.4) the difference between the integrals 663
with two signs of s is just 2Jrif(a). This too agrees with the present analysis in APPENDIX
terms of the integral I in Eq. (A.4.2) since in the difference of the two integrals the
contribution along the real axis cancels due to opposite directions of travel except
for the part near the pole where the difference of the two semicircles (one going
above and going below the pole) is a circle around the pole.
Answers to Selected Exercises

Chapter 1

1.8.1. (l) tw~,>~[H

(2) No, no.

1.8.2. (1) Yes

(2) tw~o>~[H Iw = 2 . [~],

1>-+-h Iw =··-I)-+-~[-~
i''"
1·
1 1

1.8.10. w=0,0,2;}c=2,3,-l.

Chapter 4

4.2.1. (I) I, 0, -1

(2) (Lx)=O,(L~)=1/2,t1Lx=lj2 112

1/2 ]
(3) !Lx= 1)--> [ 1/2 112 ,

1/2

l/2 ]
ILx=-1)-+ [ -1/2 112
1/2 665
666 (4) P(Lx=l)=J/4, P(Lx= 0) = 1 P(Lx=-1)= 1/4
ANSWERS TO
SELECTED
EXERCISES
(5) Ill')
(l/4+ l/2)
[
1
/~ ] =projection of I !Jf) on the
1/21/2 __
L; = 1 eigen-

space. P(L;=l)=3/4. If L= is measured P(Lz=l)=l/3, P(Lz=-1)=

2/3. Yes, the state changes.
(6) No. To see this right away note that if 8 1 =8 2 =8 3 =0, llJ!)= I!Lx=1)
and if 81 = 83 = 0 and 82 = n. I!Jf) = !L, = -1 ). [See answer to part (3).]
The vectors IV') and ewl !Jf) are physically equivalent only in the sense
that they generate the same probability distribution for any observable.
This does not mean that when the vector Ill') appears as a part of a
linear combination it can be multiplied by an arbitrary phase factor. In
our example one can only say, for instance, that

is physically equivalent to I!Jf). Although ltv)' has different coefficients

from I !Jf) in the linear expansion, it has the same "direction" as I !Jf). In
summary, then, the relative phases 8 2 -8 1 and 8 3 -8 1 are physically
relevant but the overall phase is not, as you will have seen in the calcula-
tion of P(L, = 0).

Chapter 5

5.4.2. (a) e + m a V~); T= 1- R

R = (ma 11;)) 2 /(1i 4 2 2

(b) T= ( cosh 2 2Ka + a 2 sinh 2 2Ka) ---I where iK is the complex wave number
for !xi sa and a={V0 ----2E)/[4E(V0 --- E)f 12 .

Chapter 7

7.4.2. 0, 0, (n+l/2)n/mw, (n+l/2)mwn, (n+l/2)n. Note that the rec1pe

mw-->(mw) 1 is at work here.

7.4.5. (1) (l/21/2)(IO) e-1''";2+ ll) e-3rwti2)

(2) (X(t)) = (n/2mw) 112 cos wt, (P(I)) = -(mwft/2) 112 sin wt
(3) (X(t)) = (in)- 1([X, H]) = (P(t)) /m, (P(t)) = -mw 2 (X(t) ). By elimin-
ating (P) we can get an equation for (X(t)) and vice versa and solve it
using the initial values (X(O)) and (P(O) ), e.g., (X(t)) =
(X(O)) cos wt+ [(P(O))/mw] sin wt.
Chapter 10 667
ANSWERS TO
10.3.2. r 112 [1334) + 1343) + 1433)] SELECTED
EXERCISES

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

13.3.1. Roughly 200 MeV.

13.3.2. Roughly 1 A.

Chapter 14

14.3.5. (a+ 8)
M= - 2 - (!3 +2 -r) CTx+l·(/3-
I+ - -s- r) CTy+ (a-
- 8)
2 - CT=

14.3.7. (1) 2 114 (cos n/8+i(sin n/8)ax).

(2) 2/31-1/3CTx.
(3) CTx

14.4.4. Roughly 2 X 10-9 second.

14.4.6. (eli/2mc) tanh(eliB/2mckT)k

14.5.2. (1) Roughly one part in a million.

(2) 10 10 G.

14.5.3. 1/2, 1/4, 0.

14.5.4. ( 1 +c2os 0) 2

Chapter 15

15.2.2. (1) (11, 1/2(-1/2)13/21/2)=(1/3) 112

<I 0, 1/21/213/21/2)={2/3) 112
(11, 1/2(-1/2)11/21/2)={2/3) 1/ 2
(1 0, 1/2 1/211/2 1/2) = -{1/3) 1/ 2
668 (2) IJm> = 12, 1>= T 112 lm, = 1, lnz = 0) + T 112 lm, = 0, mz = 1>
ANSWERS TO 12, 0) = 6- 112 11, -1) + ( ~) 112 10, 0) + <k) 112l-l, 1>
SELECTED 11, l)=T 112Il,O)-T 112 10, 1)
EXERCISES 11, 0)=2 112 11, -1)-2 112 1-1, 1)
10, o> = r' 1211, -1 >- - r' 12 IO, o> + T 112 l-1, 1>
The others are either zero, obvious, or follow from Eq. ( 15.2.11 ).

l- (2L·S )/Fi 2
15.2.6. [p- = -------
21+ 1

Chapter 16

16.1.2. E(a0 ) = IOE0 /n 2

16.1.3. -ma5Vb/n1f

16.2.4. Roughly 1.5 x 10 17 seconds or 10 10 years.

Table of Constants

fzc= 1973.3 eVA

a =e2 jfzc= 1/137.04

mc2 = 0.511 MeV (m is the electron mass)

Mc = 938.28 MeV
2 (21-f is the proton mass)
a 0 =fz 2 /me 2 =0.511 A
efz/2mc = 0.58 X w--s eV /G (Bohr magneton)
k=8.62x 10-5 eV/K
kT~ 1/40 eV at T= 300 K (room temperature)
1 eV=l.6x I0- 12 erg

Mnemonics for Hydrogen

In the ground state,

vjc=.=f3=a

£1 = -T= -imv 2 = -imc2 a 2

mvao= 1i

669
Index

Absorption spectrum, 368 Bose-Einstein statistics, 271

Accidental degeneracy Bosons, 263
free-particle case, 426 Bound states, 160, 445
harmonic oscillator case, 352, 423 energy quantization in, 160
hydrogen atom case, 359, 422 Bra, 11
Actinides, 371 Breit-Wigner form, 551
Active transformations, 29, 280 de Broglie waves, 112, 366
Adjoint, 13, 25, 26 Double well. 616
Aharonov-Bohm effect, 497 tunneling in. 6 I 6
Angular momentum
addition of
J +J, 408 Canonical commutation rule. 131
L+S, 414 Canonically conjugate operators, 69
S+S. 403 Canonical momentum, 80
commutation rules, 319 electromagnetic case, 84
eigenfunctions, 324, 333 Canonical transformations
eigenvalue problem of, 321 active, 97
spin. 373 introduction to, 92
in three dimensions, 318 point transformations, 94
in two dimensions, 308 regular, 97
Anticommutation relations, 640 Center of mass ( CM), 85
Anti-Hermitian operators, 27 Centrifugal barrier, 340
Antisymmetric states. 261 Characteristic equation, 33
Anyons, 607 Characteristic polynomial, 33
Chemical potential. 641
Classical limit, 179
Balmer series, 367 Classical radius of electron, 364
Basis, 6 Clebsch--Gordan coefficients. 412
Berry phase, 592 Cofactor matrix. 656
Berry potential, 603 Coherent states
Bohr magneton, 389 fermionic, 642
Bohr model, 364 oscillator, 607
Bohr radius, 244, 357 spin. 636
Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rule, 448 Collapse of state vector, 122, 139
Born approximation Commutator, 20
time-dependent, 529 Compatible variables, 129
time-independent, 534 Completeness relation, 23, 59
validity of. 543 Complete set of observables, 133 671
672 Complex numbers, 660 Dirac equation
Compton scattering, 123 electromagnetic, 566
INDEX Compton wavelength, 246 free particle, 565
electronic, 363 Dirac monopole, 605
Condon-Shortley convention, 410 Dirac notation, 3
Configuration space, 76 Dirac string, 605
Consistency test Direct product
for three-dimensional rotations, 318 of operators, 250
for translations, 306, 312 spaces, 249
for translations and rotations, 310 Double-slit experiment, 108
Coordinates quantum explanation of, 175
canonical, 94 Dual spaces. II
center-of-mass, 85
cyclic, 81
relative, 85 Ehrenfest's theorem, 180
Correlation function, 628 Eigenket, 30
connected, 634 Eigenspace, 37
Correlation length, 629 Eigenvalue problem, 30
Correspondence principle, 197 Eigenvector, 30
Coulomb scattering, 531 Einstein temperature, 220
Coupled mass problem, 46 Electromagnetic field
Creation operator, 205 interactions with matter, 83, 90, 499
Cross section quantization of, 506
in CM frame, 557 review of, 492
differential, 526, 529 Ensemble
for Gaussian potential, 533 classical, 125
for hard sphere, 549 mixed, 133
in lab frame, 559 quantum, 125
partial, 548 Euclidean Lagrangian, 614
photoelectric, 506 Euler angles, 333
Rutherford. 531 Euler-Lagrange equations, 79
for Yukawa potential, 531 Exchange operator, 278
Cyclotron frequency, 588 Exclusion principle, 264
Expectation value, 127

Dalgarno and Lewis method, 462 Fermi-Dirac statistics, 270

Darwin term, 572 Fermionic oscillator, 640
Degeneracy, 38, 44, 120 thermodynamics of, 642
Density matrix, 133 Fermi's golden rule, 483
Derivative operator, 63 Fermions, 263
eigenvalue problem for, 66 Field, 2
matrix elements of, 64 Filling factor, 591
Destruction operator, 205 Fine-structure constant, 362
Determinant, 29 Fine-structure correction, 367. 466
Diagonalization Fourier transform, 62
of Hermitian operator, 40 Free-particle problem
simultaneous, 43 cartesian coordinates, 151
Differential cross section, 526, 529 spherical coordinates, 426
Dipole approximation, 502 Functional, 77
Dipole moment, 463 Functions of operators, 54
Dipole selection rule, 465
Dirac delta function, 60
definition of. 60 Gauge
derivatives of, 61 Coulomb, 494
Gaussian approximation for, 61 invariance, 493, 496
integral representation of, 63 transformations, 493, 496
three-dimensional, 342 Gaussian integrals, 659
Gaussian potential, 533 Inelasticity, 554 673
Generalized force, 80 Infinite-dimensional spaces, 57
Generalized potential, 84 Inner product, 8 INDEX
Geometric phase, 593 Inner product space, 7
Gram-Schmidt theorem, 14 Inverse of operator, 20, 655
Grassmann numbers, 642 Ionic bond, 370
Green's function, 534 Irreducible space, 330
Gyromagnetic ratio, 386 Irreducible tensor operator, 418
Ising model, 627

Hamiltonian formulation, 86
Hamilton's equations, 88 Ket, 3
Harmonic oscillator Klein~ Gordon equation, 564

classical, 83 Kronecker's delta, 10

fermionic, 640
isotropic, 260, 351
Lagrangian, 76
quantum, 185
for electromagnetic interactions, 83
in the coordinate basis, 189
Laguerre polynomial, 356
in the energy basis, 202
Lamb shift. 574
energy levels of, 194
Landau Level, 587, 588
propagator for, 196
Laughlin wave function, 592
wave functions of, 195, 202
Laughlin quasihole, 607
thermodynamics of, 219
Least action principle, 77
three-dimensional, 260, 351
Legendre transform, 87
two-dimensional, 316
Linear independence, 4
Heisenberg picture, 147, 490
Linear operators, 18
Hermite polynomials, 490
Lorentz spinor, 566
Hermitian operators, 27
Lowering operator
diagonalization of, 40
angular momentum, 322
simultaneous, 4 3
for harmonic oscillator, 205
eigenbases of, 3b
see also Destruction operator
eigenvalues of, 35
Lowest Landau LeveL 588
eigenvectors of, 36
Lyman series, 367
infinite-dimensional, 65
Hilbert space, 67
bosonic, 265 Magnetic moment, 385
fermionic, 265 Magnetic quantum number, 314
normal mode problem in, 70 Matrix elements, 20
for two particles, 265 Matrix inversion, 655
't Hooft, 619 Mendeleev, 370
Hydrogen atom Metastable states. 553
degeneracy of, 359 Minimum uncertainty packet, 241
energy levels of, 356 Multielectron atoms, 369
21-cm line, 408
wave functions of, 356, 357
Hyperfine interaction, 407 Negative absolute temperature, 394
Norm, 9
Normal modes, 52
Ideal measurement, 122 Number operator, 207
Identical particles Numerical estimates, 361
bosons. 263
definition of, 260
fermions, 263 Operators, 18
Identity operator, 19 adjoint of, 25
Impact parameter, 523 anti-Hermitian, 27
Improper vectors, 67 conjugate, 69
Incompatible variables, 128 derivatives of, 55
Induced emission, 521 functions of. 54
674 Hermitian. 27 Polarizability, 464
identity, 22 P operator, 116
INDEX infinite-dimensional, 63 Population inversion, 395
inverse of, 20 Postulates. 115, 211
linear, 18 Probability amplitude, Ill. 121
matrix elements of. 21 Probability current density. 166
product of, 20 Probability density. 121
projection, 22 Product basis, 403
unitary, 28 Projection operator. 23
Optical theorem, 548, 555 Propagator
Orthogonality, 9 for coupled masses, 51
Orthogonal matrix, 28 Feynman's. 578
Orthonormality, 9 for free particle, !53
Outer product, 23 for Gaussian packet, !54
for harmonic oscillator. 615
Paramagnetic resonance, 392 for (classical) string, 72
Parity invariance, 297 Proper vectors. 6 7
Partial wave Pseudospin, 639
amplitude. 545
expansion, 545
Quadrupole tensor, 425
Particle in a box, !57, 259
Quanta, 197
Paschen series. 367
Quantization of energy, 160
Passive transformation, 29. 280
Quantum Hall Effect (QHE), 589
Path integral
coherent state. 607, 610
configuration space, 582 Radial equation
definition. 223 in three dimensions, 339
fermionic, 646 in two dimensions, 316
free particle, 225, 582 Radial part of wave function
imaginary time, 614 in three dimensions, 339
phase space, 586 in two dimensions, 316
recipe. 223 Raising operator
and Schriidinger's equation, 229 for angular momentum, 222
statistical mechanics, 624 for harmonic oscillator, 205
Pauli equation, 568 Range of potential, 525
Pauli exclusion principle, 264 Rare earth elements, 371
Pauli matrices, 381 Ray, 118
Periodic table, 370 Recursion relation, 193
Perturbations Reduced mass, 86
adiabatic. 478 Reduced matrix element, 420
periodic. 482 Reflection coefficient, 168
sudden. 477 Resonances, 550
time-independent, 451 Rotations
Phase shift, 546 generators of (classical), 100
Phase space. 88 generators of (quantum), 308
Phonons, 198 in variance under (classical), I 00
Photoelectric effect, Ill, 499 invariance under (quantum), 310
Photons. II 0. 198 Runge- Lenz vector, 360, 422
quantum theory of, 516 Rutherford cross section, 531
Physical Hilbert space, 67 Rydberg, 355
Pictures
Heisenberg, 147, 490 Scattering
interaction (Dirac), 485 general theory, 523
Schriidinger, 147, 484 of identical particles, 560
Planck's constant, Ill from step potential, 167
Poisson brackets, 92 of two particles, 555
invariance of, 96 Scattering amplitude, 527
Schrodinger equation Total S basis, 405 675
equivalence to path integral, 229 Trace, 30
time-dependent, 116, 143 Transformations, 29 INDEX
time-independent, 145 active, 29, 97, 280
Schrodinger picture, 147, 484 canonical, 92
Schwartz inequality, 16 generator of, 99, 283
Selection rule identity, 98
angular momentum, 458, 459 passive, 29, 280, 284
dipole, 459 point, 94
general, 458 regular, 97
Shell, 370 unitary, 27
Singlet, 405 Translated state, 280
S matrix Translation
definition of, 529 finite, 289
partial wave, 54 7 generator of, 100, 283
Spectroscopic notation, 350 operator, 280
modified, 415 Translational invariance
Spherical Bessel functions, 348 implications of, 98, 292
Spherical Hankel functions, 348 in quantum theory, 279
Spherical harmonics, 335, 336 Transmission coefficient, 168
Spherical Neumann functions, 348 Transverse relaxation time, 395
Spin, 325, 373 Triangle inequality, 116, 412
Spinor, 375 Triplets, 405
Spin-orbit interaction, 468 Tunneling, 175, 616
Spin statistics theorem, 264 Two-particle Hilbert space, 247
Spontaneous decay, 517
Spontaneous emission, 521 Uncertainty, 128
Square-well potential, 164 Uncertainty principle
Stark effect, 459, 465 applications of, 198
Stationary states, 146 derivation of, 237
Statistics, 264 energy-time, 245
determination of, 269 physical basis of, 140
Stem-Gerlach experiment, 399 Uncertainty relation, 138
Subspaces, 17 Unitarily bound, 548
Superposition principle, 117 Unitary operator, 27
Symmetric states, 263 eigenvalues of, 39
Symmetries eigenvectors of, 39
classical, 98
quantum, 279 Variational method, 429
spontaneous breakdown of, 620 Vector addition coefficients, 412
Vectors
Tensor components of, 6
antisymmetric ( ~>;;k), 319 improper, 67
cartesian, 41 7 inner product of, 8
irreducible, 418 norm of, 9
operator, 417 orthogonality of, 9
quadrupole, 425 outer product of, 25
second rank, 418 proper, 67
spherical, 41 7 Vector operator, 313
Thermal wavelength, 625 Vector space
Thomas factor, 468, 571 axioms for, 2
Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn rule, 457 basis for, 6
Time-ordered integral, 148 dimensionality of, 5
Time-ordering symbol, 633, 651 field of, 2
Time-reversal symmetry, 301 of Hilbert, 67
Time translation invariance, 294 infinite dimensional, 57
Top state, 410 subspace of, 17
676 Virial theorem, 212 introduction to, 435
for hydrogen, 359, 471 and path integrals, 438
INDEX three-dimensional, 449
and tunneling, 444
Wave functions, 121
Wave-particle duality, 113
Waves X operator, 68
interference of, I 08 matrix elements of, 68
matter, 112
plane, 108
Wick's theorem, 645 Yukawa potential, 531
Wigner-Eckart theorem, 420
WKB approximation Zeeman effect, 398
and bound states, 445 Zero point energy, 198