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Probability and Statistics (En)

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12 views13 pages

Probability and Statistics (En)

ss

Uploaded by

evelyn oor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

Objectives of the module

This module allows students to see the essential concepts of probability and
statistics, namely: univariate and bivariate statistical series, probability in a finite
universe, and random variables.
Chapter 1 : Definition of Statistics

Introduction to Statistics :

Statistics is a branch of mathematics that is dedicated to the collection, analysis,


interpretation, presentation, and modeling of data. It aims to extract useful
information from often complex, diverse, and numerous data.

Areas of application: Science, economics, sociology, medicine, finance,


management, etc.
Statistics can be divided into two main categories :

Descriptive Statistics :

They involve the presentation and summarization of raw data in the form of tables,
graphs, and summary measures such as the mean, median, standard deviation, etc.

Inferential Statistics :

They involve drawing conclusions or making predictions about a larger population


based on a sample of data. This includes estimating population parameters,
hypothesis testing, and constructing confidence intervals.
Objectives of descriptive statistics

The objectives of descriptive statistics are:


 to summarize,
 to describe
 and to organize data
in a way that extracts meaningful information and facilitates understanding.
Concepts of Population, Sample, Variables, Modalities

Population : The population refers to the complete set of all units or individuals
that are of interest for a given statistical study.
Example : Population of students in a school.

Sample : A sample is a subset of the population. It is systematically or randomly


selected with the aim of obtaining data that is representative of the larger
population. .
Example : Patient Sample
Variables : Variables are specific characteristics, attributes, or measurements
that are studied in a survey or statistical study. There are qualitative, quantitative
(discrete and continuous), and temporal (time and date) variables

Modalities : Modalities are the different values or categories that qualitative


variables can take. For example, for the variable "eye color," the modalities could
be "blue," "green," "brown," etc.
Variable Modalities
Gender Male, Female.

Marital Status Single, Married, Divorced, Widowed

Favorite season Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring


Different types of statistical variables (data)

Some statistical variables are expressed as numbers. This is the case for height
(example: the individual is 1.78 meters tall). Other variables are expressed by
qualities, as is the case for eye color (example: their eyes are green). So, we can have
variables of different natures, as we will see below. Discretes
Quantitative
Continuous
Nominal
Variables Qualitative Ordinal
Binary
Date
Temporal
Time

- Different types of statistical variables -


Quantitative variables : These are numerical variables that represent measurable
quantities. For example, age, income, height.

There are two main types of quantitative variables :

 Discrete quantitative variables

 Continuous quantitative variables


Discrete quantitative variables : They take distinct and isolated values without any
possible intermediate values

Examples :
 Number of children in a family (1, 2, 3, etc.)
 Number of cars in a garage (0, 1, 2, 3, etc.)
Continuous quantitative variables : They take numerical values on a continuous
scale and can have an infinite number of possible values between two given points.

Examples :
 Height (can vary from 150.5 cm to 170.2 cm)
 Annual income (can vary from 300,000 Dinars to 500,000
Dinars).
Qualitative (or categorical) variables : These are variables that represent categories or
classes. For example, gender (male, female), education level (primary, secondary,
higher)

Qualitative variables themselves can be divided into three categories :

 Nominal,
 Ordinal,
 Binary.
Nominal qualitative variables : represent categories without a specific order or
hierarchy (no value is superior to another)
Examples : gender, eye color, nationality, vehicle type, etc.

Ordinal qualitative variables : They can be ranked in relation to each other. There is
a gradient that allows them to be classified in a logical order according to a value
scale.
Example : Strength qualifiers are ranked in order

Strength Weak Normal Strong Very Strong Unbeatable

Binary qualitative variables : Also known as dichotomous or binary variables, they are
a type of qualitative variable that has only two distinct categories or two possible
modalities.
Example : Gender - Defect/Absence of defect- Success/Failure
Temporal variables: also known as chronological variables, are specific types of
variables used to record and represent information related to time.

Example :
 Date type: October 31, 1983
 Time type: 11:55 PM

AM (Ante Meridiem) : This is used to represent times from midnight (12:00 AM) until just before noon (11:59 AM).
PM (Post Meridiem) : This is used to represent times from noon (12:00 PM) until just before midnight (11:59 PM).
Thank you for your attention

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