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    of 8

    Green's Theorem in the Plane

    Let 𝛺 be a simply connected region in The 𝑥𝑦 plane bounded by


    a piecewise smooth curve 𝜕𝛺. Let 𝑃 and 𝑄 be continuous with
    continuous first partials in an open disk containing 𝛺.

    Then

    ∮ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 𝑄𝑑𝑦 ∬ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

    Remark: This theorem shows how the line integral of a function


    around the boundary of a region is related to a double integral over
    that region.

    Exp: Evaluate ∮ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦, 𝛺 is the rectangle


    𝑥, 𝑦 : 0 𝑥 1,1 𝑦 3
    Solu:
    ∮ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 𝑄𝑑𝑦 ∬ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

    𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥𝑦, 𝑄 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦, 1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥

    So ∮ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

    1 𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ⋯ 1∎
    Remark: 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃

    Exp: Evaluate ∮ 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦, where 𝑐 is


    the unit circle.
    Solu: Note that 𝑐 𝜕𝛺, 𝛺 is the unit disk, and

    3𝑥 3𝑦 3 𝑥 𝑦

    ∴ ∮ 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦

    3∬ 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 3 𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃

    3 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∎

    Exp: Find ∮ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 6𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦


    Solu: 4𝑥 6𝑦 6𝑦 4𝑥

    ∴ ∮ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 6𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ∬ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

    4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ???

    4 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ⋯

    Exp: Use Green's Theorem to calculate the line integral


    ∮ 5𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦, where 𝑐 is the close curve formed from the
    equs 𝑦 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑥 .

    Solu: ∮ 5𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦

    ∬ 3𝑥 𝑦 10𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

    = 3𝑥 10𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

    3𝑥 10𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

    3𝑥 3𝑥 10𝑥 10𝑥 𝑑𝑥
    ⋯ 0.330952381
    Exp: Evaluate ∮ 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦, where 𝑐 is the
    unit circle.
    Solu: ???
    Exe: Use Green's Theorem to evaluate the integrals
    1. 𝑦𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ,where 𝑐 is shown below.

    (ans) 78.7703 ∎
    2. 6𝑦 9𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ,where 𝑐 is shown below.

    (ans) ∎
    3. 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ,where 𝑐 is shown below.

    (ans) 384 ∎
    4. 𝑦 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 6𝑥 4𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦,where 𝑐 is shown below.

    (ans) 96∎
    Sequences and Series
    Def: A sequence of real numbers is a function whose domain is
    the set of positive integers.
    𝑓: ℕ ⟶ ℝ
    The values taken by the function are called terms of the sequence
    denoted by 𝑎 𝑓 𝑛 , and we can denote the set of values taken
    by the sequence by 𝑎
    Exp: The following are sequences of real number

    (a) 𝑎 1, , , , … , …

    (e) 𝑎 𝑒, , , ,… ,…
    ! ! ! ! !

    Exp: Does the sequence converge or diverge?


    1. 𝑎
    2. 𝑟 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑟 1
    3. 1
    Solu:
    1. lim 0 ⟶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 ∎
    →
    2. lim 𝑟 ∞ ⟶ 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑖𝑓 𝑟 1∎
    →
    3. lim 1 alternate between 1 and 1 ⟶ 𝑑𝑖𝑣∎
    →

    Th:
    Suppose that lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝐿, a finite number. If 𝑓 is defined for
    →
    every positive integer, then the limit of the sequence 𝑎
    𝑓 𝑛 is also equal to 𝐿. i.e., lim 𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑎 𝐿.
    → →
    Exp: Calculate
    1. lim
    →

    2. lim
    →
    3. lim
    →

    4. lim 1
    →

    5. Calculate lim 1
    →

    Solu:
    1. lim 0 ⟶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣∎
    →

    3. lim lim 𝐿 𝐻𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 ∞ ⟶ 𝑑𝑖𝑣∎


    → →

    4. Ley 𝑦 1 ⟶ ln 𝑦 𝑛 ln 1

    ∙
    lim lim 1
    → →

    So that ln 𝑦 ⟶ 1& 𝑦 ⟶ 𝑒
    Therefore the sequence conv to 𝑒 ∎
    Exe: Determine the convergence or divergence of the sequences
    1. 1 1 .
    2.
    3.

    Solu:
    1.
    𝑎 1 1 1 1 0, 𝑎 1 1 2,
    𝑎 0, 𝑎 2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜 𝑜𝑛 in fact
    0, 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
    𝑎 ⟶ div
    2, 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
    Exp: Determine if the following sequences converge or diverge.
    If the sequence converges determine its limit.

    1. (ans) ⟶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 ∎
    𝐞
    2. (ans) ∞ ⟶ 𝑑𝑖𝑣 ∎

    3. (ans) 0 ⟶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 ∎

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