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Connections
 Connections are used if a change in direction occurs or
the length of the member may be inadequate.
Connections are needed to join:
 members together in trusses and lattice girders;
 plates together to form built-up members;
 beams to beams, beams, trusses, bracing, etc. to
columns in structural frames, and
 columns to foundations
 Connections may be made by bolting, welding or
hybrid of bolting and welding

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Connections Connections
Instruction using project (hangar)  All connections shall have a design
facilitates semester project while allowing resistance such that the structure remains
complete familiarization and grasp of the effective and is capable of satisfying all the
essentials about connections basic design requirements given in chapter
 (A) Column base connection 2 (EBCS-3) (6.1.1(1))
 (B) Bolted connection
 (C) Welded connection

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 Connections shall be designed on the  (c) the internal forces follow the direct
basis of a realistic assumption of the load path, i.e., the path with the greatest
distribution of internal forces provided that: rigidity through the element of
 (a) the assumed internal forces and connections, and
moments are in equilibrium with the  (d) the deformations implied by this load
applied forces and moments distribution are within the deformation
 (b) each element in the connection is capacity of the fasteners or welds and of
capable of resisting the internal forces or the connected parts
stresses 5 6

Connections Connections
The partial safety factor M shall be taken as Intersections (6.1.2)
follows:  (1) Usually, members meeting at a joint
 (a) Resistance of bolted connection: Mb=1.25 should be arranged with their centroidal
 (b) Resistance of riveted connection: axes meeting at a point
Mr=1.25
 (2) Where there is eccentricity at
 (c) Resistance of welded connection:
intersections the members and
Mw=1.25
connections should be designed to
 (d) Resistance of net sections of bolt holes:
accommodate the moments which result.
M2=1.25
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 (3) In the case of angles and tees with at (A) Column base connection
least two bolts per connection, the setting  Base plates are dimensioned such that the
out lines of the bolts may be adopted allowable compression in the concrete is
instead of the centroidal axes not exceeded
 Detailing of the column base construction
depends on the load types

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Connections
A.1 Columns with pinned end at the base (pin
end is not realized in construction) Connections
 The base plate is not stiffened. This is the
case where the column forces are small.
Even for higher loads, this type of
construction with thicker plates and higher
concrete strength is usually preferred.

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Connections Connections
 With very high loads and lower concrete
strength, however, plate stiffening is
necessary
 See figures for I or H sections
 See figures for circular hollow sections
(examples are available in town)
 See figures for RHS-columns

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Connections Connections

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Connections Connections
 A.2 Columns with fixed ends
 The base plates have to be bigger to give the
necessary moment arm b/n the anchors
 Achieving the required moment resistance
through thicker base plates as show in figure
below is possible only for relatively lower
magnitudes of moments.
 Because of the flexibility of such plates, “full”
fixity is not possible, rather partial fixity with
elastic rotational restraint is prevalent
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Connections
Connections
 The thicknesses of such plates are limited
to a maximum of 80 mm.
 When the BM is higher, the stiffening
shown in figure below are required. They
will result in “full fixity” of the column base
construction, i.e. system can be modeled
as fully fixed at the base.

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Connections Connections
 For horizontal reactions which can not be
carried by friction  provide shear key as
shown in the next slide.
 For friction check, use f=0.3 in combination
with minimum normal load, Nmin.
 It is not allowed to depend on the anchor
bolts (reinforcements) for the H-force.

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Connections Connections
 A.3 Column-base plate calculation
Pressure distribution and anchor bolt forces
 Contact pressure distribution under base plate
depends primarily on the bending stiffness of
the column base construction
 Assuming elastic half space (soil responds
elastically), contact pressure distributions
shown in the next slide result from axial
loading, depending on the column base
construction

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Connections Connections
 Since uniform distribution is assumed in  Distinction is made b/n the following three
design, the column-base construction types of contact pressure distribution
should attain the required stiffness so that  (A) Central loading (i.e. axial load
pressure distribution similar to Fig (c) applied at the center of the plate)
 30 to 50 mm mortar is provided between  b=F/A
the plate and the concrete foundation

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Connections Connections
 (B1) Eccentric loading (small eccentricity  (B2) Eccentric loading (large eccentricity
where the resultant lies within the kern of where the resultant lies outside the kern of
the base plate) the base plate).
b=F/AMc/I

This is generally the case for

fixed end columns.
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Connections Connections
 For fixed end columns case, anchor bolts  The above calculation gives T that lies on
are needed. The joint opens on the tension the safe side, because the actual lever arm
side and the following approximation is is somewhat larger than the assumed
used to determine the internal forces value h=z+d. However, b lies on the
 Width of compression zone=l/4 unsafe side
  lever arm=z+d=h C=(M+Fz)/h;  b is raised by 1.5. b=1.5C/(bl/4)
T=(M-Fz)/h = C-F b < (all)concrete
b is the width of the plate
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Connections
A.3.2 Base plates
Connections
 (i) elements having cantilever strips
 The sizes of base plates (sometimes with the
 Mmax=p(1)a2/2=pa2/2 ; where p=b, a= arm
required stiffening) are determined based on
up to flange center; for a strip width = “1”
F and M on one side and allowable
W=1t2/6=M/W=p3a2/t2 t=a(3p/yd)
compression in concrete on the other side
 Edge of base plate (i.e. edge of strip)
 Unstiffened plates are preferred (cheaper)
should not be allowed to deflect more than
 If ribs are used for stiffening, then the sharp a max limit (for e.g. =a/n, where n=500)
points must be cut to avoid problematic
welding

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Connections
Connections Assuming full fixity and for a strip width of 1m,
Mmax= p(1)a2/2, p=σb
=p(1)a4/(8EI) ; I=(1)t3/12
Edge of base plate should not deflect more than
a maximum limit. (= a/n, where n=500)
 The required thickness of plate becomes:
t= a(n1.5p/E)1/3
 To reduce the contact pressure, reduce the width of the
plate.  In the case of bending in two directions, the
 The same analysis is required in the longer
cantilever moments for two perpendicular
cantilevers are determined and added vectorially.
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Connections
Connections
 (ii) Beam type elements (base plate with
stiffening shaft plates)
 Modelled as single span beam with
cantilevers on either side (see next slide)
 Ms=pa2/2; MF=-p(b2/8-a2/2); from the
condition that Ms=MF, the most optimal
length relationship is:
a=0.354b
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Connections Connections
Plate type elements
 Classification as simply supported or fixed
 If little or no cantilever simply supported
 If cantilever is available  fixed (see figure
in previous slide)
 Then analyze as two way slabs (can allow
for moment redistribution and plastic
section modulus W pl=1.5Wel can be used).

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Connections Connections
 A.3.3 Stiffeners (ribs)
 Ribs are to be distributed in such a way
that the internal forces in each element of
the base plate are of the same order of
magnitude.
 Figure in the next slide shows how the
tributary areas are determined and from it
the line loads for the ribs.
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Connections Connections
 (B) Bolted connections (6.2)  Bolts of grades lower than 4.6 or higher than
 Nominal values of yield strength fyb and ultimate 10.9 shall not be used unless test results prove
tensile strength fub (to be adopted as their acceptability in a particular application
characteristic values in calculations) for bolts (Section 3.3..2.1(2))
 High strength bolts may be used as preloaded
Bolt 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.8 8.8 10.9 bolts with controlled tightening, if they confirm
grade
fyb(N/mm2) 240 320 300 400 480 640 900
with internationally accepted standards for
fub(N/mm2) 400 400 500 500 600 800 1000 preloaded bolts (3.3.2.2(1))

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Connections Connections
 Edge distances and spacing of holes for
Clearances in holes for fasteners(bolts u. rivets) fasteners
 (1) the size of the holes for all fasteners shall not Edge distances in force direction Spacing of holes in force
exceed the dimensions given in Table 6.1 (pp 109) direction
Min e1=1.2d0 p1=2.2d0
Bolt Clear Overs Short slotted Long slotted
shank ance ize hole hole Max e1=40mm+4t (where members p1=14t200 mm
diame hole hole dimensions dimensions are exposed to corrosive
ter diame diame (mm) (mm) influences)
(mm) ter ter e1=1.2t  150 mm (all other cases)
(mm) Edge distances transverse to force Spacing of holes transverse to
 14 d+1 d+4 d+1 d+4 d+1 2.5d direction force direction
14 < d d+2 d+5 d+2 d+6 d+2 2.5d Min e2 =1.5d0 p2=3.0d0
 22 e2=1.2d0 (design bearing p2=2.4d0 (design bearing
24 d+2 d+6 d+2 d+8 d+2 2.5d resistance reduced) resistance reduced)
 27 d+3 d+8 d+3 d+10 d+3 2.5d Max e1=40mm+4t p2=14t  200 mm
e2=1.2t  150 mm
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Connections

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Connections Connections
 In the above:  Deduction for fastener holes (6.2.3, pp 110)
 t is the thickness of the thinner outside plate  In the design of connections in compression members,
 d0 is the diameter of the hole no deduction for fastener holes is normally required
 the minimum edge distance e1 should be increased if except for oversize or slotted holes
necessary to provide adequate bearing resistance  In the design of connections in other types of
 Where the members are exposed to corrosive members the following provisions shall apply
influences the maximum distances shall not exceed:  the net area of a x-section or element section shall be taken
as its gross area less appropriate deductions for all holes
 (a) for edge distances: 40 mm + 4t and other openings
 (b) for hole distances: 16t or 200 mm  when the fastener holes are staggered, the total area to be
deducted for the fastener holes shall be the greater of

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 (i) the deduction for non-staggered holes
 (ii) the sum of the sectional area of all holes in any
diagonal or zig-zag line extending progressively
across the member, less s2t/(4g) for each gauge
space in the chain of holes
The gross and net area is calculated as follows:
 where s= the spacing of the centers of two
consecutive holes measured parallel to the member Ag  bt S2
An  (b  nd   )t
4g
axis,
The allowance shall be taken as 0.25S2t/P but not more than 0.6St.
 g= the spacing b/n the centers of two holes
measured perpendicular to the member axis n= number of holes per section
 t= thickness b=the width of the plate
d=the diameter of the hole
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Connections
 Design shear rupture resistance (plate shear)
Connections
 (1) the design value of the effective resistance Veff,Rd
for rupture along a block shear failure path shall be
determined from:
 Veff,Rd=(0.60fyAv,eff)/M0
 (with M0 = 1.1, Av,eff=t(Lv+L1+L2-nd0);
 where L1=2.5d0 but a1; L2=5.0d0 buta2;
 n= number of fastener holes on the block shear failure
path; t= the thickness of the web or bracket

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 Angles connected by one leg
 In the case of unsymmetrical or unsymmetrically
connected members such as angles connected by one
leg. The eccentricity of fasteners in end connections
and the effects of the spacing and edge distances of
the bolts should be taken into account when
determining the design resistance.
 Angles connected by a single row of bolts in one leg,
may be treated as concentrically loaded and the
design ultimate resistance of the net section
determined as follows:
 With one bolt: 2(e2  0.5dtf u )
N u ,Rd 
 m2
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Connections Connections
 Shear capacity of bolts  Bearing capacity (section 6.2.4.3)
 (1) provided that no reductions are required for  (1) the effective capacity of a bolt in bearing on any ply
long joints (see section 6.2.4.4), the shear shall be taken as the lesser of the bearing capacity of
the bolt and the bearing capacity of the connected ply.
capacity per shear plane Nv,Rd of a bolt shall be
taken as:
 (2) the bearing capacity of the bolt Fbb,rd shall be taken
0.6 f ub As 0.875 f yb As as: Fbb,Rd=dtfbb,d;
N vRd  
m m where fbb,d=0.9(fub+fyb)/M is the design bearing strength of
the bolt
As =0.782 A d= the nominal diameter of the bolt; t= thickness of the
A is the bolt shank area based on the connected ply
nominal diameter.

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Connections
Connections  Bolts subject to tension, F 
0.7 f ub As

f yb As
m m
t , Rd

 (3) the bearing capacity of the connected ply Fbp,Rd

shall be taken as:  Combined shear and tension
 (1) when bolts are subject to both shear and tension,
0.8( f u  f y )dt e1 0.8( f ub  f yb )
Fbp ,Rd   then in addition to the above conditions, the following
 m2  m2 shall be satisfied:

 Where d= nominal diameter of bolt; Fv ,sd Ft ,sd

  1.4
 t=thickness of plate; Fv ,Rd Ft ,Rd

 e1= edge distance where

fy and fu are the yield and ultimate strength of the plate, respectively
fyb and fub= the yield and ultimate strength of the bolt, respectively

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Connections
 (C) Welded connections
Welding is the process of joining metal parts by fusing
Connections
them and filling in with molten metal from the  Fillet welds
electrode.
 (1) fillet welds may be used for connecting parts
 Advantages of welding: where the fusion faces form an angle of b/n 600 and
 Economic : save gusset and spice plates 1200
 Applicability : such as connection of steel pipe  Design of fillet welds
column  (1) fillet welds may be used for connecting parts
 Rigidity & continuity : strong joint makes one- where the fusion faces form an angle of b/n 600 and
pieces construction 1200
 Easier to make changes during construction
 Relative silence

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Connections Fillet weld stress determination
 Loading through normal force N or shear V
 ;; = F/Aw
 Loading through moment M
  = Mz/Iw; where Iw= moment of inertia of fillet
weld section; Aw= Area of fillet weld section

Shear stress in the web weld connection

 = VS/(Ia); where S= 1st moment of the
attached flage area; I= moment of inertia of whole
area; in discontinuous welding,  has to be
increased by a factor of (e+l)/l where e = weld free
length and l = fillet weld length
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Connections
Checking of fillet welds
Connections
During design of fillet welds the following conditions
 The ‘equivalent resultant’ stress W,V needs to be taken into account
should not exceed the limiting design  The weld strength is not less than that of the plate;
stress of the welding material W,R,d; i.e.  The sum of the throat thicknesses of the weld is
 W,V/ W,R,d 1; where W,V = ()1/2 greater than the plate thickness; and
and W,R,d =Wfyk/M  The weld is principally in direct compression or
tension.

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Design strength of welds
Connections

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