Department of Civil Engineering

Z. H. College of Engineering and Technology

Aligarh Muslim University
 CEC – 3110
DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES - I

UNIT – 4 (Part -1)

Design of Foundation : Isolated Footings

Prof. Mohammed Arif

 SYLLABUS
Unit I Load and stresses, load combinations, RC design philosophies: working
stress, ultimate stress and limit state approach, a comparative study.
Concept of axial loads, bending, shear, bond and torsional stresses in RC
sections. Analysis and design of RC sections in bending – Rectangular
and T-sections (singly and doubly reinforced).

Unit II Design for shear and bond, Mechanism of shear and bond failure, Design
TABLE OF
of shear using limit state concept, Development length of bars, Design of
CONTENT sections in torsion. Reinforcement detailing as per IS code of practice.
Design of one way and two-way slabs, Rankine-Grashoff and I.S. code
method. Design of flat slab – direct method.

Unit III Design of compression members, Short column, Columns with uni-axial
and bi-axial bending; Long columns, use of design charts. Design for
torsion in beams and columns.

Unit IV Design of foundation: Wall footing, Isolated and combined footing for
columns.
 BOOKS AND CODES
Text Book
1. Jain, A.K. ‘Reinforced Concrete-Limit State Design’.
Reference Books
1. Karve and Shah ‘Limit State Theory and Design of Reinforced Concrete’.
2. Pillai and Menon ‘Reinforced Concrete Design’.
3. Verghese, P.C. ‘Advance Reinforced Concrete Design’.
4. George Winter ‘Design of Concrete Structures’.
5. Kong and Evans ‘Reinforced and Pre-stressed Concrete’.
Selected B. I. S. Codes
1. I.S.: 456- 2000 – Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete.
2. I.S.: 875- 1987 Part 1 and 2 – Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than
earthquakes) for Buildings and Structures.
3. I.S.: 1893 (Part-I)- 2002 – Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures.
4. I.S.: 13920- 1993 – Code of Practice for Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete
Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces.
5. S.P.: 16 – Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to I.S.: 456
6. S.P.: 24 – Explanatory Handbook on I.S. Code for Plain and Reinforced Concrete.
7. S.P.: 34 – Handbook of Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing.
 PRESENTATION LAYOUT
• Design of Isolated Square
and Rectangular Column Part – 1
Footing
• Wall footing, Eccentric
Column Footing and Part – 2
Combined Footing
 INTRODUCTION
• Foundation is the part of structure which transfers the load of the structure to soil on
which it rests. This term includes the portion of the structure below ground level (also
known as sub-structure) which provides a base for the structure above the ground (also
known as super-structure) as well as the extra provisions made to transmit the loads on
the structure including its self weight to the soil below.
• The objectives of foundation are:
(i) To transmit the load of the structure to the sub-soil.
(ii) To distribute the weight of the structure over larger area so as to avoid over-
loading of the soil beneath.
(ii) To load the sub – structure evenly and thus prevent unequal settlement.
(iii) To provide a level surface for building operations.
(iv) To take the sub-structure deep into the ground and thus increase its stability
preventing overturning.
 TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
Foundations can be broadly classified into two types:
(i) Deep foundations, and
(ii) Shallow foundations

Deep Foundations:
• When the foundations are placed considerably below the lowest part of the super-
structure it is termed as deep foundations.
• Pile foundations, pier foundation, well foundation, caissons etc. fall in the category
of deep foundation.
• A deep foundation may be selected if the shallow soils cannot economically
support the foundation loads.
• The footing above the piers or piles is typically referred to as a pile cap. The piers
or piles are supported by deeper competent soils, or are supported on bedrock. It
is commonly assumed that the soil immediately below the pile caps provides no
direct support to the pile cap.
 TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS

Shallow Foundations:
• When the foundation is placed immediately beneath the lowest part of the
super-structure it is termed as shallow foundation.
• This type of foundation is used when the shallow soils can safely support
the foundation loads.
• Shallow foundations can be broadly divided in the following groups:
• Isolated footing
• Combined footing
• Mat or raft footing
ISOLATED FOOTING
It is an independent footing provided when the soil has sufficient
strength within a short depth below the ground level. It needs
sufficient plan area to transfer the heavy loads to the base soil.

COMBINED FOOTING
A common footing provided for two or more columns in a row, is
known as combined footing.

MAT OR RAFT FOOTING

It is a large combined footing provided for several columns in two
or more rows.
Isolated Footing with Isolated Stepped Footing Isolated Sloped Footing
Constant Thickness with Varying Thickness

Column Column Column

Pedestal

Footing Slab Footing Slab Footing Slab

PLAN PLAN PLAN

 ISOLATED SLOPED FOOTINGS

It is an independent footing provided when the soil has sufficient strength

within a short depth below the ground level. It needs sufficient plan area to
transfer the heavy loads to the base soil.
ISOLATED FOOTINGS
 ISOLATED AND COMBINED FOOTINGS

A common footing provided for two or more columns in a row, is known as

combined footing.
 MAT OR RAFT FOOTING

It is a large combined footing provided for several columns in two or more rows.
 FOOTING PLAN

It presents the details of footing arrangement.

 PILE FOUNDATION

Piles are long, slender members that are driven into the ground or cast-in-situ.
PIER FOUNDATION

A pier foundation is a collection of

large diameter cylindrical columns
to support the superstructure and
transfer large super-imposed loads
to the firm strata below. Pier
foundations belong to the same
category as pile foundations.

The distinctions are based on the

method of installation. A pile is
installed by driving, a pier by
excavating.
 WELL FOUNDATION

Well foundation is a type of deep foundation which is generally provided below the
water level for bridges. Used for foundations of bridges and other structures since
the Roman and Mughal periods. Taj Mahal stands on well foundations.
 CAISSONS

The term ‘Caisson’ is derived from the French word ‘Caisse’, which means box or
chest. Caisson is a watertight structure used in different shapes, which is sunk
through ground or water to exclude water and semi-fluid materials during the
process of excavation of foundations. It subsequently becomes an integral part of
the structure.
 FOOTINGS vs FOUNDATIONS

• Footings are analogous to the feet.

• Foundations are analogous to the legs.
 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
When the foundation is placed immediately beneath the lowest
part of the super-structure it is termed as shallow foundation.
This type of foundation is used when the shallow soils can
safely support the foundation loads. Shallow foundations can
be broadly divided in the following groups:

• Spread footing
• Combined footing
• Mat or raft footing
 SPREAD FOOTING
• In spread footings the base
of the member (a column or
a wall) transmitting the
load is made wider so as to
distribute the load over a
larger area.
• A footing that supports a
single column is known as
isolated column footing.
• In case of a wall, the footing
has to be a continuous one
and hence it is known as
wall footing or a continuous Square and rectangular isolated Wall and circular
footing. column footings spread footings
 SPREAD FOOTING
• It is seen that square footing works out to be economical for square
and circular columns.
• Under rectangular column, rectangular footings are considered to be
more appropriate.
• When the load on column is not large or the size of footing works out to
be small requiring small depth of footing, it is desirable to keep the
thickness of footing uniform.
• If the depth of the footing works out to be more, it is common practice
to gradually reduce the depth of the footings towards the edges to
achieve economy. The footing in such a case is termed as sloped
(tapered) footing.
 CHOICE OF FOUNDATION
The following aspects are to be considered while choosing a particular type
of foundation.
• Soil strata and it’s properties viz. density, coefficient of internal friction etc.
• Bearing capacity and standard penetration test ‘N-Value’ of soil.
• Type of structure
• Type of load
• Permissible differential settlement
• Economy
• Durability
 BEARING CAPACITY OF SOILS
In order to prevent excessive settlement of footing, the total load per unit area of footing
must be less than the soil bearing capacity which depends on a number of soil and
foundation parameters.
(i) Gross Bearing Capacity
Total safe bearing pressure at the bottom of footing including the load of super
structure, weight of footing and that of earth lying over the footing.
(ii) Net Safe Bearing Capacity
It is the gross bearing capacity minus the weight per unit area dug out of trench.

Net Safe Bearing Capacity for Rocks

Soil type kN/m2 t/m2
Hard rock e.g. granite, diorite 3300 330
Sedimentary rocks e.g. sand stone, lime stone 1650 165
Residual deposits of shattered and broken bed rock 900 90
Soft rock 450 45
 Net Safe Bearing Capacity for Non- cohesive soils
Soil type kN/m2 t/m2
Gravel, sand and gravel compact 450 45
Coarse sand compact 450 45
Medium sand compact 250 25
Fine sand, silt compact 150 15
Loose gravel, loose coarse to medium sand 250 25
Fine sand loose 100 10

Net Safe Bearing Capacity for Cohesive soils

Soil type kN/m2 t/m2
Soft shale , hard or stiff clay 450 45
Medium clay 250 25
Moist clay and sand clay mixture 150 15
Soft clay 100 10
Very soft clay 50 5
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION UNDER FOOTINGS

Pressure distribution for Pressure distribution for Uniform pressure

cohesion-less or sandy soil cohesive or clayey soil distribution
(assumed condition)
 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION UNDER FOOTINGS
• The theory of elasticity as well as the
actual observations indicate that the
pressure distribution under symmetrically
loaded footings is not uniform.
• The actual stress distribution depends
upon the nature of subsoil strata and the
rigidity of the footings.
• When a rigid footing is placed on loose
cohesion-less soil, due to the load
transmitted by the footing, the soil grains Pressure distribution for cohesion-less or
at the edges having no lateral restraint, sandy soil
displace laterally and in the centre the soil
remain relatively confined.
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION UNDER FOOTINGS

• In case of rigid footing on

cohesive soils, the load
transmitted by the footing
causes maximum pressure at
the edges and minimum at
the centre.
• The pressure distribution
under the footing in such a
Pressure distribution for cohesive or
case is parabolic. clayey soil
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION UNDER FOOTINGS

• In order to simplify the analysis the

pressure distribution beneath the
footings is assumed to be linear.
• The design based on this
assumption compares fairly well
with results of actual studies made
in respect of pressure under
existing foundations and hence
linear pressure distribution is well Uniform pressure distribution
accepted. (assumed condition)
 DESIGN CRITERIA
The basic requirements for the design of shallow foundations are:
(i) The area of the footing should be such that the maximum pressure on the soil does not
exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil.
(ii) Almost all soils get compressed under load and certain amount of settlement is bound to
occur. It is necessary to ensure that the total settlement remain within permissible
limits.
(iii) The foundation should be provided in such a manner that the structure does not get
tilted under load. If the centre of gravity (C.G.) of the load does not coincide with the C.G.
of the footing, the bearing pressure will not be uniform. In such a case there will be
higher pressure on the edge of footing nearer to the C.G. of the load which will cause
greater settlement of soil at the edge and this can result in tilting of foundation. This can
be avoided by providing the footing area in such a manner that the C.G. of the load
coincides with the C.G. of the footing.
(iv) The depth at which the foundation should be located depends on the characteristics of
the sub-soil and the magnitude of load on the structure.
However, the foundation must be carried below:
(a) The depth of frost penetration in region of temperate
climate.
(b) The depth at which high volume changes in soil due to
moisture fluctuation do not cause any adverse effect.
(c) Below the depth of unconsolidated material like muck
(waste from farm animals and materials), garbage dumps,
and similar type of made up ground.
(d) The minimum depth prescribed by the local authority.

For small scale residential buildings, the depth of foundation is

generally kept from 0.9 m to 1.5 m depending upon load and soil
type. However, if good rock is available at smaller depth, only
removal of soil may be sufficient for placement of footing.
 DEPTH OF FOUNDATION
• For all important buildings it is necessary to get the soil investigation of the site
carried out by specialist agency.
• The test report should contain details regarding the type of sub-soil strata at various
depths, depth of water table, and recommendation regarding the bearing capacity of
soil at different depths.
• For normal buildings the depth of foundation below ground level is commonly
calculated by the Rankine’s formula which gives the minimum depth of foundation as:

=
where
Df = minimum depth of foundation in meters
P0= bearing capacity of soil in kN/m2
γ = density of soil or unit weight of soil in kN/m3
ϕ = angle of repose of soil
 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
• The analysis and design of footings can be broadly divided in the following
steps.
(a) Determination of the area of footing.
(b) Determination of bending moments and shears at critical section and
fixing the depth of footing.
(c) Determination of the area of reinforcement.
(d) Check for development length at critical section.
• The area of the footing is worked out based on the load on the member
including self weight of footing and the bearing capacity of the soil.
• The calculations for bending moment, shear force, development length etc.
are made based on provision in IS code.
• The various recommendations made in IS: 456-2000 for design of footing
are given below.
 CODAL PROVISIONS
1. General
(i) Footings shall be designed to sustain the applied loads, moments and forces and the
induced reactions and to ensure that any settlement which may occur will be as
nearly uniform as possible and the safe bearing capacity of the soil is not exceed.
(ii) Thickness at the edge of footing: In reinforced and plain concrete footings, thickness
at the edges shall be not less than 150 mm for footings on the soils, nor less than 300
mm above the tops of piles for footings on piles. (Cl. 34.1.2)
2. Moments and forces (Cl. 34.2)
(i) In the case of footings on piles, computation for moments and shears may be based on
the assumption that the reaction from any pile is concentrated at the centre of the
pile. (Cl. 34.2.1)
(ii) For the purpose of computing stresses in footing which support a circular or
octagonal concrete column or pedestal, the face of the column or pedestal shall be
taken as the side of a square inscribed within the perimeter of the round or octagonal
column or pedestal. (Cl. 34.2.2)
3. Bending moment (Cl. 34.2.3)
(i) The bending moment at any section shall be determined by passing
through the section a vertical plane which extends completely across
the footing and computing the moments of the forces acting over the
entire area of the footing on one side of the said plane. (Cl. 34.2.3.1)
(ii) The greatest bending moment to be used in the design of an isolated
concrete footing which supports a column, pedestal or walls shall be
the moment computed in the manner prescribed in Cl. 34.2.3.1 at
sections located as follows: (Cl. 34.2.3.2)
(a) At the face of the column, pedestal or wall for footings supporting
a concrete column, pedestal or wall.
(b) Half way between the centre line and the edge of the wall, for
footing under masonry walls.
(c) Half way between the face of the column or pedestal and the
edges of the gusseted base for footings under gusseted bases.
CRITICAL SECTIONS FOR DESIGN
21 21 Section 1-1
At column/pedestal face ;
Column
To compute Max. BM
Pedestal Column

Footing Slab Footing Slab

Section 2-2
At ‘d’ from Column/
Pedestal face;
To compute Maximum SF
a b for One way Shear
a b

Section abcd
d c d c At ‘d/ 2 ’ from Column/
Pedestal face;
To compute SF for Two way
21 21 shear
4. Shear and bond (Cl. 34.2.4)
(i) The shear strength of footings is governed by the more severe of the following two
conditions. (Cl. 34.2.4.1)
(a) The footing acting essentially as a wide beam, with a potential diagonal crack
extending in a plane across the entire width; the critical section for the
condition shall be assumed as a vertical section located from the face of the
column pedestal or wall at a distance equal to the effective depth of the footing
in case of footing on soils, and a distance equal to the half the effective depth of
footing for footings on piles.
(b) Two-way action of the footing with potential diagonal cracking along the surface
of truncated cone or pyramid around the concentrated load, in this case the
footing shall be designed for shear in accordance with appropriate provision
specified in Cl. 31.6.
(ii) The critical section for checking the development length in a footing shall be
assumed at the same plane as those described for bending moment in Cl. 34.2.3 and
also at all other vertical planes where abrupt changes of section occur. If the
reinforcement is curtailed, the anchorage requirement shall be checked in
accordance with provision in Cl. 26.2.3. (Cl. 34.2.4.3)
5. Tensile reinforcement (Cl. 34.3)
The total reinforcement at any section shall provide a moment of resistance at least equal
to the bending moment on the section calculated in accordance with Cl. 34.2.3.
(i) In one-way reinforced footing the reinforcement shall be distributed uniformly
across the full width of the footing.
(ii) In two-way reinforced square footing the reinforcement extending in each direction
shall be distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing.
(iii) In two-way reinforced rectangular footing, the reinforcement in the long direction
shall be distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing. For reinforcement
in the short direction, a central band equal to the width of the footing shall be
marked along the length of the footing and portion of the reinforcement determined
in accordance with equation given below shall be uniformly distributed across the
central band:
"
=
! #+%
where β is the ratio of the long side to the short side of the footing. The remainder of
the reinforcement shall be uniformly distributed in the outer portions of the footing.
6. Transfer of load at the base of column (Cl. 34.4)
The compressive stress in concrete at the base of a column or pedestal shall
be considered as being transferred by bearing to the top of the supporting
pedestal or footing. The bearing pressure on the loaded area shall not
exceed the permissible bearing stress in direct compression multiplied by a
&%
value equal to but not greater than 2.
&"

where A1 is supporting area for bearing of footing, which in sloped or

stepped footing may be taken as the area of the lower base of the largest
frustum of a pyramid or cone contained wholly within the footing and
having for its upper base, the area actually loaded and having side slope of
one vertical to two horizontal; and A2 is Loaded area at the column base.
• In addition to tensile reinforcement it is necessary to provide
longitudinal reinforcement in the footing.
• Area of longitudinal reinforcement = 0.15% of sectional area
of footing for mild steel reinforcement and = 0.12% of
sectional area of footing for HYSD bars.
• Check for shear: The critical section for shear is considered
to be located at a distance of effective depth from the face of
the wall.
• Check for development length: It should be ensured that the
length of the bars provided as tensile reinforcement is not
less than beyond the critical section for max. bending
moment.
Summary of Design Principles
1. Footing Dimensions are fixed such that soil bearing
capacity (SBC) is not exceeded under service load
conditions.
2. Rectangular footings are proportioned such that
projections beyond column/pedestal faces on all sides
are equal.
3. Footing slab is designed as a cantilever subjected to
upward uniformly distributed load (udl) due to soil
pressure.
4. Bending moment in the footing slab is computed as per
Cl. 34.2.3.2 (a) – at the face of column or pedestal.
CRITICAL SECTIONS FOR DESIGN
21 21 Section 1-1
At column/pedestal face ;
Column
To compute Max. BM
Pedestal Column

Footing Slab Footing Slab

Section 2-2
At ‘d’ from Column/
Pedestal face;
To compute Maximum SF
a b for One way Shear
a b

Section abcd
d c d c At ‘d/ 2 ’ from Column/
Pedestal face;
To compute SF for Two way
21 21 shear
5. Shear in the footing Slab is computed as per:
i) Cl. 34.2.4.1 (a) – One way Shear
At a distance equal to the effective depth of footing from
column/pedestal face.
ii) Cl. 34.2.4.1 (b) – Two way Shear (Punching Shear)
As per Cl 31.6, critical section for shear shall be at a
distance d/2 from the periphery of the column/pedestal.
6. Minimum Thickness of footing Slab ≥ 150mm as per Cl. 34.1.2.
Example 1: Depth of Foundation
Determine the area and the depth of foundation of a square column carrying 1000 kN vertical axial load.
The gross bearing capacity of soil is 100 kN/m2, density of soil is 17 kN/m3 and the angle of repose is 29o.
Solution
Column Load P = 1000 kN
Gross bearing capacity of soil Po = 100 kN/m2
Approximate area of footing = P/ Po = 1000/100 = 10 m2

Density of soil or unit weight of soil γ = 17 kN/m3

Angle of repose of soil ϕ = 29o
)* % ,-./ "
Minimum depth of foundation '( = + % ,-./
'( = 0.71 m
Weight of foundation including earth = 17 × 10 × 0.71 = 121 kN
Total Load on foundation = 1000+121 = 1121 kN
Area of foundation required = 1121/100 = 11.21 m2

Revising the area of foundation due to increased self weight of foundation and earth
= 17 × 11.21 × 0.71 = 135 kN
Revised total load on foundation = 1000 + 135 = 1135 kN
Area of foundation required = 1135/100 = 11.35 m2

Side of square footing = √11.35 = 3.37 m

Provide square footing of size 3.4 m × 3.4 m giving area of 11.56 m2 at a depth of 0.71 m from ground level.
Example 2: Square Footing
Design an isolated footing for a square column 400 mm×400 mm with 12#20
mm diameter longitudinal bars carrying service load of 1500 kN. The safe
bearing capacity of soil is 250 kN/m2 at a depth of 1 m below the ground
level. Use M 20 mix and Fe 415 grade steel.

Step 1: Size of Footing

Column Load (Service) = 1500 kN
Assume the weight of the footing and backfill as 10% of the column load =
= 150 kN
Total Load = 1650 kN
Area required = 1650/250 = 6.6 m2
Side of square footing = √6.6 = 2.57 m
Provide square footing = 2.6 m × 2.6 m giving area of 6.76 m2
Step 2:
Thickness of footing based on one-way shear
2600
Factored soil pressure = (1500×1.5)/6.76
= 0.333 N/mm2
Critical Assume pt = 0.25%;
section 0c = 0.36 N/mm2 (Table 19)
2600 d

400 Shear Carried by concrete Vu = 0c × b × d

= 0.36×2600×d

Critical section at ‘d’ from column face:

Force in the shaded area
1100
Shear Force = 0.333×2600×(1100 ‒ d)
Therefore,
0.36×2600×d = 0.333×2600×(1100 ‒ d)
0.333 MPa
d = 528.57mm
Assume effective depth = 528 + 8 = 536 mm
Effective depth = 536 mm

With a clear cover of 50 mm and rebar diameter 16 mm provided

in two layers:

Overall depth D = 536 + 50 + 16 + 8 = 610 mm

16 1

d
D

50 16 1
Step 3: Check for two-way shear

The critical section is at a distance of d/2 from the periphery of the column.
Since d = 536, therefore side of middle square = (536/2)+400+(536/2)= 936

Shear force = Soil Pressure (Footing Area ‒ Critical section Area)

= 0.333 [(2600)2 ‒ (936)2]/1000 = 1959.34 kN

d/2 Cl. 31.6.3

Shear resistance = (ks 0c )×Resisting area

ks = 0.5 + βc ; βc = 1.0, ks = 1.5 > 1; ks = 1.0

0c = 0.25 × √fck = 1.12 N/mm2

936 Resisting area = perimeter of critical section × d

= 4(936)×536 = 2006784 mm2

936 Shear resistance = 1.12×2006784 N

= 2247.6 kN > 1959.34 kN (Ok)
2600
Step 4: Bending moment
The critical section is at the face of the column.
Moment due to shaded area at critical section
Mu = 0.333 × 2600 × 1100 × (1100/2)
= 524×106 N-mm
1100
= 524 kN-m

Mu,lim = 0.36×0.48(1- 0.42×0.48)2600×5362×20

2600

= 2061 kN-m > 524 kN-m.

524×106 = 0.87 × 415 × Ast × 536 × [1 ‒ (Ast × 415 / (2600×536×20)]

2.88 Ast2 ‒ 193522.8 Ast + 524 ×106 = 0 Ast = 2827 mm2

Ast from One way shear = 0.25×2600×536/100 = 3484 mm2

Provide Ast = 3484 mm2 using 18 Nos. 16 mm dia. bar @ 140
0.333 MPa mm c/c in both directions as footing is square and having
equal projections on all faces.
Step 5: Check for Development length
IS: 456 Clause 26.2.1 Development Length of Bars
The development length Ld is given by
1 = nominal diameter of the bar = 16
1 2, 2s = stress in bar at the section considered at design load = 0.87× 415
34 =
5 674 0bd = design bond stress given in 2.6.2.1.1. = 4×1.2×(1.6)

NOTES:
1 The development length includes anchorage values of hooks in tension reinforcement.
2 For bars of sections other than circular, the development length should be sufficient to develop
the stress in the bar by bond.
• For deformed bars conforming to IS 1786 these values shall be increased by 60 percent.
• For bars in compression, the values of bond stress for bars in tension shall be increased-by 25 %.

Ld = 16×0.87×415/(4×1.2×1.6) = 752 mm
Length available = 1100 – 50 = 1050 mm > 752 mm (Ok)
 2600

161 @ 140

16 1 @ 140
2600

610

16 1 @140
16 1 @140
Example 3:
Design an isolated footing for a rectangular column, 300 mm × 500 mm carrying
a service load of 3000 kN. Assume safe bearing capacity of soil as 260 kN/m2 at a
depth of 1 m below ground level. Use M 20 mix and Fe 415 steel.
Step 1: Size of Footing
Column Load (Service) = 3000 kN
Assume the weight of the footing and backfill as 10% of the column load = 300 kN
Total Load = 3300 kN
Area required = 3300/260 = 12.7 m2
Let ‘z’ be the projection beyond column faces
 z

z
0.3
B = 0.3+ 2 z
0.5

L = 0.5+ 2 z

(0.5 + 2 z)×(0.3 + 2 z) = 12.7

0.15+0.6 z+1.0 z + 4z2 = 12.7
4z2 + 1.6z ‒12.55=0
z = 1.58 m; Provide z = 1.6 m
L = 3.7 m ; B = 3.5 m
Provide a footing of Size 3.7 m × 3.5 m
Step 2:
Thickness of footing based on one-way shear
Factored soil pressure = 3000 × 1.5 ×/(3.7 × 3.5)
3700 = 347 kN/m2 = 0.347 N/mm2
Assume pt = 0.25%;
Critical 0c = 0.36 N/mm2 (Table 19)
section
Shear Carried by concrete Vu = 0c × b × d
3500 d = 0.36 × 3500 × d
300
500 Critical section at ‘d’ from column face
Shear Force in the shaded area = 0.347 × 3500 × (1600 – d)
0.36 × 3500 × d = 0.347 × 3500 × (1600 – d)
d = 786 mm (say d = 800 mm)
Clear Cover = 50mm Rebar Dia. = 16 mm, in two layers
1600 Provide D = 800 + 8 + 16 + 50 = 874 mm (Say D = 875 mm)
16 mm dia.

d
0.347 MPa D
16 mm dia.
50 mm
Step 3: Check for two-way shear
The critical section is at a distance ‘d/2’ from the periphery of the column.
Shear force =Soil Pressure (Footing Area – Critical Section Area)
= 0.347 [(3700 × 3500) – (1300 × 1100)] /1000
= 3998 kN

d/2 Cl. 31.6.3

Shear resistance = (ks 0c ) × Resisting area

ks = 0.5 + βc ; βc = 0.6, ks = 1.1 > 1; ks = 1.0

0c = 0.25 × √fck = 1.12 N/mm2
1100

Resisting area = perimeter of critical section × d

3500

= 2 (2400) × 800 = 3840000 mm2

Shear resistance = 1.12 × 3840000 /1000

1300
= 4301 kN > 3998 kN (Ok)
3700
Step 4: Design for Bending moment
The critical section is at the face of the column.

Moment due to shaded area at critical section

1600 Mu = 0.347 × 3500 × 1600 × (1600/2)= 1555 kNm

Mu,lim = 0.36×0.48(1– 0.42×0.48) 3500×8002×20

= 6180 kNm > 1555 kNm
3500

1555×106 = 0.87 × 415 × Ast × 800 × [1– (Ast × 415 / (3500×800×20)]

2.14 Ast2 – 288840 Ast + 1555 ×106 = 0

Ast = 5617 mm2

Ast from One way shear = 0.25×3500×800/100

= 7000 mm2
0.347 MPa For Ast = 7000 mm2 , provide 35 Nos. 16 mm dia. bars @ 100 mm c/c
in both directions as footing is having equal projections on all faces.
 3700

16 mm dia. @ 100 mm c/c

#16 @ 100

3500
Step 5: Check for Development length

Ld = 0.87 × 415 × 16/(4 × 1.6 × 1.2) = 752 mm

Length available = 1600 – 50
= 1550 mm > 752 mm (Ok)

875

16 mm dia. @ 100 mm c/c

16 mm dia. @ 100 mm c/c
ISOLATED SLOPED FOOTING WITH VARYING THICKNESS

Column

Footing Slab

PLAN PLAN
ISOLATED SLOPED FOOTING WITH VARYING THICKNESS

• Providing a uniform thickness for the entire footing slab is uneconomical.

• A higher thickness is required essentially near the face of the column (due to
shear considerations).
• The effective depth requirement decreases as the distance from the critical
section increases.
• A minimum thickness of 150 mm as specified by the Code needs to be
provided at the edge of the footing.
• The slope angle should preferably not exceed about 1 (vertical) in 1.5
(horizontal) i.e. tan‒1 (1/1.5) = 33.7o as a steeper slope will trigger the
sliding down of concrete.
Example 2: Square Footing (Solved earlier)

610

16 1 @140
16 1 @140
2600

161 @ 140
16 1 @ 140

2600
• A minimum thickness of
150 mm as specified by
the Code is provided at
the edge of the footing.
• The slope angle should
preferably not exceed
about 1 (vertical) in 1.5
(horizontal) i.e. tan‒1
(1/1.5) = 33.7o as a
steeper slope will
trigger the sliding down
of concrete.
• Assume 50 mm offset on
all sides of the column.
• Slope = tan‒1 (V/H)
= tan‒1 (610‒150)/1050
= tan‒1 (1/2.28) = 23.7o
Other alternative designs are possible. These include:
(i) providing a proper sloped footing with a thickness
varying linearly from a minimum at the edge to a
maximum at the face of the column.
(ii) providing a stepped footing where the section at the
step location becomes a critical section at which one
way shear, flexural reinforcement and development
length requirements need to be verified.
EXAMPLE 14.2: Pillai and Menon
Square Isolated Footing, Concentrically Loaded
Thanks !!!