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26 views

Project Physics

Uploaded by

navaneethnrd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Study of the Moving Coil

Galvanometer
And its Conversion into its
Ammeter and
Voltmeter

Physics Investigatory Project

(2024-2025)

NAME: Navaneeth Ratheesh


Class: XII K
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my teacher Mrs.Santhi Balan who
gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic (Study of the Moving
Coil Galvanometer And its Conversion into its Ammeter
and Voltmeter), which also helped me in doing a
lot of research and I came to know about so
many new things I am really thankful to them.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents


and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing
this project within the limited time frame.
INDEX

1. Current loop as a magnetic dipole and


magnetic dipole moment
2. Conservation of Galvanometer to voltmeter

3. Conversion of Galvanometer to ammeter

4. Theory and Working

5. Moving Coil Galvanometer(MCG)

6. Diagrams
Introduction

Current loop in a magnetic dipole and magnetic


dipole moment

consider a circular current carrying circuit in n which


current is flowing in uniform direction
The feild lines are practically straight at the midddle.
The front phase through which lines enter behave act
as south pole and other phase act as north pole
Hence a current carrying loop act as magnectic
dipole. The magnetic feild act on the axis of on the
axis of current carrying loop is

𝐵 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎2
3
2 ( 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ) 2
= 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝜋𝑎2
3
2𝜋 (𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 )2

= 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝐴
3
2𝜋 (𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 )2

A Galvanometer can be coverted to voltmeter by


connecting a high resistance with series in it

By applying ohm’s law-


V=Ig(G+R)
V=igG+IgR
V –IgR=VgR
R=V-VgR
--- ---
Ig Ig
R=V-G

-----

Ig

The total resistance of voltmeter=𝑅1 = 𝐺 + 𝑅


When a voltmeter is connected in parallel it drains
least current from then circuit
Ideal Voltmeter has infinite
Resistance voltmeter is a high resistance
galvanometer

G → Galvonometer resistance
s→ shunt resistance
p.d across Galvanometer=p.d across
Shunt resistance
IgG =(I.Tg)s
S=IgG

-----

I - Ig
Resistance in ammeter

Ra=GS

------

G +S

Value of RA is less the G & S


Ammeter is always connected series to the circuit.
An ideal ammeter is one which has 0 resistance.
An ammeter is a low resistance Galvanometer.
Conversion of Galvanometer to Voltmeter:-
Voltmeter is an instrument for measuring p.d across the 2
ends of a conductor carrying current. A galvanometer
cannot be used to measure p.d across the conductor this is
because due to low resistance of galvanometer, a large part
of current will flow through galvanometer as a result current
flowing through the conductors and hence p.d across it will
decrease on connecting a Galvanometer
Note: as no of turns increase current sensitivity increase but
voltage sensitivity remain same as no of turn’s length of
increase hence resistance increase voltage sensitivity
remain same

Conversion of Galvanometer to Ammeter:


Ammeter is an instrument cured for measurement current
in a circuit. A Galvanometer is a low resistance device even
a small current produces full deflection in galvanometer. If a
large current is passed, it damage the device. To convert a
galvanometer to ammeter we need to increase the range of
galvanometer to ammeter we need to increase the range of
galvanometer and to decrease the resistance of
galvanometer.so galvanometer can be converted to
ammeter by connecting a law resistance called shunt
resistance in parallel to galvanometer
Let lbr the max current that can be read by Galvanometer Ig
is the current that can pass through Galvanometer .
Brronze wire The restarting torque praportional to 0 restoring
torque =k,k us called torsional constant

K can be defined as restoring torque per unit twist.


At equilbrium,
Deflecting Z = Restoring 𝜏
NIAB = KO
I = KO

NAB
I=GO
Where G=k
NAB
G=Galvanometer consatant
Ie, i praportional
1→ I𝜃𝐼 =𝑁𝐴𝐵
𝐾

𝜃 → Current Sensitivity of Galvanometer


I→ Current sensitivity of Galvanometer is defined as angle of
twist per unit current
From 1→ 𝜃
𝐼𝑅
=
𝑁𝐴𝐵
𝐾𝑅

R→ Resistance of coil
𝜃 𝑁𝐴𝐵
=
𝑉 𝐾𝑅
𝜃
𝑉
= voltage sensitivity of galvanometer
Voltage sensitivity can be defined an angle of twist per
voltage
Si unit=rad/V
It consists of a coil ABCD having large number of turns of an
insulated copper wire. The coil is wound over a frame of
non- magnetic material. The coil is suspected is torsion
head with a phosphor bronze mil. The soil is placed between
two poles pieces of strong magnet the whole arrangement is
enclosed in a non- magnetic care . Soft iron core placed
inside the coil make the field radicle (ie.plane of the coil in
all portion remain parallel to the air of magnetic field(𝜃 = 90 )
and to increase the strength of magnetic field.

Theory And Working


When a current I flow through the coil a deflection torque
will be generated and deflecting 𝜏 torque
𝜏 =NIAB(𝜃 =90)
N=No of turns of the coil
A=area of the coil
Due to this torque the coil rotates. The phosphur bronze wire
gets twisted as a result of it . A restoring torque comes into
play in the wires which would try to restore the coil to its
original position
Let 𝜃 be the angle of twist produced in the phosphor

Moving coil Galvanometer (MCG)

Principle: when the current carrying coil placed in a


magnetic Feild, it expenses a torque
DIAGRAM:

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