Mount Litera Zee School Goa

2024-25

Grade XII
Archana Bandekar
Computer Science

UNIT II COMPUTER NETWORKS

 CONTENTS
1. Evolution of networking: introduction to computer networks, evolution of networking
(ARPANET, NSFNET, INTERNET)

2. Data communication terminologies: concept of communication, components of data

communication (sender, receiver, message, communication media, protocols), measuring
capacity of communication media (bandwidth, data transfer rate), IP address, switching
techniques (Circuit switching, Packet switching)

3. Transmission media: Wired communication media (Twisted pair cable, Co-axial cable,
Fiber-optic cable), Wireless media (Radio waves, Micro waves, Infrared waves

4. Network devices (Modem, Ethernet card, RJ45, Repeater, Hub, Switch, Router, Gateway,
WIFI card)

5. Network topologies and Network types: types of networks (PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN),
networking topologies (Bus, Star, Tree)

6. Network protocol: HTTP, FTP, PPP, SMTP, TCP/IP, POP3, HTTPS, TELNET, VoIP

7. Introduction to web services: WWW, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), Extensible
Markup Language (XML), domain names, URL, website, web browser, web servers, web
hosting
Evolution of networking: introduction to computer networks, evolution of networking
(ARPANET, NSFNET, INTERNET)
Data communication terminologies: concept of communication, components of data
communication (sender, receiver, message, communication media, protocols),
measuring capacity of communication media (bandwidth, data transfer rate),
Network devices (Modem, Ethernet card, RJ45, Repeater, Hub, Switch, Router, Gateway,
WIFI card)
Network topologies and Network types: types of
networks (PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN), networking
topologies (Bus, Star, Tree)
Transmission media: Wired communication media (Twisted pair cable, Co-axial cable,
Fiber-optic cable), Wireless media (Radio waves, Micro waves, Infrared waves
 IP address, switching techniques (Circuit switching, Packet
switching and Message switching)

Switching techniques
Switching Techniques: Switching techniques are used for transmitting data across
networks. Different ways of sending data across the network are

1. Circuit Switching
2. Packet Switching
3. Message Switching

Circuit Switching:
• First the complete end-to-end
transmission path is established between
the source and the destination computers.
• Then the message is transmitted
through the path.
The main advantage of this technique is
guaranteed delivery of the message.
• Mostly used for voice communication.
Packet Switching:
• Using the TCP protocol a single large message is divided into a sequence
of packets of size limits from 128 to 4096 bytes.
• Each packet is independent and has the address of
sender and destination.
• The IP (Internet protocol) does the routing for the packets. It keeps track of
all the different routes available to the destination. If one route is not
available it finds the alternate route to the destination.
• At the destination, the TCP protocol re-assembles the packets into the
complete message.
• If any packets are lost or damaged, a request is sent to retransmit the same
message.

Message Switching:
• Here the source computer sends data or the message to the switching office
first, which stores the data in its buffer.it then looks for a free link to
another switching office and then sends the data to this office.
• The process is continued till the data are delivered to the destination
computers.
• It is also known as store and forward. i.e it stores first (in switching
office) forward later, one jump at a time.
 Difference between message switching and Packet
switching
Message Switching
In message switching data is stored in buffer form. The message is, sent to
the nearest directly connected switching node. This process continues until
data is delivered to the destination computer.

Packet Switching
In this form of switching data is transferring into packet form. A fixed size of
packet that can be transmitted across the network is specified. All the
packets are stored in the main memory instead of disk.
 Introduction to web services: WWW, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), Extensible
Markup Language (XML), domain names, URL, website, web browser, web servers, web
hosting

Web service - is a standardized medium,protocol or language to propagate

communication between the client and server applications on the World Wide Web. A
web service is a software module that is designed to perform a certain set of tasks.

(WWW)
Many people think that the internet and the world wide web (WWW) are the same
thing. While they are closely linked, they are very different systems.
The internet is a huge network of computers all connected together. The world wide
web (‘www’ or ‘web’ for short) is a collection of webpages found on this network of
computers. Our web browser uses the internet to access the web.
The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging information between computers on the
Internet, tying them together into a vast collection of interactive multimedia resources.
HTML – Hyper text markup language is a document design language not a programming language. It
provide various kinds of tags(commands) used to define the structure and appearance of web page.
.

Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding
documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine- readable.
XML is Platform Independent and Language Independent: The main benefit of xml is that we can
use it to take data from a program like Microsoft SQL, convert it into XML then share that XML with
other programs and platforms. You can communicate between two platforms which are generally
very difficult.

Difference between HTML and XML

BASIS FOR
COMPARISON XML HTML
Expands to Extensible Markup Language Hypertext Markup Language
Basic Provides a framework for markup HTML is predefined markup language.
Structural Information Provided Does not contain structural information
Language type Case sensitive Case insensitive
Purpose of the language Transfer of information Presentation of the data
Errors Not allowed Small errors can be ignored.
Whitespace Can be preserved. Does not preserve white spaces.
Closing tags Compulsory to use closing tags. Closing tags are optional.
Nesting Must be properly done. Not much valuable.
 Web
services
HTTP - HTTP stands for hypertext transfer protocol and is used to transfer data across
the Web. It allow users of the World Wide Web to exchange information found on web
pages. When accessing any web page entering http:// in front of the address tells the
browser to communicate over HTTP.
working with web Server both.
Web page - A html document which can be displayed in a web browser.
Website - A collection of web pages which are grouped together and usually connected together
in various ways. Often called a "web site" or simply a "site.“
Web browser – A software which interpret html document and display them in human
readable form is known as web browser.
E.g. Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera, Microsoft Internet Explorer or Edge, or Apple's Safari. These
are also often called just "pages.“
Web server – A software which host website and return web pages to web client(webbrowser)
on request.
Domain Name-Domain name is the address of your website that people type in the browser’s URL bar
to visit your website.
Web hosting - Web hosting is the place where all the files of your website live. It is like the home of
our website where it actually lives.
A good way to think about this is if the domain name is the address of our house, then web hosting is
the actual house that address points to. All websites on the internet, need web hosting.
Web script - A computer programming language for adding dynamic capabilities to World Wide
Web pages. The CGI component on the server contains small programs called scripts that take
information from the browser system or provide it for display.
URL –Uniform Resource Locator is defined as the global address of documents and other resources on
the World Wide Web. The URL is an address that sends users to a specific resource online, such as a
webpage, video or other document or resource.
e.g.
Scripting languages are like programming languages that allow us to write
programs in form of script. These scripts are interpreted not compiled and
executed line by line.Two types of scripting languages are used.
• Client Side Scripting languages
• Server Side Scripting languages
 Network protocol: HTTP, FTP, PPP, SMTP, TCP/IP, POP3, HTTPS, TELNET, VoIP

FTP – FTP, or File Transfer Protocol, is one of the standard internet protocols used to
transfer data files between a client(FTP client) and a server(FTP server) over a
computer network).
FTP is available in two mode – text mode ftp(where user have to give commands in
text form) and GUI ftp(graphical interaction is possible).

Some of the more popular, and reliable, FTP Clients currently operating in the
industry are FileZilla, WinSCP, Cyberduck, gFTP
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is an open standard protocol that is mostly
used to provide connections over point-to-point serial links. The main purpose of PPP is to
transport Layer 3 packets over a Data Link layer point-to-point link. PPP can be configured
on: Asynchronous serial connection like Plain old telephone service (POTS) dial-up

HTTP - HTTP stands for hypertext transfer protocol and is used to transfer data across
the Web. It allow users of the World Wide Web to exchange information found on web
pages. When accessing any web page entering http:// in front of the address tells the
browser to communicate over HTTP.
Remote login – A remote login facility permits a user who is using one
computer to login to remote computer or interact with a program on
another computer. Command given at remote location is processed by
server and result displayed over remote location.

Telnet – Telnet is most popular protocol for accessing remote site/server.

Using telnet client software on our computer, we can make a connection to a
telnet server (that is, the remote host). Once our telnet client establishes a
connection to the remote host, our client becomes a virtual terminal,
allowing us to communicate with the remote host from our computer.
 SMTP – Most of the internet systems use SMTP as a method to transfer mail from
one user to another. SMTP is a push protocol and is used to send the mail to email
server. it is usually used with one of two other protocols.

• POP3 – Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is a standard mail protocol used
to receive emails from a remote server to a local email client.
• This means that if we access our account from multiple locations, that may not
be the best option for us. On the other hand, if we use POP3, our messages are
stored on our local computer, which reduces the space of email account uses on
your web server.
 Protocols for chat & video conferencing
VOIP – Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that allows us to make
voice calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular (or analog)
phone line.
VoIP services convert our voice into a digital signal that travels over the Internet. If
we are calling a regular phone number, the signal is converted to a regular
telephone signal before it reaches the destination. VoIP can allow us to make a call
directly from a computer, a special VoIP phone. In addition, wireless "hot spots" in
locations such as airports, parks, and cafes allow us to connect to the Internet and
may enable us to use VoIP service wirelessly.
Advantages:
• Less Cost
• Accessibility
• Flexibility
• Voice Quality
• Extra/Less Expensive Features
Disadvantages:
• Reliable Internet Connection Required
• Power Outages/Emergencies
• Latency
 Wireless technology
BASIS OF
WI-FI WiMAX
COMPRISON
Wi-Fi is an acronym for Wireless WiMAX is an acronym for Worldwide
Fidelity. Interoperability
Description It is a wireless networking technology for Microwave Access. It also goes by the IEEE
that uses radio waves to provide name
wireless high-speed internet and 802.16. It is a technology standard for long-
network connections. range wireless networking for both mobile
and fixed connection.
Protocol Uses CSMA/CA protocol Uses connection based MAC protocol.
Licensed and
Unlicensed Exclusively unlicensed Can run on both licensed and unlicensed
Spectrum spectrum.
Data
Transmission data at speeds up to 54 mbps. data at speeds upto 40mbps.
Rates
Channel
fixed channel bandwidth of 20 MHz. flexible channel bandwidth - 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz.
Bandwidth
Defined under IEEE 802.11x standards Standardized under 802.16y family of wireless
IEEE Standards
where x is various Wi-Fi versions. networking where y refers to various WiMAX
versions.
coverage of up to 100 meters for Non-line of sight connectivity covers a radius of
Coverage outdoor applications and 30 meters above 25 kilometers (Km). For line of sight
for indoor coverage. connectivity coverage area of above 600- square
REVISION