B.TECH.

FIRST YEAR
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-2024

Course Name: Engineering Materials and Mechanics

COURSE CODE : CV1001
CREDITS : 04
MODE OF DELIVERY : OFFLINE
FACULTY : DR SOURAV KUMAR DAS
EMAIL-ID : [email protected]
MODULE : 1
DATE OF DELIVERY : Jan-May 2024 1
Module-2:
Fibers, and polymers, Polymerization and condensation. Engineering properties
and uses of PVC, polyethene, Polystyrene - nylon, rayon, and polyesters

Relevant Course Outcome

To know various types of fibres, and polymers, their engineering properties
and applications.
 Fibre
A fibre is a thin thread of a natural or artificial substance, with high tensile capacity

Samples of steel and copper fibres (top row), and basalt, plastic, and coconut fibres (bottom row)
 Different types of fibres are made up of different types of molecules

Animal fibres Proteins

Synthetic fibres (Ex. Nylon, Polyester) Long chains of hydrocarbons

Plant fibres (Ex. Cotton, Jute) Carbohydrate from Cellulose

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Classification of Fibre

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Application of Fibre in Civil Engineering

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Application of Fibre in Civil Engineering

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 Application of Fibre in Civil Engineering
Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete

• Steel fiber is a metal reinforcement

• Increase resistance to cracking, impact,
fatigue, and bending, tenacity, durability, and
others.
• Improves long-term behavior, enhancing
strength, toughness, and stress resistance

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 Application of Fibre in Civil Engineering
Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced (PFR) Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Concrete
• Polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete is • Glass fiber reinforced concrete is a
also known as polypropene or PP material consisting of numerous
• These fibers are usually used in concrete extremely fine fibers of glass.
to control cracking due to plastic shrinkage • Glass fiber has roughly comparable
and drying shrinkage. mechanical properties to other fibers
• They also reduce the permeability of such as polymers and carbon fiber.
concrete and thus reduce the bleeding of • It is much cheaper and significantly less
water. brittle when used in composites.
• It has similar properties as polyethylene, • It is a much poorer thermal insulator
but it is harder and more heat resistant. than the glass wool.
• Polypropylene fiber displays good heat-
insulating properties and is highly resistant
to acids, alkalies, and organic solvents. 9
 Application of Fibre in Civil Engineering
Carbon Fibre
• Polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete is also known as polypropene or PP
• It has high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight, high chemical resistance, high-
temperature tolerance and low thermal expansion.
• When mixed with plastic resin and baked, it forms carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (often
referred to as carbon fiber) which has a very high strength-to-weight ratio and is extremely
rigid although somewhat brittle.

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 Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral that is made
up of long, thin, fibrous crystals. Asbestos fibers
Asbestos: are used to strengthen and fireproof materials. They
are also resistant to heat and corrosion

Rayon

Synthetic Fibre Nylon

Terylene
Polyester
Acrylic
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 Rayon
Rayon is a man-made fiber derived from natural sources, primarily cellulose obtained from wood pulp.

Semi-synthetic OR Regenerated fiber

Important characteristics of Rayon:

• It is infused with cotton or wool to prepare bedsheets and

carpets, respectively.

• It is also known as artificial silk and can be dyed in a wide

variety of colours.

• Rayon has properties alike to those of silk.

• It is a man-made fibre and cheaper than silk.

• It is obtained from wood pulp

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 Usage of Rayon
Clothing: Rayon is mostly used to make clothing.
Home goods: Rayon is used to make sheets, blankets, curtains, and carpets.
Paper products: Rayon is used to make paper towels and napkins.
Misc. Products: Rayon is also used to make ropes, fishing nets, and other marine products. Rayon is
also uses to make non-woven fabrics, which are used in a variety of applications, such as automotive
insulation and medical dressings.

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 Nylon
Nylon is the name of a family of synthetic polymers that are commonly used to make a variety of different
types of apparel and consumer goods

Fully Synthetic Composed of Polyamides

Important characteristics of Rayon:
• Lightweight
• Exceptional strength
• Abrasion resistant
• Easy to wash
• Resists shrinkage and wrinkling
• Low moisture absorbency
• Can be pre-coloured or dyed in a wide range of colors
• Resistant to damage from oil and many chemicals
• Poor resistance to continuous sunlight 14
 Usage of Nylon
• The fabric is used for car components that are close
to the engine
• It is used for making toys and many other plastic
utilities
• The fabric is used for making swimwear as it is known
for its waterproof nature
• The resins of the Nylon fabric are used for perfect food
packaging
• Used for tents, ropes, tires and various other military
supplies
• Used to make ropes for rock climbing and
parachutes

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 Polyester
Polyester is a synthetic fiber and fabric made from petroleum-based chemicals
It's a type of plastic, and its technical name is Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)

Fully Synthetic Composed of Ester

Important characteristics of Rayon:

• Polyester is a synthetic or man-made fibre material.

• Polyester is made up of many units of an ester.

• It is suitable for making clothing because it is easy to

wash and stays crisp and wrinkle-free.

• A very known polyester is TERELYNE and ACRYLIC

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Usage of Polyester

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 Engineering Properties of Fibres

Tensile
Young’s Ultimate Specific
Types of Fiber Strength
Modulus (GPa) Elongation (%) Gravity
(MPa)

Rayon 420-630 7 10-25 1.5

Nylon 770-840 4.2 16-20 1.1

Polyester 735-875 8.4 11-13 1.4

Acrylic 210-420 2.1 25-45 1.1

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 POLYMER
A polymer is a substance or material made up of large molecules called
macromolecules
These molecules are made up of many repeating subunits

• A polymer is a compound having very high molecular weight

• It is formed by covalent linkage with hundreds of small simple
chemical units called monomer.
• Process of formation of polymer is called polymerization.
• The properties of polymer are different from the monomer.
• Molecule weight of polymer is equal to the molecular weight of
monomer multiplied by number of monomers.

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POLYMER

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Natural Polymer These occur in nature in plants and animals and are very essential for life. For e.g., proteins,
nucleic acids, Starch, cellulose, protein, silk, wool and natural rubber are some natural polymers.

Synthetic Polymer Synthetic polymers are man-made polymers which include fibres like Teflon and Dacron,
synthetic rubbers, Polyethylene, Polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, nylon, polyester

Semisynthetic Polymer These are the cellulose acetate and nitrocellulose

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A linear polymer is a long In branched
Crosslinked polymers
continuous chain of polymers, monomers Network polymers
are polymers in which
carbon–carbon bonds with are joined to make long are complex polymers
long polymer chains are
the remaining two valence chains with side chains that form a three-
crosslinked together to
bonds attached primarily (branches) of various dimensional network
form a 3D matrix of
to hydrogen or another lengths originating at of linkages
interconnect polymer
relatively small random points from a
chains.
hydrocarbon moiety single linear chain.

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 Elastomers are a type of rubber-like material that are durable and elastic. They are

Elastomer made up of polymers that are connected by weak intermolecular forces. This allows
the material to withstand mechanical stress and return to its original shape when the
stress is removed.

Fibres A fibre is a thin thread of a natural or artificial substance, with high tensile capacity.

Thermoplastic is a plastic material that softens when heated, solidifies when cooled,
Thermoplastics
and can be re-melted or molded after cooling.

Thermosetting plastics, also known as thermosets, are man-made materials. They are
made up of long chains of molecules that are cross-linked, giving them a rigid
Thermosetting structure.
Plastic They are stronger than thermoplastic materials and are better suited for high-
temperature applications. Also resistant to many chemicals, including organic and
inorganic acids. Many thermosets are also water-resistant, dielectric, and radiopaque.
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 Condensation polymers are polymers that are formed through a
Condensation condensation reaction. This reaction involves linking two smaller
Polymer molecules (called monomers) together and releasing a small
molecule in the process
Addition
Polymer
Addition polymers are formed by
a reaction in which monomer
units simply add to one
another. The monomers usually
contain carbon–carbon double
bonds. Addition polymers
include polystyrene,
polyethylene, polyacrylates,
and methacrylate.
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 Polystyrene

✓ Polystyrene (PS) is a synthetic polymer made from

monomers of the aromatic hydrocarbon styrene.
✓ It is naturally transparent but can be coloured with
colorants.
✓ It is one of the most widely used plastics, with the
scale of its production being several million tonnes
per year.
✓ It is a poor barrier to oxygen and water vapor and has
a relatively low melting point.
✓ General-purpose polystyrene is clear, hard, and
brittle
✓ It is an inexpensive resin per unit weight.
✓ It can be solid or foamed.
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 Polyethylene

✓ It is an important thermoplastic raising

expensively used in very large quantity.
✓ It can be prepared in two forms
➢ Low density polythene (LDPE)
➢ High density polythene (HDPE)
✓ It is manufactured by the addition polymerisation
of ethylene gas.
✓ Ethylene gas is subject of high pressure of 1500
to 3000 atm at 250 ° centigrade.

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 Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC)
It is a synthetic resin made from the polymerization of vinyl chloride
PVC is the world's third-most widely produced synthetic polymer of plastic

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 Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC)
Properties of PVC

✓ PVC is the most widely used member of the vinyl family.

✓ PVC offers excellent corrosion and weather resistance.
✓ It has a high strength-to-weight ratio and is a good
electrical and thermal insulator.
✓ PVC is also self-extinguishing per UL flammability tests.
✓ PVC may be used to temperatures of 140°F (60°C) and is
readily available in sheets, rods, and tubing.
✓ PVC may be cemented, welded, machined, bent and
shaped readily.

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