International University, VNU-HCMC

School of Computer Science and Engineering

Lecture 5: SQL part 1

Instructor: Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan

[email protected], [email protected]
https://nttloan.wordpress.com/

International University, VNU-HCMC

Announcements
• If you are enrolled to the class, but have not seen the
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

information on Blackboard IU, please send me an

email.

• Lecture “slides” (incomplete) will be uploaded before

the class, “slides” (completed) after the class

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Recap: Lecture 2
• Why use a DBMS?
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

• Structured data model: Relational data model

– table, schema, instance, tuples, attributes
– bag and set semantic
• Data independence
– Physical independence: Can change how data is
stored on disk without affecting applications
– Logical independence: can change schema without
affecting apps

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Summary: Data Models

• Relational data model is the most standard for
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

database managements
– and is the main focus of this course
• Semi-structured model/XML is also used in
practice – you will use them in hw/
assignments
• Unstructured data (text/photo/video) is
unavoidable, but won’t be covered in this
class

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Today’s topic
• SQL basic:
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

ü Create database
ü Create tables, constraints, import data
– Reading material: [RG] Chapters 3 and 5
– Additional reading for practice: [GUW]
Chapter 6

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Acknowledgement
• The following slides have been created adapting the
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

instructor material of the [RG] book provided by the

authors Dr. Ramakrishnan and Dr. Gehrke.
• The following slides are referenced from Dr. Sudeepa
Roy, Duke University.

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What is SQL?

• SQL is Structured Query Language, which is a

Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

computer language for storing, manipulating

and retrieving data stored in a relational
database.

• SQL is the standard language for Relational

Database System.

https://www.tutorialspoint.com

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A Brief History of SQL

1970 − Dr. Edgar F. "Ted" Codd of IBM is known as the
father of relational databases. He described a relational
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

model for databases.

1974 − Structured Query Language appeared.

1978 − IBM worked to develop Codd's ideas and released

a product named System/R.

1986 − IBM developed the first prototype of relational

database and standardized by ANSI. The first relational
database was released by Relational Software which
later came to be known as Oracle.
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A Brief History of SQL

• Standards:
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

– SQL-86
– SQL-89 (minor revision)
– SQL-92 (major revision)
– SQL-99 (major extensions, current
standard)
– More: MS SQL Server history on the
internet

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Purposes of SQL
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

– Querying: SELECT-FROM-WHERE
– Modifying: INSERT/DELETE/UPDATE

• Data Definition Language (DDL)

– CREATE/ALTER/DROP

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DML - Data Manipulation Language

Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

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DDL - Data Definition Language

Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

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Relational Model
column/
attribute/
field
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

sid name login age gpa

row / 53666 Jones jones@cs 18 3.4
tuple /
53688 Smith smith@ee 18 3.2
record
53650 Smith smith1@math 19 3.8
53831 Madayan madayan@music 11 1.8
53832 Guldu guldu@music 12 2.0

• mathematically, relation is a set of tuples

– each tuple appears 0 or 1 times in the table
– order of the rows is unspecified
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SQL (“sequel”)
• Standard query language for relational data
– used for databases in many different contexts
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

– inspires query languages for non-relational (e.g. SQL++)

• Everything not in quotes (‘…’) is case insensitive
• Provides standard types.
• Examples:
– numbers: INT, FLOAT, DECIMAL(p,s)
• DECIMAL(p,s): Exact numerical, precision p, scale s. Example:
decimal(5,2) is a number that has 3 digits before the decimal and
2 digits after the decimal
– strings: CHAR(n), VARCHAR(n)
• CHAR(n): Fixed-length n
• VARCHAR(n): Variable length. Maximum length n

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SQL (“sequel”) – Cont.

– BOOLEAN
– DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

• DATE: Stores year, month, and day values

• TIME: Stores hour, minute, and second values
• TIMESTAMP: Stores year, month, day, hour, minute, and
second values
• Additional types in here

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Exact Numeric Data Types

Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

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Approximate Numeric Data Types

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Date and Time Data Types

Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

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Character Strings Data Types

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Unicode Character Strings Data Types

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Binary Data Types

Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

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Miscellaneous Data Types

Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

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Demo on SQLite
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

• E.g., type sqlite3

• https://www.db-book.com/university-lab-dir/sqljs.html

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SQL statements

• Create database …
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

• create table …
• drop table ...
• alter table ... add/remove ...
• insert into ... values ...
• delete from ... where ...
• update ... set ... where ...

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SQL statements
Syntax:
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

CREATE DATABASE DatabaseName:

CREATE DATABASE testDB;

DROP DATABASE DatabaseName:

DROP DATABASE testDB;

USE DatabaseName:
USE testDB;

all attributes

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CREATING TABLE
The basic syntax of the CREATE TABLE statement is as
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

follows:

CREATE TABLE table_name(

column1 datatype,
Column2 datatype,
column3 datatype,
.....
columnN datatype,
PRIMARY KEY (one or more columns)
); s

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Creating Relation/Table
§ Creates the “Students” relation CREATE TABLE Students
(sid CHAR(10),
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

– the type (domain) of each

name CHAR(15),
field is specified
login CHAR(20),
– enforced by the DBMS age INTEGER,
whenever tuples are added or gpa REAL/DECIMAL(2,1))
modified
• As another example, the CREATE TABLE Enrolled
(sid CHAR(20), ??
“Enrolled” table holds
cid CHAR(20),
information about courses that grade CHAR(2))
students take
sid cid grade
sid nam e login age gpa
53831 Carnatic101 C
53666 Jones jones@cs 18 3.4
53688 Smith smith@eecs 18 3.2
53831 Reggae203 B
53650 Topology112 A
53650 Smith smith@math 19 3.8
53666 History105 B
Students
Enrolled
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Example: CREATE TABLE

Customers(ID: int, name: string(20), age: int, address:
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

string(25), salary decimal(18,2))

CREATE TABLE Customers(

);all attributes

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Destroying Relation/table
Syntax: Drop table Table_name
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

DROP TABLE Customers;

• Destroys the relation Customers

– The schema information and the tuples are
deleted.

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Altering Relation/Table
ALTER TABLE Students
ADD COLUMN firstYear: integer
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

• The schema of Students is altered by adding a new

field;
• What’s the value in the new field?
every tuple in the current instance is extended
with a null value in the new field.

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Adding/ Insert into

Syntax:
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (column1, column2, column3, ...,

columnN) VALUES (value1, value2, value3,..., valueN);

INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME

VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ..., valueN);

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Adding and Deleting Tuples

• Can insert a single tuple using:

Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

INSERT INTO Students (sid, name, login, age, gpa)

VALUES (53688, ‘Smith’, ‘smith@ee’, 18, 3.2)

• Can delete all tuples satisfying some condition

(e.g., name = Smith):
DELETE
FROM Students S
WHERE S.name = ‘Smith’

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Example: Adding/ Insert into

Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID, NAME, AGE, ADDRESS, SALARY)

VALUES (7, 'Muffy', 24, 'Indore', 10000.00);

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS

VALUES (7, 'Muffy', 24, 'Indore', 10000.00);
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update ... set ... where ...

Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

UPDATE Student
SET age = age + 2
where sid = ‘53680';

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Integrity Constraints (ICs)

• IC: condition that must be true for any instance of the
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

database
– e.g., domain constraints
– ICs are specified when schema is defined
– ICs are checked when relations are modified

• A legal instance of a relation is one that satisfies all

specified ICs
– DBMS will not allow illegal instances

• If the DBMS checks ICs, stored data is more faithful to

real-world meaning
– Avoids data entry errors, too!

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Integrity Constraints
NOT NULL Constraint − Ensures that a column cannot have NULL
value.
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

DEFAULT Constraint − Provides a default value for a column

when none is specified.
UNIQUE Constraint − Ensures that all values in a column are
different.
PRIMARY Key − Uniquely identifies each row/record in a table.
FOREIGN Key − Uniquely identifies a row in any of the given
table.
CHECK Constraint − Ensures that all the values in a column
satisfies certain conditions.
INDEX − Used to create and retrieve data from the database
very quickly.
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Integrity Constraints-NOT NULL

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(
ID INT NOT NULL,
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,

AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

If CUSTOMERS table has already been created

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS

ALTER COLUMN SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2) NOT NULL

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Integrity Constraints-DEFAULT
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(
ID INT NOT NULL,
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,

AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2) DEFAULT 5000.00,
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
If the CUSTOMERS table has already been created
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS
DROP column SALARY;
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS
ADD SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2) DEFAULT 5000.00;
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Integrity Constraints-UNIQUE

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(

Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

ID INT NOT NULL,

NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

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Integrity Constraints-UNIQUE
If the CUSTOMERS table has already been created
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS

ADD CONSTRAINT UniqueConstraint UNIQUE(NAME);

DROP a UNIQUE Constraint

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS

DROP CONSTRAINT UniqueConstraint;

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Integrity Constraints-CHECK

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(

Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

ID INT NOT NULL,

NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL CHECK (AGE >= 18),
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

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Integrity Constraints-CHECK
If the CUSTOMERS table has already been created
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS

ADD CONSTRAINT CheckConstraint CHECK(AGE
>=18);

DROP a CHECK Constraint

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS

DROP CONSTRAINT CheckConstraint;

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Integrity Constraints-INDEX
Syntax:
CREATE INDEX index_name
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

ON table_name ( column1, column2.....);

To create an INDEX on the AGE column, to optimize the

search on customers for a specific age

CREATE INDEX idx_age

ON CUSTOMERS ( AGE );

DROP an INDEX Constraint

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS

DROP INDEX idx_age;
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Keys in a Database
• Key/ Candidate Key
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

• Primary Key
• Super Key
• Foreign Key

• Primary key attributes are underlined in a

schema
– Person(pid, address, name)
– Person2(address, name, age, job)

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Primary Key Constraints

• Key = subset of columns that uniquely identifies tuple
• Another constraint on the table
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

– no two tuples can have the same values for those columns
• Examples:
– Movie(title, year, length, genre): key is (title, year)
– what is a good key for Student?
Students(sid: string, name: string, login: string, age: integer,
gpa: real).
• Can have multiple keys for a table
• Only one of those keys may be “primary”
– DBMS often makes searches by primary key fastest
– other keys are called “secondary”

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Primary and Candidate Keys in SQL

• Possibly many candidate keys
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

– specified using UNIQUE

– one of which is chosen as the primary key.

• Example:
• “For a given student and
course, there is a single grade.” CREATE TABLE Enrolled
(sid CHAR(10)
• What a primary key is in a
cid CHAR(20),
table? grade CHAR(2),
PRIMARY KEY ???)

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Primary and Candidate Keys in SQL

• Possibly many candidate keys
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

– specified using UNIQUE

– one of which is chosen as the primary key.
• “For a given student and course, there is a single
grade.”

CREATE TABLE Enrolled

(sid CHAR(10)
cid CHAR(20),
grade CHAR(2),
PRIMARY KEY (sid,cid) )

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Primary and Candidate Keys in SQL

• Possibly many candidate keys
– specified using UNIQUE CREATE TABLE Enrolled
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

– one of which is chosen as the (sid CHAR(10)

primary key. cid CHAR(20),
grade CHAR(2),
• “For a given student and PRIMARY KEY (sid,cid)
course, there is a single
grade.” vs CREATE TABLE Enrolled (sid
vs. CHAR(10)
• “Students can take only one cid CHAR(20),
course, and receive a single grade CHAR(2), PRIMARY
grade for that course; further, KEY ???, UNIQUE ??? )
no two students in a course
receive the same grade.”

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Primary and Candidate Keys in SQL

• Possibly many candidate keys
– specified using UNIQUE CREATE TABLE Enrolled
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

– one of which is chosen as the ( sid CHAR(10)

primary key. cid CHAR(20),
grade CHAR(2),
• “For a given student and PRIMARY KEY (sid, cid)
course, there is a single
grade.” vs CREATE TABLE Enrolled
vs. ( sid CHAR(10)
• “Students can take only one
cid CHAR(20),
course, and receive a single grade CHAR(2),
grade for that course; further, PRIMARY KEY sid,
no two students in a course UNIQUE (cid, grade))
receive the same grade.”

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Primary and Candidate Keys in SQL

• Possibly many candidate keys
– specified using UNIQUE CREATE TABLE Enrolled
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

– one of which is chosen as the ( sid CHAR(10)

primary key. cid CHAR(20),
grade CHAR(2),
• “For a given student and course, PRIMARY KEY (sid, cid)
there is a single grade.” vs
• “Students can take only one CREATE TABLE Enrolled
vs.
course, and receive a single grade ( sid CHAR(10)
for that course; further, no two cid CHAR(20),
grade CHAR(2),
students in a course receive the
PRIMARY KEY sid,
same grade.” UNIQUE (cid, grade))
• Used carelessly, an IC can prevent
the storage of database instances
that arise in practice!
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Foreign Keys, Referential Integrity

• Foreign key: Set of fields in one relation that is
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

used to 'refer' to a tuple in another relation

– Must correspond to primary key of the second relation
– Like a 'logical pointer'

• E.g. sid is a foreign key referring to Students:

– Enrolled(sid: string, cid: string, grade: string)
– If all foreign key constraints are enforced,
referential integrity is achieved
– i.e., no dangling references

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Foreign Keys in SQL

• Only students listed in the Students relation should be
allowed to enroll for courses
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

CREATE TABLE Enrolled

(sid CHAR(10), cid CHAR(20), grade CHAR(2),
PRIMARY KEY (sid,cid),
FOREIGN KEY (sid) REFERENCES Students )
• Enrolled
• Students
sid cid grade
sid name login age gpa
53666 Carnatic101 C
53666 Jones jones@cs 18 3.4
53666 Reggae203 B
53650 Topology112 A 53688 Smith smith@eecs 18 3.2
53666 History105 B 53650 Smith smith@math 19 3.8

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Enforcing Foreign-Key Constraints

If there is a foreign-key constraint from relation R
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

to relation S, two violations are possible:

1. An insert or update to R introduces values
not found in S.
2. A deletion or update to S causes some tuples
of R to “dangle.”

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Action taken
Example: suppose R = Enrolled, S = Students
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

An insert or update to Enrolled that introduces a

nonexistent Students must be rejected.

A delete or update to Students that removes a

student value found in some tuples of Enrolled can
be handled in four ways (next slide)

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Action taken
1. Default: Reject the modification.
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

2. Cascade: Make the same changes in Enrolled.

Deleted Students: delete Enrolled tuple.
Updated Students: change value in Enrolled.

3. Set NULL: Change the sid in E to NULL.

4. Default is No action: (delete/update is
rejected)

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Example: Cascade
Delete the 53666 tuple from Students:
Then delete all tuples from Enrolled that
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

have sid = ’53666’.

Update the 53666 tuple by changing ’53666’

to ’53686’:
Then change all Enrolled tuples with
sid = ’53666’ to sid = ’53686’.

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Example: Set NULL

Delete the 53666 tuple from Students:
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

Change all tuples of Enrolled that have

sid = ‘53666’ to have sid = NULL.

Update the 53666 tuple by changing ’53666’ to

’53686’:
Same change as for deletion.

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Referential Integrity in SQL

• SQL/92 and SQL:1999 support all 4 options on
deletes and updates
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

CREATE TABLE Enrolled

( sid CHAR(10),
cid CHAR(20),
grade CHAR(2),
PRIMARY KEY (sid,cid),
FOREIGN KEY (sid) REFERENCES Students
ON DELETE CASCADE
ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT )

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Where do ICs Come From?

• ICs are based upon the semantics of the real-world
enterprise that is being described in the database
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

relations
• Can we infer ICs from an instance?
– We can check a database instance to see if an IC is
violated, but we can NEVER infer that an IC is true
by looking at an instance.
– An IC is a statement about all possible instances!
– From example, we know name is not a key, but the
assertion that sid is a key is given to us.
• Key and foreign key ICs are the most common; more
general ICs supported too

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Example Instances
Sailor
• We will use these instances of
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

sid sname rating age

the Sailors and Reserves
22 dustin 7 45
relations in our examples
31 lubber 8 55
58 rusty 10 35
• If the key for the Reserves
relation contained only the
attributes sid and bid, how Reserves
would the semantics differ? sid bid day
22 101 10/10/96
58 103 11/12/96

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Q/A
1. Is a NULL value the same as zero or a blank
space? If not, then what is the difference?
Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

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Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Thuy Loan, PhD

Thank you for your attention!

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