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01 HYDROLOGY Course Unit 2

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24 views4 pages

01 HYDROLOGY Course Unit 2

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kotaroookun14
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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING:

HYDROLOGY
COURSE MODULE COURSE UNIT WEEK
1 2 1
Introduction and Definition of Hydrology

 Read course and unit objectives


 Read study guide prior to class attendance
 Read required learning resources; refer to unit
terminologies for jargons
 Proactively participate in classroom discussions
 Participate in weekly discussion board (Canvas)
 Answer and submit course unit tasks

At the end of this unit, the students are expected to:

1. Understand the appropriate diagrams the hydrologic cycle and the different processes and
storages within the cycle.
2. Perform calculation related to measurement, movements and storages in the different
processes of the hydrologic cycle.

Applied Hydrology by Ven Te Chow, David Maidment and Larry Mays; McGRAW-HILL
International Editions; 1988
INTRODUCTION
Hydrology deals with the occurrence, movement, and storage of water in the
earth system. Water occurs in liquid, solid, and vapor phases, and it is transported
through the system in various pathways through the atmosphere, the land surface, and
the subsurface and is stored temporarily in storages such as the vegetation cover, soil,
wetlands, lakes, flood plains, aquifers, oceans, and the atmosphere. Thus, hydrology
deals with understanding the under-lying physical and stochastic processes involved and
estimating the quantity and quality of water in the various phases and stores. For this
purpose, a number of physical and statistical laws are applied, mathematical models are
developed, and various state and input and output variables are measured at various
points in time and space. In addition, natural systems are increasingly being affected by
human intervention such as building of dams, river diversions, groundwater pumping,
deforestation, irrigation systems, hydropower development, mining operations, and
urbanization. Thus, the study of hydrology also includes quantifying the effects of such
human interventions on the natural system (at watershed, river basin, regional, country,
continent, and global scales). Water covers about 70 % of the earth surface, but only
about 2.5 % of the total water on the earth is freshwater and the rest is saltwater (NASA
Earth Observatory website). Of the total amount of the earth’s freshwater, about 70 % is
contained in rivers, lakes, and glaciers and about 30 % in aquifers as groundwater.

A related term/concept commonly utilized in hydrology is hydrologic cycle. It


conveys the idea that as water occurs in nature, say in the form of rainfall, part of it may
be temporarily stored on vegetation (e.g., trees), the remaining part reaches the ground
surface, and in turn part of that amount may infiltrate and percolate into the
subsurface, and another part may travel over the land surface eventually reaching the
streams and the ocean. In addition, part of the water temporarily stored on the
vegetation canopy, the soil, depression pools, the snow pack, the lakes, and the oceans
evaporates back into the atmosphere. That process of water circulating from the start of
the precipitation, traveling through the river basin (or through the entire earth system),
and then evaporating back to the atmosphere is known as the hydrologic cycle.
This introductory chapter includes seven subjects, namely, hydro climatology,
surface water hydrology, soil hydrology, glacier hydrology, watershed and river basin
modeling, risk and uncertainty analysis, and data acquisition and information systems.
The intent is to discuss some2 J.D. Salas et al. basic concepts and methods for
quantifying the amount of water in the various components of the hydrologic cycle.
However, the chapter content cannot be comprehensive because of space limitations.
Thus, the emphasis has been on recent developments particularly on the role that
atmospheric and climatic processes play in hydrology, the advances in hydrologic
modeling of watersheds, the experiences in applying statistical concepts and laws for
dealing with risk and uncertainty and the challenges encountered in dealing with
nonstationary, and the use of newer equipment (particularly space borne sensors) for
detecting and estimating the various compo-nents of the hydrologic cycle such as
precipitation, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration. Current references have been
included as feasible for most of the subjects.

What hydrologists do:


Assessment : availability of water
Water use : water withdrawal and instream uses
Water Control : flood and drought mitigation
Pollution Control : point and nonpoint sources

Prehistoric times
 It was thought that the land mass floated on a body of water, and the water in
rivers and lakes has its origin under the earth.
 Examples of this belief can be found in the works of HOMER.
 The idea that the water cycle is a closed cycle can be found in the works of
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (460 BC) and Diogenes of Apollonia (460 BC).
 Plato and Aristotle speculated about the percolation of water through the ground
as part of the water cycle.
 Up to the time of the Renaissance (14th to the 17th century), it was thought that
precipitation alone was not sufficient to feed rivers, for a complete water cycle, It
was believed that underground water pushing upwards from the oceans were the
main contributors to river water. Bartholomew of England held this view (1240
AC), as did Leonardo da Vinci (1500 AC) and Athanasius Kircher (1644 AC).
 Bernard Palissy (1580) first told that rainfall alone is sufficient for the
maintenance of rivers
David Chin, Water Resources Engineering, 3rd Ed., Person , 2013
Bedient, P.B., Huber W.C. and Vieux, B.E. Hydrology and Flood
Plain Analysis, Pearson 4th Ed., Philippine edition
copyright 2010

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