MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

Disaster Preparedness and Management

SEE Answer key
UNIT-1
SAQ
1 List out the types of disasters. | List out the various types of disaster.
A List of the various types of disaster.:
1. Water and Climate Disaster: Flood, hailstorms, cloudburst, cyclones, heat waves, cold
waves, droughts, hurricanes.
2. Geological Disaster: Landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes
3. Biological Disaster: Viral epidemics, pest attacks, cattle epidemic, and locust plagues
4. Industrial Disaster: Chemical and industrial accidents, mine shaft fires, oil spills,
5. Nuclear Disasters: Nuclear core meltdowns, radiation poisoning
6. Man-made disasters: Urban and forest fires, oil spill, the collapse of huge building
structures
2 What is meant by disaster management?
A Disaster management is an ongoing process that involves planning for, responding to, and
recovering from disasters. The goal is to reduce the impact of disasters and minimize loss of life,
property, and infrastructure. Disaster management involves the following components:
1. Mitigation: Implementing measures to reduce the severity and impact of disasters.
2. Preparedness: Planning and readiness efforts to respond to disasters, including training,
drills, and stockpiling resources.
3. Response: Dealing with the human, material, economic, and environmental effects caused
by a disaster.
4. Recovery: Taking steps to recover after a disaster has occurred.
LAQ
1 Discuss in detail about the concept of disaster management.
A Disaster Management
Introduction:
Disaster Management refers to the systematic approach to preparing for, responding to, and
recovering from disasters. It encompasses the strategies, policies, and procedures aimed at
reducing the adverse effects of natural or man-made disasters. In the context of engineering
and urban planning, it plays a critical role in safeguarding human life, property, and the
environment.

Phases of Disaster Management:

Disaster management is generally divided into four key phases:
1. Mitigation:
o Focuses on long-term measures to reduce or eliminate risks associated with disasters.
o Includes structural measures (like dams, levees) and non-structural measures (like land-
use planning, public education).
o Aims to minimize the impact of disasters by implementing hazard-resistant construction
and establishing early warning systems.

2. Preparedness:
o Involves planning, organizing, and equipping resources to effectively respond to a
disaster.
o Activities include developing emergency plans, conducting drills, training first
responders, and stockpiling essential supplies.
o Enhances community awareness and readiness through education and communication
strategies.

1
MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

3. Response:
o Actions taken immediately after a disaster to ensure safety, provide emergency
assistance, and minimize further damage.
o Includes search and rescue operations, medical aid, evacuation, and provision of food,
water, and shelter.
o Coordination among government agencies, NGOs, and international bodies is critical for
effective response.

4. Recovery:
o Focuses on restoring normalcy and rebuilding affected areas post-disaster.
o Short-term recovery involves immediate repairs and restoring basic services, while long-
term recovery includes rebuilding infrastructure, economic recovery, and psychological
support.
o Incorporates lessons learned to improve future disaster management strategies.

Key Components of Disaster Management:

1. Risk Assessment and Analysis:
o Involves identifying potential hazards, analyzing vulnerabilities, and assessing the
potential impact on communities.
o Utilizes tools like Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and risk mapping to prioritize
areas needing intervention.
2. Disaster Response Planning:
o Preparation of detailed plans that outline roles, responsibilities, and protocols for
disaster response.
o Includes creating Incident Command Systems (ICS) to ensure coordinated response
among multiple agencies.
3. Resource Management:
o Efficient allocation and management of resources such as manpower, equipment, and
finances.
o Establishment of emergency operation centers and stockpiles of critical resources
ensures readiness.
4. Public Awareness and Training:
o Educating communities about disaster risks and response measures.
o Conducting drills and simulations to improve public preparedness and response
efficiency.
5. Early Warning Systems:
o Development and implementation of systems that can detect and alert populations
about impending disasters.
o Includes technologies such as weather forecasting, seismic monitoring, and automated
alert systems.

2
MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

Importance of Disaster Management in India:

• India is prone to various disasters, including earthquakes, floods, cyclones, and droughts,
due to its geographical diversity.
• Effective disaster management is crucial to minimizing loss of life, protecting infrastructure,
and ensuring sustainable development.
• Institutions like the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and the State Disaster
Management Authorities (SDMAs) play pivotal roles in implementing disaster management
frameworks across the country.

Challenges in Disaster Management:

• Lack of coordination among agencies, inadequate funding, insufficient training, and low
public awareness.
• Rapid urbanization and climate change pose new challenges, requiring adaptive strategies
and resilient infrastructure.
2 Explain disaster risk management in detail.
A Disaster Risk Management
Introduction:
Disaster Risk Management (DRM) involves the systematic process of using administrative
decisions, organization, operational skills, and capacities to implement strategies, policies, and
improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility
of disaster. It focuses on reducing the risk and impact of disasters by managing the causes of
disasters rather than just responding to their effects.

Components of Disaster Risk Management:

Disaster Risk Management is a comprehensive approach that includes the following key
components:

1. Risk Identification:
o Involves identifying and analyzing the potential hazards, vulnerabilities, and risks faced
by a community or region.
o Tools like hazard mapping, risk assessments, and vulnerability analysis are used to
understand and prioritize risks.
o Helps in determining which areas are most at risk and need urgent interventions.
2. Risk Reduction:
o Focuses on minimizing vulnerabilities and disaster risks through preventive measures.
o Includes structural measures (like building flood defences, retrofitting buildings) and
non-structural measures (like land-use planning, enforcing building codes).
o Promotes sustainable practices, such as environmental protection, to reduce the
likelihood and impact of disasters.
3. Preparedness:
o Involves planning and preparing resources and actions in anticipation of disaster events.
o Includes developing disaster response plans, conducting drills and simulations,
community training, and creating early warning systems.
o Ensures that communities and agencies are ready to act efficiently when a disaster
occurs.
4. Risk Transfer and Financing:
o Entails the distribution of risk among different parties, often through insurance,
reinsurance, and other financial instruments.
o Governments and businesses use risk transfer mechanisms to minimize the financial
impact of disasters.
o Disaster risk financing helps in quick mobilization of funds for response and recovery,
reducing the economic burden.

3
MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

5. Emergency Response:
o Immediate actions taken after a disaster to protect lives, provide relief, and prevent
further damage.
o Involves activities like search and rescue, medical care, evacuation, and providing basic
needs such as food, water, and shelter.
o Requires effective coordination among various stakeholders, including government
agencies, NGOs, and international bodies.
6. Recovery and Rehabilitation:
o Focuses on restoring normalcy and rebuilding after a disaster.
o Short-term recovery includes restoring essential services and facilities, while long-term
recovery involves rebuilding infrastructure and economic recovery.
o Integrates “build back better” principles to enhance resilience and reduce future risks.

Importance of Disaster Risk Management in India:

• India faces a wide range of natural and human-made hazards due to its diverse
geography and large population.
• Effective disaster risk management is essential for reducing loss of life, protecting
property, and ensuring sustainable development.
• Institutions like the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), State Disaster
Management Authorities (SDMAs), and the National Institute of Disaster Management
(NIDM) play a crucial role in implementing DRM strategies in India.

Strategies for Effective Disaster Risk Management:

1. Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM):
o Involves engaging communities directly in the disaster management process.
o Encourages local participation, making risk management more tailored and effective at
the grassroots level.

2. Integration of DRM in Development Planning:

o Ensuring that disaster risk considerations are incorporated into urban planning,
infrastructure development, and environmental management.
o Promotes resilience by considering potential risks in the planning stages of development
projects.

3. Technological Innovations:
o Use of advanced technologies like Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote
Sensing, and Early Warning Systems for effective risk assessment and management.
o Technologies enhance the accuracy and efficiency of risk identification and response.

4. Policy and Legislation:

o Establishing laws, policies, and frameworks that mandate disaster risk management
practices.
o Policies such as the Disaster Management Act, 2005 in India provide a legal framework
for DRM activities.

Challenges in Disaster Risk Management:

• Challenges include inadequate funding, lack of coordination among stakeholders,
insufficient infrastructure, and limited public awareness.
• Rapid urbanization and climate change exacerbate the risks, requiring adaptive and
innovative solutions.

4
MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

UNIT-2
SAQ
1 State examples for man-made disasters.
A Man-made disasters are the result of human actions or technological hazards, and can cause
environmental degradation, loss of property and life, and societal disruption.

Some examples of man-made disasters include:

1. Industrial accidents: Chemical spills, nuclear incidents, and other industrial emergencies
2. Transportation accidents: Road, rail, and air accidents
3. Fires: Urban and forest fires, and building collapses
4. Terrorism and war: Bomb blasts, terrorist attacks, and war
5. Cyber-attacks: Disruption of power services and blackouts
6. Environmental damage: Oil spills and deforestation
7. Biological and chemical threats: Biological weapons and hazardous materials

Man-made disasters can have long-lasting impacts, affecting people, animals, land, and marine
ecosystems.
LAQ
1 What are the possible risk reduction measures of a flood?
A Possible Risk Reduction Measures for Floods
Floods pose significant risks to lives, properties, and economic activities. To minimize these
risks, various structural and non-structural measures can be implemented.

Below are key risk reduction measures for floods:

1. Flood Plain Zoning:
o Definition: Flood plain zoning involves regulating land use within flood-prone areas to
minimize damage and ensure safe utilization of these regions.
o Implementation: It includes demarcating areas based on flood frequencies (e.g., 1 in 25,
1 in 50, and 1 in 100 years). Zoning regulations determine what types of constructions are
allowed in each zone, with restrictions on critical infrastructure like hospitals and public
utilities being located above high-risk zones.
2. Construction of Storage Reservoirs:
o Definition: Storage reservoirs are large artificial lakes used to control floodwaters by
storing excess water during heavy rains.
o Impact: These reservoirs can reduce flood peaks and release stored water gradually,
lowering downstream flood risk. Reservoirs with flood reserve provisions are particularly
effective.
3. Embankments and Levees:
o Definition: Embankments and levees are raised barriers constructed along rivers and
floodplains to prevent floodwaters from overflowing onto adjacent lands.
o Benefit: They provide immediate protection to urban areas and farmlands from
floodwaters, thereby reducing direct damage to property and crops.
4. Flood Forecasting and Early Warning Systems:
o Definition: These systems involve monitoring weather patterns and river levels to predict
floods and issue warnings in advance.
o Application: Early warning systems enable timely evacuation, protection of valuables,
and implementation of emergency measures, thus reducing loss of life and property.
5. River Channel Improvements:
o Definition: Modifications to river channels, such as dredging, straightening, and
widening, improve the flow of water and reduce the likelihood of overbank flooding.

5
MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

o Effect: By enhancing river capacity and flow speed, channel improvements help in
reducing flood risk in heavily populated or industrial areas.
6. Community Awareness and Education:
o Definition: Public awareness campaigns educate communities about flood risks,
evacuation routes, and safety measures.
o Outcome: Improved public preparedness reduces panic during floods and ensures
orderly evacuations, minimizing casualties and losses.
7. Reforestation and Watershed Management:
o Definition: Planting trees and managing watersheds help absorb rainwater, reduce
runoff, and slow down the flow of water into rivers.
o Advantage: Reforestation enhances soil stability and reduces the volume and speed of
floodwaters, thereby mitigating flood impacts.
8. Development of Flood-Resistant Infrastructure:
o Definition: Designing and constructing buildings, roads, and bridges that can withstand
flood conditions.
o Strategy: This includes elevated structures, water-resistant materials, and designs that
allow water to flow around or under the infrastructure, reducing damage and
maintenance costs.
9. Implementation of Legal and Policy Measures:
o Definition: Enforcing regulations and policies that limit construction in flood-prone areas
and mandate flood-resistant building codes.
o Example: Legislation such as the draft bill circulated by the Central Government in 1975
for demarcating flood zones helps manage development and reduce risks associated with
indiscriminate occupation of floodplains.
10. Government Purchase and Relocation Programs:
o Definition: The government can purchase properties in high-risk flood zones and relocate
residents to safer areas.
o Purpose: This reduces the number of people living in flood-prone areas, thereby lowering
the potential for flood-related casualties and property damage.

These measures, when combined, form a comprehensive approach to flood risk reduction,
protecting lives, property, and the economy from the devastating effects of floods.
2 Explain in detail about biological disasters.
A Biological Disasters
Biological disasters refer to devastating events caused by the exposure of living organisms to
harmful biological agents, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, or toxins. These disasters
can have significant impacts on human health, agriculture, and the environment. Biological
disasters can occur naturally, accidentally, or deliberately, and require comprehensive
preparedness and management strategies to mitigate their effects.
Types of Biological Disasters
1. Epidemics and Pandemics:
o Epidemics: These are outbreaks of infectious diseases that spread rapidly among a
specific population or community. Examples include the outbreak of diseases like
cholera, dengue, and Ebola.
o Pandemics: A pandemic is an epidemic that has spread across multiple countries or
continents, affecting a large number of people. The COVID-19 pandemic is a recent
example, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.

2. Zoonotic Diseases:
o Definition: Zoonotic diseases are infections transmitted from animals to humans, either
through direct contact, food, water, or vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. Examples
include rabies, avian influenza, and swine flu.

6
MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

o Impact: These diseases can significantly affect public health, livestock, and wildlife,
causing economic losses and disruption.

3. Bioterrorism:
o Definition: Bioterrorism involves the intentional release of biological agents, such as
viruses, bacteria, or toxins, to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants.
Examples include the use of anthrax spores or the release of botulinum toxin.
o Objective: The aim is often to instill fear, disrupt societal functioning, or cause mass
casualties.

4. Insect Infestations:
o Definition: Insect infestations occur when harmful insects, such as locusts, breed in
large numbers and cause extensive damage to crops, threatening food security.
o Example: The desert locust infestation can destroy large swathes of farmland, leading to
food shortages and economic hardship.

Causes of Biological Disasters

1. Natural Causes:
o Natural evolution of pathogens or vectors can lead to the emergence of new diseases.
o Environmental changes, such as deforestation and climate change, can disrupt
ecosystems and facilitate the spread of diseases.

2. Human-Induced Causes:
o Increased human-animal interaction, urbanization, and global travel can accelerate the
spread of infectious diseases.
o Poor hygiene, inadequate waste management, and lack of sanitation can create breeding
grounds for biological agents.

3. Accidental Causes:
o Accidental release of pathogens from laboratories or industrial facilities can lead to
biological disasters.
o Contamination of food or water sources with harmful biological agents can cause
widespread illness.

Impacts of Biological Disasters

1. Human Health:
o Large-scale morbidity and mortality rates can overwhelm healthcare systems.
o Long-term health impacts, including chronic illnesses and psychological effects, are
common.
2. Economic Disruption:
o Loss of productivity, increased healthcare costs, and disruption of trade can have severe
economic consequences.
o Agriculture and livestock industries may suffer significant losses due to disease
outbreaks.
3. Social and Psychological Impacts:
o Fear, panic, and social stigma associated with disease outbreaks can disrupt societal
harmony.
o Restrictions on movement and social interactions can lead to mental health issues, such
as anxiety and depression.
4. Environmental Impacts:
o Outbreaks can lead to the culling of livestock or wildlife, affecting biodiversity.
o Pesticides and other control measures can have adverse environmental effects.

7
MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

Risk Reduction and Management Measures

1. Surveillance and Early Warning Systems:
o Establishing robust surveillance systems helps in the early detection of biological threats,
enabling prompt response measures.
o Monitoring and reporting of unusual health events are critical for early containment.

2. Public Health Infrastructure:

o Strengthening healthcare systems, including hospitals, laboratories, and emergency
response teams, is crucial for managing biological disasters.
o Training healthcare workers and conducting regular drills improve preparedness and
response capabilities.

3. Vaccination and Immunization:

o Mass vaccination campaigns can prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
o Developing and distributing vaccines rapidly in response to emerging threats is essential.

4. Community Awareness and Education:

o Public education on hygiene, disease prevention, and recognizing symptoms of infections
helps reduce the spread of diseases.
o Engaging communities in preparedness efforts fosters resilience.

5. Legislation and Policies:

o Enacting laws and policies to regulate the handling of biological agents and prevent
bioterrorism is vital.
o International cooperation and compliance with guidelines from organizations like the
World Health Organization (WHO) enhance global readiness.

6. Quarantine and Isolation:

o Implementing quarantine and isolation measures can contain the spread of infectious
diseases.
o Travel restrictions and border controls are effective in limiting the movement of
pathogens.

7. Research and Development:

o Investing in research for new vaccines, treatments, and diagnostic tools is essential for
tackling emerging biological threats.
o Collaboration between governments, research institutions, and the private sector
accelerates innovation and preparedness.

Conclusion
Biological disasters pose complex challenges that require a multifaceted approach, combining
prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery efforts. Effective management involves
coordinated actions at local, national, and international levels to protect public health, mitigate
impacts, and ensure resilience against future threats.

8
MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

UNIT-3
SAQ
1 List the Phases of disaster management cycle.
A The disaster management cycle consists of a series of phases aimed at reducing the impact of
disasters and enhancing community resilience.
The key phases are:
1. Mitigation: Actions taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk and impact of disasters.
2. Preparedness: Measures taken to prepare for a disaster and ensure that communities and
systems are ready to respond effectively.
3. Response: Immediate actions taken during and after a disaster to address the needs of
affected populations and manage the impact.
4. Recovery: Efforts to restore and rebuild affected communities to normal or improved
conditions after a disaster.

2 What is disaster response phase?

A Disaster Response Phase
The disaster response phase involves immediate actions taken during and shortly after a
disaster to address urgent needs and manage the impact. Key activities in this phase include:
1. Emergency Relief: Providing essential services such as food, water, medical care, and
shelter to affected populations.
2. Search and Rescue: Conducting operations to locate and assist victims, including those
trapped or injured.
3. Damage Assessment: Evaluating the extent of damage to infrastructure, property, and the
environment to guide response efforts.
4. Coordination: Managing and coordinating resources, personnel, and information among
various response agencies and organizations.
3 List measures of the recovery phase in the disaster management cycle.
A Measures of the Recovery Phase in the Disaster Management Cycle
The recovery phase focuses on restoring and rebuilding affected communities to normal or
improved conditions.

Key measures include:

1. Infrastructure Repair: Reconstructing and repairing damaged infrastructure such as roads,
bridges, and utilities.
2. Economic Support: Providing financial assistance and support to businesses and
individuals affected by the disaster.
3. Health and Social Services: Re-establishing healthcare services, mental health support,
and social services for affected populations.
4. Community Rehabilitation: Assisting with housing, education, and other community needs
to facilitate long-term recovery and resilience.

These measures aim to restore normalcy and enhance the community's capacity to withstand
future disasters.

9
MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

LAQ
1 Draw a neat sketch of the disaster management cycle and mention its phases.
A Phases of Disaster Management:
Disaster management is generally divided into four key phases:

1. Mitigation:
o Focuses on long-term measures to reduce or eliminate risks associated with disasters.
o Includes structural measures (like dams, levees) and non-structural measures (like land-
use planning, public education).
o Aims to minimize the impact of disasters by implementing hazard-resistant construction
and establishing early warning systems.

2. Preparedness:
o Involves planning, organizing, and equipping resources to effectively respond to a
disaster.
o Activities include developing emergency plans, conducting drills, training first
responders, and stockpiling essential supplies.
o Enhances community awareness and readiness through education and communication
strategies.
3. Response:
o Actions taken immediately after a disaster to ensure safety, provide emergency
assistance, and minimize further damage.
o Includes search and rescue operations, medical aid, evacuation, and provision of food,
water, and shelter.
o Coordination among government agencies, NGOs, and international bodies is critical for
effective response.

4. Recovery:
o Focuses on restoring normalcy and rebuilding affected areas post-disaster.
o Short-term recovery involves immediate repairs and restoring basic services, while long-
term recovery includes rebuilding infrastructure, economic recovery, and psychological
support.
o Incorporates lessons learned to improve future disaster management strategies.

2 Explain about recovery and reconstruction phase in detail.

A Recovery and Reconstruction Phase
The recovery and reconstruction phase is crucial for restoring normalcy and rebuilding
communities after a disaster. This phase focuses on repairing the immediate damage and
implementing long-term strategies to improve resilience and preparedness for future events.

Below is a detailed explanation of the recovery and reconstruction phase:

10
MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

1. Recovery Phase
Objective: To stabilize the affected community, restore essential services, and support the
population in returning to normal life.

Key Components:

• Damage Assessment:
o Purpose: Evaluate the extent of damage to infrastructure, properties, and the
environment.
o Activities: Conduct field surveys, gather data, and analyze the impact to prioritize
recovery efforts.
• Infrastructure Repair and Restoration:
o Purpose: Rebuild and repair damaged infrastructure to restore essential services.
o Examples: Fixing roads, bridges, water supply systems, and power grids.
• Economic Recovery:
o Purpose: Support economic stability and growth by providing financial assistance and
incentives.
o Activities: Disbursing grants, loans, and subsidies to affected businesses and
individuals.
• Health and Social Services:
o Purpose: Address health and social needs of the affected population.
o Examples: Re-establishing healthcare facilities, providing mental health support, and
ensuring access to education.
• Community Support and Rehabilitation:
o Purpose: Aid communities in resuming daily life and rebuilding social cohesion.
o Activities: Assisting with housing repairs, providing temporary shelters, and promoting
community engagement.
• Review and Evaluation:
o Purpose: Assess the effectiveness of recovery efforts and identify lessons learned.
o Activities: Conduct post-implementation reviews, gather feedback, and adjust strategies
as necessary.

2. Reconstruction Phase
Objective: To rebuild and enhance infrastructure, services, and community systems to improve
resilience and reduce vulnerability to future disasters.

Key Components:

• Comprehensive Planning:
oPurpose: Develop detailed plans for rebuilding that address both immediate and long-
term needs.
o Activities: Formulate reconstruction strategies, integrate risk reduction measures, and
involve community stakeholders in planning.
• Resilient Infrastructure Development:
o Purpose: Construct or upgrade infrastructure to withstand future disasters.
o Examples: Building stronger structures, implementing flood defenses, and upgrading
transportation networks.
• Sustainable Development:
o Purpose: Promote environmental sustainability and resource efficiency in reconstruction
efforts.
o Activities: Using eco-friendly materials, adopting energy-efficient technologies, and
preserving natural resources.

11
MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

• Economic Diversification:
o Purpose: Foster economic resilience by supporting diverse economic activities and
reducing dependency on vulnerable sectors.
o Examples: Encouraging entrepreneurship, investing in new industries, and promoting
skill development.
• Community Involvement:
o Purpose: Engage local communities in the reconstruction process to ensure that their
needs and priorities are addressed.
o Activities: Conducting community consultations, involving local organizations, and
ensuring participatory decision-making.
• Policy and Regulatory Framework:
o Purpose: Implement and enforce policies that support effective reconstruction and risk
reduction.
o Activities: Updating building codes, enforcing land-use regulations, and integrating
disaster risk reduction into development plans.
• Monitoring and Evaluation:
o Purpose: Track progress and assess the impact of reconstruction activities.
o Activities: Conduct regular evaluations, measure performance against goals, and make
necessary adjustments to strategies.
3 Explain in detail about prevention and mitigation of disasters
A Prevention and Mitigation of Disasters
Prevention and mitigation are crucial strategies in disaster management aimed at reducing the
risk and impact of disasters. While prevention focuses on stopping disasters from occurring,
mitigation involves reducing the severity of their effects. Both strategies are integral to building
resilient communities and ensuring effective disaster management.

1. Prevention of Disasters
Objective: To eliminate or reduce the likelihood of a disaster occurring through proactive
measures and policies.
Key Components:
• Risk Assessment and Monitoring:
o Purpose: Identify and evaluate potential hazards to understand their likelihood and
potential impact.
o Activities: Conduct hazard mapping, vulnerability assessments, and continuous
monitoring of environmental conditions.
• Regulation and Legislation:
o Purpose: Enforce laws and regulations to prevent hazardous activities that could lead to
disasters.
o Examples: Implementing zoning laws to prevent construction in flood-prone areas,
regulating industrial processes to prevent accidents.
• Public Awareness and Education:
o Purpose: Educate communities about potential risks and preventive measures.
o Activities: Conduct public awareness campaigns, educational programs in schools, and
community workshops on disaster prevention.
• Emergency Planning and Preparedness:
o Purpose: Develop and implement plans to avoid disaster occurrences and ensure
readiness for potential emergencies.
o Activities: Creating and updating emergency response plans, conducting drills and
exercises, and setting up early warning systems.
• Infrastructure Design and Maintenance:
o Purpose: Design and maintain infrastructure to prevent failures that could lead to
disasters.

12
MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

o Examples: Building dams and levees with safety margins, maintaining aging
infrastructure, and implementing safety standards in construction.

2. Mitigation of Disasters
Objective: To reduce the severity and impact of disasters through structural and non-structural
measures.
Key Components:
• Structural Measures:
o Purpose: Implement physical structures and modifications to reduce disaster impact.
o Examples:
 Flood Control Structures: Building levees, floodwalls, and reservoirs to manage and
control floodwaters.
 Earthquake-Resistant Buildings: Designing and retrofitting buildings to withstand
seismic forces.
 Landslide Prevention: Constructing retaining walls and drainage systems to stabilize
slopes.

• Non-Structural Measures:
o Purpose: Implement policies, practices, and strategies to reduce vulnerability and
enhance resilience.
o Examples:
 Land-Use Planning: Zoning regulations to prevent development in high-risk areas,
such as floodplains or earthquake zones.
 Building Codes: Establishing and enforcing codes that require construction to meet
safety standards for various hazards.
 Community-Based Programs: Engaging communities in disaster risk reduction
activities and local preparedness initiatives.

• Environmental Management:
o Purpose: Use environmental and ecological strategies to mitigate disaster risks.
o Examples:
 Reforestation: Planting trees to reduce soil erosion and stabilize slopes, which helps
prevent landslides.
 Wetlands Preservation: Protecting and restoring wetlands to absorb excess rainfall
and reduce flood risk.

• Public Awareness and Training:

o Purpose: Increase community knowledge and skills to manage disaster risks effectively.
o Activities: Conducting training programs for emergency responders, educating the public
on risk reduction practices, and promoting community-based disaster management.

• Economic and Social Measures:

o Purpose: Enhance economic and social resilience to mitigate the impacts of disasters.
o Examples:
 Insurance: Encouraging the purchase of insurance to protect against financial losses
from disasters.
 Social Safety Nets: Implementing programs to support vulnerable populations and
ensure their resilience in the face of disasters.

13
MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

UNIT-4
SAQ
1 List the activities involved in relief measures.
A Activities Involved in Relief Measures
Relief measures are crucial for providing immediate support and addressing urgent needs
during and after a disaster.

Key activities involved in relief measures include:

1. Emergency Assistance:
o Distribution of Supplies: Providing essential items such as food, water, clothing, and
medical supplies to affected populations.
o Setting Up Shelters: Establishing temporary shelters to provide safe and secure
accommodation for displaced individuals.

2. Medical Care:
o First Aid and Triage: Offering immediate medical attention and prioritizing treatment for
injuries and illnesses.
o Establishing Field Hospitals: Setting up temporary medical facilities to handle increased
patient loads and provide specialized care.

3. Search and Rescue Operations:

o Conducting Searches: Locating and rescuing individuals trapped or injured due to the
disaster.
o Coordination: Managing rescue teams and resources to ensure effective and timely
operations.

4. Damage Assessment:
o Assessing Needs: Evaluating the extent of damage and identifying critical needs for
effective relief planning.
o Reporting: Documenting damage and providing information to guide relief efforts.

These activities aim to provide immediate relief, stabilize the situation, and support affected
communities in the aftermath of a disaster.
LAQ
1 Explain about post-disaster damage assessment in detail.
A Post-Disaster Damage Assessment
Post-disaster damage assessment is a critical process that involves evaluating the extent of
damage and determining the needs of affected areas to guide recovery and reconstruction
efforts. This assessment helps prioritize response actions, allocate resources effectively, and
plan for long-term recovery. The process generally involves several key stages and activities.

1. Objectives of Damage Assessment

• Identify Damage: Determine the extent and type of damage to infrastructure, properties,
and the environment.
• Evaluate Needs: Assess immediate and long-term needs of the affected population.
• Prioritize Actions: Guide decision-making and resource allocation based on the severity
of damage and needs.
• Plan Recovery: Develop strategies for recovery and reconstruction based on
assessment findings.

14
MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

2. Stages of Damage Assessment

1) Initial Assessment:
• Objective: Provide a rapid overview of the situation to guide immediate response efforts.
• Activities:
o Rapid Surveys: Conduct quick, preliminary surveys to identify the most affected areas.
o Preliminary Reports: Generate initial reports outlining major impacts and immediate
needs.
o Coordination: Coordinate with local authorities and response teams to gather initial
information.

2) Detailed Assessment:
• Objective: Conduct a comprehensive evaluation to understand the full scope of damage
and needs.
• Activities:
o Field Surveys: Deploy teams to inspect and document damage in detail, including
infrastructure, housing, and essential services.
o Data Collection: Use tools such as GPS, drones, and GIS (Geographic Information
Systems) for accurate data collection and mapping.
o Interviews and Surveys: Gather information from affected individuals and local officials
to assess needs and impacts.

3) Data Analysis:
• Objective: Analyze collected data to determine the extent of damage and prioritize needs.
• Activities:
o Data Processing: Compile and process data from field surveys and other sources.
o Damage Categorization: Categorize damage into different levels (e.g., minor, moderate,
severe) and types (e.g., structural, environmental).
o Needs Assessment: Identify critical needs and gaps in response efforts based on the
analysis.

4) Reporting and Documentation:

• Objective: Document findings and communicate results to stakeholders for decision-
making.
• Activities:
o Comprehensive Reports: Prepare detailed reports outlining the extent of damage,
affected areas, and identified needs.
o Visualization: Use maps, charts, and graphs to illustrate damage and impacts clearly.
o Dissemination: Share reports with government agencies, NGOs, and other stakeholders
to facilitate coordinated response and recovery efforts.

3. Key Considerations
• Accuracy and Reliability:
o Ensure that data collected is accurate and reliable to inform effective decision-making.
o Use standardized methods and tools for consistency.
• Stakeholder Involvement:
o Involve local communities, authorities, and experts in the assessment process to gather
comprehensive information and ensure that local needs are addressed.
• Timeliness:
o Conduct assessments promptly to provide timely information for response and recovery
efforts.
• Integration with Response Efforts:

15
MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

o Coordinate damage assessment activities with ongoing response efforts to align with
immediate needs and support effective resource allocation.

4. Challenges
• Access Issues: Difficulty in reaching affected areas due to damaged infrastructure or
hazardous conditions.
• Data Gaps: Limited information availability or challenges in data collection during chaotic
situations.
• Resource Constraints: Limited resources or manpower for conducting thorough
assessments in large-scale disasters.
2 Explain the National policy on the financial mechanism for disaster management in India.
A National Policy on the Financial Mechanism for Disaster Management in India
Introduction: India's financial mechanism for disaster management is established under the
Disaster Management Act of 2005. This act provides a structured approach to managing
financial resources for disaster response, relief, and recovery. It includes provisions for the
National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) and the State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF),
ensuring that adequate financial support is available for various levels of disaster management.

1. Objectives of the Financial Mechanism

• Ensure Adequate Funding: Guarantee sufficient resources for immediate and long-term
disaster management.
• Promote Efficient Utilization: Optimize the use of funds for effective disaster response and
recovery.
• Facilitate Coordination: Coordinate financial management among central, state, and
district authorities.

2. Key Components of the Financial Mechanism

a. National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF):
• Purpose: Provide financial support for emergency relief and rehabilitation during severe
disasters.
• Funding:
o Source: Funded by a cess on certain items subject to excise and customs duties, as
approved annually in the Finance Bill.
o Administration: Managed by the central government under India’s Public Account,
specifically under “reserve funds not bearing interest.”
• Distribution: The NDRF supplements the SDRF when the disaster’s severity exceeds the
SDRF's capacity.

b. State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF):

• Purpose: Support disaster response and relief activities at the state level.
• Funding:
o Source: Allocations from the central government and state budget provisions.
o Administration: Managed by the State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA).
• Usage: Used for initial disaster response efforts and immediate relief measures.

c. State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA):

• Purpose: Oversee and manage disaster response and recovery activities at the state level.
• Composition:
o Chair: The Chief Minister of the state.
o Members: The Chief Minister appoints eight other members.
o Functions: Develops state-level disaster management plans and oversees the utilization
of SDRF.

16
MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

4. District Disaster Management Authorities:

• Purpose: Manage disaster response and recovery at the district level.
• Composition: Established in each district to handle local disaster management tasks and
coordination.

3. Administration and Management

• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA):
o Role: Oversees the NDRF and ensures its effective utilization.
o Chair: The Prime Minister of India.
o Support: Assisted by the National Executive Committee of Secretaries.
• Coordination Mechanism:
o Central Level: The central government, through NDMA, manages and allocates NDRF
resources.
o State Level: The SDMA manages SDRF and coordinates state-level disaster
management.
o District Level: District Disaster Management Authorities implement disaster response
strategies and manage resources locally.

4. Allocation and Utilization Process

• Assessment of Needs:
o Objective: Determine the financial requirements based on the disaster’s impact.
o Activities: Conduct damage assessments and identify urgent needs.
• Disbursement of Funds:
o Objective: Ensure timely release and allocation of funds.
o Activities: Process fund releases from NDRF and SDRF based on assessed needs and
disaster severity.
• Monitoring and Evaluation:
o Objective: Oversee fund utilization to ensure transparency and effectiveness.
o Activities: Conduct audits, review expenditure, and evaluate the impact of financial
support.

5. Challenges and Solutions

• Challenges:
o Delayed Fund Release: Bureaucratic delays in disbursing funds.
o Transparency Issues: Ensuring transparent and accountable use of funds.
o Coordination Gaps: Challenges in coordinating between central, state, and district
levels.

• Solutions:
o Streamline Processes: Simplify and expedite fund release procedures.
o Enhance Transparency: Implement robust auditing and reporting mechanisms.
o Strengthen Coordination: Improve communication and coordination across different
levels of government.

17
MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

UNIT-5
LAQ
1 List some S & T institutions and write their functions for disaster management in India.
A Science and Technology Institutions for Disaster Management in India
India’s approach to disaster management involves several key Science and Technology (S&T)
institutions that focus on preparedness, mitigation, and response. These institutions play
essential roles in ensuring effective disaster management through research, policy formulation,
and operational support. Below are some prominent S&T institutions and their functions:

1. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)

Functions:
• Policy Formulation: Develops national disaster management policies, plans, and
guidelines.
• Approval and Oversight: Approves ministerial disaster management plans and
recommends minimum standards for relief.
• Coordination: Coordinates with various government agencies and stakeholders to
ensure comprehensive disaster management.
• Capacity Building: Supports capacity-building initiatives across different levels of
government.

2. National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)

Functions:
• Training and Education: Provides training programs and educational resources to
enhance disaster management skills.
• Research and Development: Conducts research on disaster management practices
and supports policy formulation.
• Capacity Building: Develops training modules and assists in building disaster
management capabilities at various levels.
• Support to Research Institutes: Collaborates with other research institutions to
advance disaster management knowledge.

3. State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs)

Functions:
• Implementation: Oversees the implementation of disaster management plans and
strategies at the state level.
• Coordination: Coordinates state-level disaster response efforts and ensures alignment
with national policies.
• Planning: Develops state-specific disaster management plans and conducts risk
assessments.

4. District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs)

Functions:
• Planning and Coordination: Responsible for disaster management planning and
coordination at the district level.
• Implementation: Implements disaster management strategies and coordinates with
local authorities and agencies.
• Response and Recovery: Manages local disaster response and recovery operations.

18
MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

5. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)

Functions:
• Response: Provides specialized response to natural and man-made disasters through
proactive deployment.
• Training: Conducts training and retraining of personnel to maintain readiness for disaster
response.
• Operations: Engages in rescue, relief, and recovery operations during disaster events.

6. India Meteorological Department (IMD)

Functions:
• Weather Forecasting: Provides accurate weather forecasts and early warnings for
natural hazards such as cyclones and storms.
• Climate Monitoring: Monitors and analyzes climate data to predict potential climate-
related disasters.
• Data Dissemination: Shares weather and climate information with government agencies
and the public.

7. Central Water Commission (CWC)

Functions:
• Flood Forecasting: Issues flood forecasts and warnings based on river flow data and
meteorological inputs.
• Water Resource Management: Manages and monitors water resources to mitigate flood
risks.
• Data Collection: Collects and analyzes hydrological data for disaster management
purposes.

8. India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN)

Functions:
• Resource Inventory: Provides an online inventory of resources including materials,
manpower, and vehicles for disaster response.
• Coordination: Facilitates efficient allocation and utilization of resources during disaster
situations.
• Support: Supports disaster response by maintaining and updating resource information.

9. Remote Sensing and Geo-informatics Institutions

Functions:
• Flood Prediction: Uses remote sensing technology to predict flood patterns and assess
disaster impacts.
• Resource Allocation: Identifies resource gaps and supports efficient allocation of
resources based on geo-spatial data.
• Monitoring: Monitors disaster events and assesses damage using geo-informatics tools.

19