0% found this document useful (0 votes)
24 views10 pages

151ch5 1-4

Uploaded by

c2thet.5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
24 views10 pages

151ch5 1-4

Uploaded by

c2thet.5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

5.

1 Areas and Distances


Goal: Suppose we have a function f (x) where f (x) ≥ 0 on the interval [a, b]. We want to be able to find
the area under the curve between x = a and x = b.
We can estimate the area by dividing up the region into intervals and then forming rectangles. The area
can then be approximated by the sum of the areas of these rectangles. The more rectangles, the better the
approximation.
For the purposes of this class, we will assume each rectangle has the same width. If we use n rectangles to
approximate a function on the interval [a, b], then the width of each rectangle, denoted ∆x, is
b−a
∆x =
n

The heights of the rectangles are found by using the function value at some point in each rectangle. We
most often use left endpoints, right endpoints, or midpoints. For the ith rectangle, the x-value at which we
determine the height is denoted x∗i , and so the height of that rectangle is f (x∗i ).

Using sigma notation, the area under a curve can be approximated by


n
f (x∗i )∆x
X
A≈
i=1

where n is the number of rectangles used in the approximation. This is called a Riemann sum.

1
Example: Consider the function f (x) = 16 − x2 on the interval [0, 4]. Approximate the area under the curve
on this interval by using the partition 4 equal-width rectangles and choosing x∗i to be the right endpoint.

If we want n EQUALLY-SPACED subintervals for an interval [a, b], what is ∆xi ?


Example: Consider the function f (x) = x2 + 1 on the interval [2, 10]. Approximate the area under the curve
on this interval by using 4 equal width rectangles and choosing x∗i to be the midpoint.

2
Example: Consider the function f (x) = x3 on the interval [1, 4]. Approximate the area under the curve on
this interval by using 6 equal-width rectangles and choosing x∗i to be the left endpoint.

EXACT Area: These Riemann sums are just an approximation for the area under the curve. As we increase
the number of rectangles, we will get closer and closer to the actual area. So we have the following definition
for exact area: n
f (x∗i )∆x
X
A = lim
n→∞
i=1

Find a general formula for x∗i using right endpoints with n rectangles on the interval [a, b].

n
b−a i(b − a)
 
f (x∗i )∆x
X
So, A = lim where ∆x = and f (x∗i ) = f (a + i∆x) = f a +
n→∞
i=1
n n

(Note: We could have also used the left endpoint or midpoint instead of the right endpoint to develop the
above formula, but it ultimately doesn’t make a difference since we are taking the limit.)

Set up the limit to find the exact area under the graph of f (x) = x3 + 1 on the interval [1, 6].

3
1
Set up the limit to find the exact area under the graph of f (x) = + sin(x) on the interval [3, 7].
x2

5.2 The Definite Integral


We saw in the previous section that if f (x) ≥ 0 on an interval [a, b], then the exact area under the graph
between x = a and x = b is n
f (x∗i )∆x
X
A = lim
n→∞
i=1

We now define the definite integral of f from a to b as this above limit:


Z b n
f (x∗i )∆x
X
f (x) dx = lim
a n→∞
i=1

If the limit exists, then f is said to be integrable on this interval.


Notes: In the notation ab f (x) dx, f (x) is called the integrand and a and b are call the limits of integra-
R

tion. (a is the lower limit and b is the upper limit).


Once again, if f (x) ≥ 0 on the interval, then the definite integral can be interpreted as the area under the
graph of f between x = a and x = b
*If f is not always positive, the definite integral is still defined, but now represents the NET area.*
For the graph of f below, compute the following definite integrals using the indicated areas.
Z A
f (x) dx =
0
Z B
20 40
f (x) dx =
A A B C D
10 15
Z C
f (x) dx =
0
Z D
f (x) dx =
A
Z C
f (x) dx =
C

How much total area is bounded between the curve and the x-axis between x = 0 and x = D?

4
Z 5
Use the definition of the definite integral to set up a limit that would evaluate (2 + 3x − x2 ) dx.
1

Since definite integrals represent net area, we can often use geometry to calculate the value of a definite
integral.
Evaluate the following definite integrals by interpreting each in terms of area.
Z 6
(1) (2x − 4) dx
−1

Z 5p
(2) 25 − x2 dx
0

Z 5
(3) |x − 3| dx
−2

5
Properties of the Integral:
Z b
(1) c dx = c(b − a) where c is any constant
a
Z b Z b Z b
(2) [f (x) ± g(x)] dx = f (x) dx ± g(x) dx
a a a
Z b Z b
(3) cf (x) dx = c f (x) dx
a a
Z c Z b Z b
(4) f (x) dx + f (x) dx = f (x) dx
a c a
Z b Z a
(5) f (x) dx = − f (x) dx
a b
Z a
(6) f (x) dx = 0
a
Z 5 Z 5 Z 2
Example: If f (x) dx = 7 and g(x) dx = −4, calculate (f (x) + 2g(x)) dx.
2 2 5

Z 3 Z 0 Z 5
Example: Write the following as a single integral. f (x) dx − f (x) dx + f (x) dx
−2 −2 3

5.3 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus


The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2:
If f is continuous on [a, b], then
Z b
f (x) dx = F (b) − F (a)
a
where F is any antiderivative of f .
Evaluate the following definite integrals.
Z 3
1 3

3
− dx
1 x x

6
Z 2
(3ex − 2x ) dx
0

Z 4 2
u −1
√ du
1 u u

Z π
4
(sec2 θ + 2 sin θ) dθ
0

Find the area under the curve f (t) = (t2 + 1)2 between t = −1 and t = 2.

7
1

Z π/2 
−1 ≤ x < 0
Evaluate f (x) dx where f (x) = 1 + x2
−1 π

cos x 0≤x≤ 2

Find the area under the curve f (x) = |x2 − 4| between x = 0 and x = 4.

Z 8
If f is a differentiable function where f (8) = 12 and f 0 (x) dx = 9, what is f (−1)?
−1

Z x
d
Suppose we define g(x) = cos t dt. Find g(x), which is a function of x. What is g 0 (x), i.e. g(x)?
0 dx

8
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1:
If f is continuous on [a, b], then the function g(x) defined by
Z x
g(x) = f (t) dt a≤x≤b
a

is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b) and g 0 (x) = f (x).


Z x
d
In other words, f (t) dt = f (x)
dx a
Z x
To see why this makes sense, let g(x) = f (t) dt, where f is graphed below. g(x) represents the “net area
0
so far” for f from 0 to x. When is g increasing? decreasing?

The FTC Part 1 says that g is an antiderivative of f since g 0 (x) = f (x).


Z x p
3
Find g 0 (x) if g(x) = 6 − t2 dt
−7

Z 12 p
d 3
Find 6 − s2 ds
dx x

If the upper limit is not just x, then we have to use the Chain Rule!
Z x3
ln u
Find g 0 (x) if g(x) = du
3 u2 + 3

Z cos x
d tan t
Find √ dt
dx x t2

9
5.4 Indefinite Integrals and Net Change
An indefinite integral is used to indicate the process of finding the most general antiderivative of f (x):
Z
f (x) dx = F (x) + C

where F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x) (i.e. F 0 (x) = f (x)).


Z 
1 √

Find the indefinite integral √ + sec x tan x − 3 x dx
u

Z b
If f (t) represents the rate of change of a function, then f (t) dt = F (b) − F (a) represents the total net
a
change of the function on the interval.
Suppose water is being poured into a tank at a rate of r(t) = 20 + 4t liters per minute where 0 ≤ t ≤ 50.
Z 30
Calculate r(t) dt and explain what it represents.
10

Z b
In the context of motion, velocity is the rate of change of position, so v(t) dt = s(b) − s(a), since s(t)
a
is an antiderivative of v(t), and it represents the total net change in position, i.e., the displacement of the
object from t = a to t = b.
Z b
If we want the total distance traveled by the object, then we need to calculate |v(t)| dt.
a

Example: Suppose the velocity of an object is v(t) = t2 − 2t − 3. Find the displacement and total distance
traveled by the object on the time interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 4.

10

You might also like