151ch5 1-4
151ch5 1-4
The heights of the rectangles are found by using the function value at some point in each rectangle. We
most often use left endpoints, right endpoints, or midpoints. For the ith rectangle, the x-value at which we
determine the height is denoted x∗i , and so the height of that rectangle is f (x∗i ).
where n is the number of rectangles used in the approximation. This is called a Riemann sum.
1
Example: Consider the function f (x) = 16 − x2 on the interval [0, 4]. Approximate the area under the curve
on this interval by using the partition 4 equal-width rectangles and choosing x∗i to be the right endpoint.
2
Example: Consider the function f (x) = x3 on the interval [1, 4]. Approximate the area under the curve on
this interval by using 6 equal-width rectangles and choosing x∗i to be the left endpoint.
EXACT Area: These Riemann sums are just an approximation for the area under the curve. As we increase
the number of rectangles, we will get closer and closer to the actual area. So we have the following definition
for exact area: n
f (x∗i )∆x
X
A = lim
n→∞
i=1
Find a general formula for x∗i using right endpoints with n rectangles on the interval [a, b].
n
b−a i(b − a)
f (x∗i )∆x
X
So, A = lim where ∆x = and f (x∗i ) = f (a + i∆x) = f a +
n→∞
i=1
n n
(Note: We could have also used the left endpoint or midpoint instead of the right endpoint to develop the
above formula, but it ultimately doesn’t make a difference since we are taking the limit.)
√
Set up the limit to find the exact area under the graph of f (x) = x3 + 1 on the interval [1, 6].
3
1
Set up the limit to find the exact area under the graph of f (x) = + sin(x) on the interval [3, 7].
x2
How much total area is bounded between the curve and the x-axis between x = 0 and x = D?
4
Z 5
Use the definition of the definite integral to set up a limit that would evaluate (2 + 3x − x2 ) dx.
1
Since definite integrals represent net area, we can often use geometry to calculate the value of a definite
integral.
Evaluate the following definite integrals by interpreting each in terms of area.
Z 6
(1) (2x − 4) dx
−1
Z 5p
(2) 25 − x2 dx
0
Z 5
(3) |x − 3| dx
−2
5
Properties of the Integral:
Z b
(1) c dx = c(b − a) where c is any constant
a
Z b Z b Z b
(2) [f (x) ± g(x)] dx = f (x) dx ± g(x) dx
a a a
Z b Z b
(3) cf (x) dx = c f (x) dx
a a
Z c Z b Z b
(4) f (x) dx + f (x) dx = f (x) dx
a c a
Z b Z a
(5) f (x) dx = − f (x) dx
a b
Z a
(6) f (x) dx = 0
a
Z 5 Z 5 Z 2
Example: If f (x) dx = 7 and g(x) dx = −4, calculate (f (x) + 2g(x)) dx.
2 2 5
Z 3 Z 0 Z 5
Example: Write the following as a single integral. f (x) dx − f (x) dx + f (x) dx
−2 −2 3
6
Z 2
(3ex − 2x ) dx
0
Z 4 2
u −1
√ du
1 u u
Z π
4
(sec2 θ + 2 sin θ) dθ
0
Find the area under the curve f (t) = (t2 + 1)2 between t = −1 and t = 2.
7
1
Z π/2
−1 ≤ x < 0
Evaluate f (x) dx where f (x) = 1 + x2
−1 π
cos x 0≤x≤ 2
Find the area under the curve f (x) = |x2 − 4| between x = 0 and x = 4.
Z 8
If f is a differentiable function where f (8) = 12 and f 0 (x) dx = 9, what is f (−1)?
−1
Z x
d
Suppose we define g(x) = cos t dt. Find g(x), which is a function of x. What is g 0 (x), i.e. g(x)?
0 dx
8
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1:
If f is continuous on [a, b], then the function g(x) defined by
Z x
g(x) = f (t) dt a≤x≤b
a
Z 12 p
d 3
Find 6 − s2 ds
dx x
If the upper limit is not just x, then we have to use the Chain Rule!
Z x3
ln u
Find g 0 (x) if g(x) = du
3 u2 + 3
Z cos x
d tan t
Find √ dt
dx x t2
9
5.4 Indefinite Integrals and Net Change
An indefinite integral is used to indicate the process of finding the most general antiderivative of f (x):
Z
f (x) dx = F (x) + C
Z b
If f (t) represents the rate of change of a function, then f (t) dt = F (b) − F (a) represents the total net
a
change of the function on the interval.
Suppose water is being poured into a tank at a rate of r(t) = 20 + 4t liters per minute where 0 ≤ t ≤ 50.
Z 30
Calculate r(t) dt and explain what it represents.
10
Z b
In the context of motion, velocity is the rate of change of position, so v(t) dt = s(b) − s(a), since s(t)
a
is an antiderivative of v(t), and it represents the total net change in position, i.e., the displacement of the
object from t = a to t = b.
Z b
If we want the total distance traveled by the object, then we need to calculate |v(t)| dt.
a
Example: Suppose the velocity of an object is v(t) = t2 − 2t − 3. Find the displacement and total distance
traveled by the object on the time interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 4.
10