SYLLABUS

MASTER OF ARTS (M.A.)

IN
ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY, CULTURE AND
ARCHAEOLOGY
SEMESTER III
(UNDER CBCS)

DECCAN COLLEGE
POST GRADUATE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE
PUNE – 411 006 (INDIA)
(Declared as Deemed to be University under section 3 of UGC Act 1956 )

2017
ARC 301: ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA (FROM 6TH
CENTURY B.C.E. TO 6TH CENTURY C.E.)

Course Objectives
Students will be introduced to emergence and development of art traditions upto 6 th century
C.E.
Monuments will be studied in their cultural context.

Course Outcomes:
Students will able to understand the monuments in their religious, regional and stylistic context.
Students will be able to prepare plans of the monuments.

Unit 1: Introdu ction to t raditions of Art and Architecture in India (5 hrs)

i. Introduction to Art and Architecture and prelude to historical art.
ii. Art of the pre-Mauryan period.
iii. Art and Architecture of Mauryan Period
iv. Sources of Inspiration of Mauryan Art and Architecture: Foreign and Indigenous.

Unit 2: Emergence and Development of Structural Stupa Architecture (10 hrs)

i. Origin of Stupa Architecture.
ii. Stupa Architecture - Pre-Mauryan and Mauryan periods.
iii. North India, Central India, Deccan and Gandhara
iv. Structural monasteries and Chaityas.

Unit 3: Emergence and Development of Rock-cut Architecture (12 hrs)

i. Origin of Rock-cut Architecture.
ii. Eastern India, Western Deccan, Eastern Deccan, Central India.

Unit 4: Emergence and Development of Temple Architecture (08 hrs)

i. Origin of Temple Architecture- Theoretical aspects.
ii. Concept and symbolism of Temple.
iii. Archaeological remains of structural temples.
iv. Temple Architecture during the Gupta period.
v. Temple Architecture during the Vakataka period.
Unit 5: Sculptural Art and Paintings - Emergence and Development (10 hrs)
i. Sculptural Art and Paintings -Concept and Symbolism.
ii. Terracottas, Ivories and Bronzes
iii. Paintings
iv. Stone sculptures-Gandhara, Mathura, Sarnath and Andhra schools of Art.
v. Art during the Gupta-Vakataka period.

Unit 6: Field Visit and Practical Training (30 hrs)

i. Visit to Western Indian Rock-Cut caves
ii. Practical training of preparation of Plan

Recommended Readings:

i. Barua, B. 1934-37. Barhut Vol. I-III. Calcutta: Indian Research Institute.

ii. Cunningham, Alexander 1966. The Bhilsa Topes. Varanasi: Indological Book Corporation.

iii. Cunningham, Alexander 1965. The Stupa of Bharhut. Varanasi: Indological Book Corporation.

iv. Dallapiccola, L.S.Z. Lallemant. 1980. The Stupa : Its Religious, Historical, and Architectural
Significance. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.

v. Dehejia, Vidya 1972. Early Buddhist Rock Temples A Chronological Study. London: Thames
and Hudson.

vi. Dehejia, Vidya 1997. Discourse in Early Buddhist Art, New Delhi: Munishiram Manoharlal
Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

vii. Dhavalikar, M.K. 1977. Masterpieces of Indian Terracottas. Bombay: D.B.Taraporevala

Sons and Co. Pvt. Ltd.

viii. Dhavalikar, M. K. 1985. Late Hinayana Caves of Western India. Pune: Deccan College.

ix. Dhavalikar, M. K. 2004. Satavahana Art. Delhi: Sharada Publishing House.

x. Dwivedi, V.K.1976. Indian Ivories. New Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.

xi. Ghosh, A.1967. Ajanta Murals. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.

xii. Gupta, S.P. 1980. Roots of Indian Art. New Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation.

xiii. Gupta, S.P. (ed.). 2003. Kushana Sculptures from Sanghol. New Delhi: National Museum.

xiv. Huntington, Susana. L. with John Huntington 1985. The Art and Architecture of
India.New York: Weatherhill.
 xv. Joshi N.P. 1966. Mathura Sculptures. Mathura: Archaeological Museum.

xvi. Khandalwala, Karl(ed.) 1991. Golden Age: Gupta Art Empire, Province and Influence.
Bombay: Marg Publications.

xvii. Knox, Robert 1992. Amravati- Buddhist Sculpture from the Great Stupa. London:
BritishMuseum Press.

xviii. Marshall, John1960. The Buddhist Art of Gandhara. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.

xix. Meister, Michael W. and M.A. Dhaky (ed.) 1999. Encyclopedia of Indian Temple
Architecture. Vol. II , Part 1, North India: Foundations of North Indian Style C 250 BC- AD
1100. Delhi:American Institute of Indian Studies and Oxford University Press.

xx. Nagaraju, S. 1981. Buddhist Architecture of Western India. New Delhi: Agam Kala
Prakashan.

xxi. Sharma, R.C. 1984. Buddhist Art of Mathura. New Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.

xxii. Sivaramamurti, C .1942. Amaravati Sculptures in the Madras Government Museum.

Madras:Government Press.

xxiii. Snodgrass, Adrian1992. The Symbolism of the Stupa. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.

xxiv. Stone, Elizabeth Rosen 1994. The Buddhist Art of Nagarjunkonda. Delhi: Motilal Banarassidas
Publisher Pvt. Ltd.

xxv. Williams, Joanna 1982. The Art of Gupta Indian-Empire and Province. New Jersey: Princeton
ARC 302: ANCIENT INDIAN ICONOGRAPHY

Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to introduce students to the iconography of the images of the
different religious traditions of Hinduism, Buddism and Jainism. The development of
iconographic depictions in each of these traditions is also outlined.

Course Outcome:
Students learn about the different iconographic traditions in the Indian Subcontinent with concern
to the religious ideas and trends.
Credits 5 core elective L (3): T (2): P (0)

Unit 1: Introduction to Iconography (5 hrs)

i. Significance of iconographic studies, sources
ii. Concept and symbolism of icon and image worship c. Origin and
Antiquity of image worship in India
iii. Iconometry
iv. Text and image: Brief review of Ancient Indian Shilpa Texts and their role
in development of iconography

Unit 2: Hindu Iconography (20 hrs)

i. Emergence and development of Iconography of Vishnu: Sadharan murtis,
incarnations, other important representations of Vishnu, Regional traits of
Vaishnava iconography
ii. Emergence and development of Iconography of Shiva: Anugraha murtis ,Samhara
murtis ,Vishesha murtis, Regional traits of Shaiva iconography
iii. Brahma, Ganesha, Surya, Karttikeya
iv. Development of Iconography of Goddesses: Saptamatrikas, Durga,
Lakshmi, Saraswati, Mahishsuramardini, Chamunda, Bhairavi, Regional
traits of Shakta iconography
v. Other Important divinities: Ashtadikpalas , Navagrahas
Unit 3: Buddhist Iconography ( 7 hrs)
i. Origin and development of Buddhist imagery
ii. Aniconic representation of the Buddha: Concept and meaning
iii. Origin of the Buddha image, various theories of the origin of Buddha
image, Different iconographic forms
iv. Manushi and Dhyani Buddhas
v. Bodhisattvas: Concept and symbolism, emergence and development of
Bodhisattva images, Avalokiteshvara, Vajrapani, Maitreya, Manjushri
vi. Female Buddhist deities: Origin and development, Tara, Pradnyaparamita,
Chunda, Bhrukuti, Marichi, Vasudhara, Mahamayuri, Hariti
vii. Important Buddhist Deities: Trilokyavijaya, Aparajita, Shambara, Jambhala

Unit 4: Jaina Iconography (5 hrs)

i. Origin and development of Jain images
ii. Ayagapatta
iii. Jaina Tirthankaras: Forms of Tirthankara images ,Sarvatobhadra ,Chaturvinshati
iv. Jaina Yakshas and Yakshinis: Ambika, Chakreshvari, Padmavati, Saraswati, Kubera

Unit 5: Miscellaneous iconographic forms (8 hrs)

i. Role and significance of minor deities in ancient religious setting
ii. Pastoral Deities
iii. Goddesses of Fertility
iv. Yakshas, Nagas
v. Vidyadharas, Gandharvas, Kinnaras
vi. Surasundaris and Mithun Shilpas
vii. Hero stones and Sati stones
viii. Composite animals
ix. Syncretic and Composite Iconic Forms: Origin, development and significance.

Recommended Readings:
i. Agrawala, P.K.1994. Studies in Indian Iconography. Jaipur: Publication Scheme.
ii. Agrawala, Urmila. 1995. North Indian Temple Sculpture. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
Bakkar, Hans.1997. The Vakatakas an Essay in Hindu Iconology (Gonda Indological Series).
Groningen: Egbert Forsten.
iii. 1989. Buddhist Iconography. New Delhi: Tibet House.
iv. Banerjee, J.N.1974. Development of Hindu Iconography. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
Bhattacharya, A.K.2010. Historical Development of Jaina Iconography (A comprehensive
study), Delhi: Bharatiya Kala Prakashan.
v. Bhattacharya, B. 1958. Indian Buddhist Iconography. Calcutta: K.L.Mukhopadhyaya.
Bhattacharya, D. 1980. Iconology of Composite Images. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal
Publications.
vi. Bruhn, Klaus 1963. Jina Images of Deogarh vol.I. Leiden: Brill.
 vii. Champaklakshmi, R.1981. Vaishnava Iconography in the Tamil Country. Delhi: Orient Longman.
viii. Chawla, J.1990. The Rigvedic Deities and their Iconic Froms. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
ix. Czuma, Stanislaw.J.1985. Kushana sculpture: Images from early India. Ohio: The Cleveland
Museum.
x. Dandwate P. P. 1995. "A Cultural Study of Brahmarical Sycretistic Icons" Pune: Ph.D.
Thesis Submitted to University of Pune.
xi. Deglurkar, G.B. 2004. Portrayal o f the Women in the Art and Literature of the Ancient
Deccan. Jaipur: Publications Scheme.
xii. Deglurkar, G.B. 2007. Vishnumurti Namastubhyam. Sri Dwarkadhish Charities, Karnala,
Raigad.
xiii. Daheja, Vidya 1986. Yogini Cult and Temples. New Delhi: National Museum.
xiv. Desai, Devangana 1996. The Religious Imagery of Khajuraho. Mumbai: Project for the
Indian Cultural Studies Publication.
xv. Desai, Kalpana 1973. Iconography of Vishnu. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications.
xvi. Gopinath Rao, T.A. 1985. (2nd ed.) Elements of Hindu Iconography. Varanasi: Motilal
Banarasidas.
xvii. Gupte, R.S. 1971. Iconography of Hindus, Buddhists and Jainas. Bombay: D.B. Taraporewala
Sons and Co.
xviii. Huntington, Susan 1984. The Pala-Sena S c h o o l of Sculpture. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Joshi
N.P. 1966. Mathura Sculptures. Mathura: Archaeological Museum.
xix. Joshi, N.P.1979. Bhartiya Murtishastra. Nagpur: Maharashtra Grantha Nirmiti Mandal.
xx. Kamalakar, G.(ed.).1993. Vishnu in Art, Thought and Literature. Hyderabad: Birla
Archaeological and Cultural Research.
xxi. Kim, Inchang.1997. The Future Buddha Maitreya: An Iconological Study. New Delhi: D. K.
Print World.
xxii. Khandalwala, Karl (ed.) 1991. Golden Age: Gupta Art Empire, Province and Influence.
Bombay: Marg Publications.
xxiii. Krishnan, Y.1996. The Buddha image: Its origin and Development. New Delhi: Munshiram
Manoharlal Pvt. Ltd.
xxiv. Lal, Shyam Kishor 1980. Female Divinities in Hindu Mythology and Ritual. Pune: University
of Poona
xxv. Liebert, Gosta 1985, Iconographic Dictionary of the Indian Religions: Hinduism, Buddhism
and Jainism. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications.
xxvi. Lokesh, Chandra 1987. Buddhist Iconography 2 vols. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
xxvii. Mani, V.R.1995. Saptamatrikas in Indian Religion and Art. New Delhi: Mittal Publications.
xxviii. Mishra, Rajani 1989. Brahma-Worship, Tradition and Iconography. Delhi: Kanishka
Publication House.
 xxix. Mishra, Ramnath 1981. Yaksha Cult and Iconography. New Delhi: Munshiram
Manoharlal.
xxx. Mukhopadhyay, Santi Priya1985. Amitabha and his Family. Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.
Nagar, Shanti Lal 1988. Mahishasurmardini in Indian Art. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
xxxi. Panikkar, Shivaji. K.1997. Saptamatraka Worship and Scultures, An Iconological
xxxii. Interpretations of Conflicts. New Delhi: D.K.Printworld.
xxxiii. Parimoo, Ratan 1982. Life of Buddha in Indian Sculpture (Ashta-Maha-Pratiharyan): An
Iconological Analysis. New Delhi: Kanak Publications.
xxxiv. Pushpendra Kumar 1993. Tara: The Supreme Goddess. Delhi Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan.
xxxv. Ramachandra Rao 1988-91. Pratima Kosa- Encyclopedia of Indian Iconography 6 vols.
Bangalore: Kalpataru Research Academy.
xxxvi. Reechard, J.Cohen 2003. Essays on Jaina Art. New Delhi: Manohar Publications.
xxxvii. Sahai, Bhagwant 1975. Iconography of Minor Hindu and Buddhist Deities. New Delhi
xxxviii. Sahai, Bhagwant 2006. Recent Researches in Indian Art and Iconography. Missouri:
Kaveri Prakashan.
xxxix. Sarma, I.K.1982. The Development of Early Shaiva Art and Architecture. (With Special
Reference to Andhradesha). Delhi: Abhinava Publications.
xl. Sinha, Kanchan 1979. Karttikeya in Indian Art and Literature. Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan.
xli. Shah,U.P. 1987. Jaina Rupmandana. New Delhi: Abhinav Publication.
xlii. Shastri, T. Ganpati. (Ed.) 1966. Samaranganasutradhara of Bhoja. Baroda: Oriental
Institute. Shaw, Marinda 2008. Buddhist Goddesses of India. New Delhi: Munshiram
Manoharlal Pvt. Ltd.
xliii. Sivrammurti, C.1961. Indian Sculpture. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
xliv. Sivaramamurty, C. 1963. South Indian Bronzes. New Delhi: Lalit Kala Academy.
xlv. Soundara Rajan, K. V.1982. India’s Religious Art. New Delhi: Cosmo Publication.
xlvi. Sthapati V. Ganapati and Sthapati 2006. Indian Sculpture and Iconography. Ahmadabad:
Mapin Publishing.
xlvii. Upadhyaya, Vasudev 1970. Prachin Bharatiya Murti Vijnana (Hindi). Varanasi: Chowkhamba
Sanskrit Series.
xlviii. Vyas, R.T. 1995. Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and allied Subjects in Honour of
U.P.Shah. Vadodara: Oriental Institute.
xlix. Yadava, Nirmala 1997. Ganesha in Indian Art and Literature. Jaipur: Publications Scheme.
l. Zimmer, Heinrich 2010. Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization, New Delhi:
Motilal Banarassidas.
ARC 303: ANCIENT INDIAN EPIGRAPHY AND PALAEOGRAPHY

Course Objectives:
To learn Brahmi and Kharoshthi scripts.
To introduce prevalent language system.
To establish epigraphical records as one of the foremost sources in reconstruction of ancient
Indian history.

Course Outcomes:
Students will be successfully able to decipher and read scripts; and date inscriptions with the help
of paleographic features of the script.
Students will also understand the different usages of language.
After the successful completion of the course student will be able to interpret the inscription in its
socio-politico- religio and economical context.

Unit 1: Introduction to Epigraphy and Paleography (5 hrs)

i. Epigraphy and Paleography: Terminology, Scope and Importance in

Reconstruction of History
ii. Historiography of Epigraphic Studies
iii. Antiquity of Writing in Ancient India
iv. Materials and Techniques of Writing
v. Theories of Origin of Brahmi and Kharoshthi Scripts
vi. Brahmi and Kharoshti Scripts: Orthography and Decipherment of letters and Numerals

Unit 2: Edicts of Ashoka (10 hrs)

i. Nature, Geographic Distribution, Categories and Language

ii. Decipherment of Major Rock Edicts (Girnar Version) Nos. I, II, IV, VI,
IX and XII

Unit 3: Calendrical Systems in Ancient India (8 hrs)

i. Dates and Chronograms

ii. Eras: Vikrama, Shaka, Kalchuri- Chedi and Gupta Eras
Unit 4: Study of Inscriptions of Historical and Cultural Importance

(Need to be classify) (20 hrs)

i. Sohgaura Copperplate Inscription

ii. Besnagar Garuda Pillar Inscription of Heliodorus
iii. Hathigumpha Inscription of Kharavela
iv. Naneghat Inscription of Naganika
v. Nasik Cave Inscription of Nahapana
vi. Nasik Cave Inscription of Vasithiputa Pulumavi, 19th Regnal Year
vii. Junagarh Inscription of Rudradamana
viii. Nagarjunikonda Inscription of Virapurisadatta, 6th Regnal Year
ix. Chatrayashthi inscription of Kaniska I
x. Mathura inscription of Huviska
xi. Allahabad Prashasti of Samudragupta
xii. Mathura Inscription during the Reign of Chandragupta II, GE 61
xiii. Poona Plates of Prabhavatigupta
xiv. Indore Plates of Pravarasena II, 23rd Regnal year
xv. Aihole Inscription of Pulakesin II
xvi. Bansakheda copper plate of Harshavardhana

Unit 5: Method of Inscription Decipherment: (2 hrs)

Practical Training of Estampage Technique

Recommended Readings:
i. Allchin, F.R. and K.R. Norman 1985. Guide to the Ashokan Inscriptions, South Asian
Studies, I: 49-50.
ii. Bhandarkar, D.R. 1935-36. A List of the Inscriptions of Northern India in Brahmi and its
Derivative Scripts, from about 200 B.C. Appendix to Epigraphia Indica vols. 19-23.
iii. Bhandarkar, D.R. 1981. Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings (Bahadurchand Chhabra
and Govind Swamirao Gai eds.). Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum vol. III. New Delhi:
Archaeological Survey of India.
iv. Bühler, George 1892. A New Variety of the Southern Maurya Alphabet, Winer Zeitschrift
für die Kunde des Morgen Landes (Vienna Oriental Journal), vol. 6: 148-156.
v. Bühler, George 1898. On the Origin of Indian Brahma Alphabet. Strassburg: Karl J.
Trubner.
vi. Bühler, George 1959. Indian Palaeography. Calcutta: Indian Studies.
 vii. Dani, Ahmad Hasan 1963. Indian Palaeography, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Epigraphia Indica 1892-1940.Vol. 1- XXV, Archaeological Survey of India.
viii. Hultzch, D. 1969 (Reprint). Corpus Inscriptionum Indiacarum. Vol.I. Varanasi: Indological
Book House.
ix. Gokhale, S. Purabhilekhavidya. Mumbai: Sahitya Sanskruti Mandal.
x. Goyal, S.R. 2005. Ancient Indian Inscriptions. Jodhpur: Kusumanjali Book World.
xi. Khare, M.D. 1967. Discovery of a Vishnu Temple near the Heiodorus Pillar,
Besnagar, District Vidisha (M.P.), Lalit Kala (13): 21-27.
xii. Lüders, H. 1912. A List of Brahmi Inscriptions from the Earliest Times to About A.D. 400
with the Exception of those of Asoka. Appendix to Epigraphia Indica Vol. X.
xiii. Mangalam, S.J. 1990. Kharoshti Script. Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers.
xiv. Mehendale, M.A. 1948. Historical Grammar of Inscriptional Prakrits . Poona:
Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute.
xv. Mehendale, M.A. 1948. Asokan Inscriptions in India (Linguistic Study together with
Exhaustive Bibliography). Bombay: University of Bombay.
xvi. Mirashi, V.V. 1981. The History and Inscriptions of the Satavahanas a n d the Western
Kshatrapas. Bombay: Maharashtra State Board of Literature and Culture.
xvii. Pandey, R. 1957. Indian Palaeography. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidas.
xviii. Raghunath, K. 1998. Ikshvakus of Vijaya Puri: Study of the Nagarjunakonda
Inscriptions.Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers.
xix. Ramesh, K.V. 1984. Indian Epigraphy. Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan.
xx. Rea, Alexander 1997 (Reprint). South Indian Buddhist Antiquities. Archaeological Survey
of India New Imperial Series Vol. XV. New Delhi: Director General, Archaeological
Survey of India.
xxi. Salomon, Richard 1998. Indian Epigraphy. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal
Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
xxii. Shastri, A.M. 1996-97. Some Observations on the Origin and Early History of the Vikrama
Era, Prachya Pratibha, vol. XVIII: 1-51.
xxiii. Shastri, A.M. 1966. The Saka Era, Panchal, vol. 9: 109-132.
Sircar, D.C. 1965. Indian Epigraphy. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidas.

xxiv. Sircar, D.C. 1986 (3rd edition). Select Inscriptions. Vol. I. Delhi: Asian Humanities
Press.
xxv. Srinivasan, P.R. And S. Sankaranarayanan 1979. Inscriptions of the Ikshvaku Period.
Hyderabad: Andhra Pradesh Government.
xxvi. Woolner, Alfred C. 1924. Asoka Text and Glossary (parts I and II). Lahore: The University
of the Panjab, Lahore.
ARC 305: INTRODUCTION TO WORLD PREHISTORY
Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to provide an overview of the major developments in Prehistory in
the different parts of the world.
Course Outcomes:
Students gain a global perspective on Prehistoric studies and can better appreciate the role of India
in the global context.

Unit 1: Background to the study of World Prehistory (4 hrs)

i. World Prehistory: aims and scope of the paper

ii. Introduction: chronological phases and terminologies adopted for the
study of various cultural phases in different regions
iii. Background to the fossil and genetic evidence
iv. Introducing theories and debates related to hominine behavior
v. Debates on the timing and nature of population dispersals

Unit 2: Africa (6 hrs)

i. Background to the geography, palaeoenvironments, fossil and genetic record

ii. The Earliest Palaeolithic assemblage of Africa: The Oldowan
iii. The Acheulian
iv. The Middle Stone Age
v. The Later Stone Age

Unit 3: Europe (6 hrs)

i.Background to the geography, palaeoenvironments, fossil and genetic record

ii.The Earliest Palaeolithic evidence
iii.The Acheulian
iv. The Middle Palaeolithic
v. The Upper Palaeolithic
vi. The Mesolithic

Unit 4: West and Central Asia (8 hrs)

i. The Earliest Palaeolithic evidence

ii. The Acheulian
iii. The Middle Palaeolithic
iv. The Upper Palaeolithic
v. The Epipalaeolithic

Unit 5: East Asia (6 hrs)

i. The Earliest Palaeolithic evidence

ii. Acheulian/Acheulian-like assemblages and other Middle Pleistocene assemblages in China
iii. The Middle Palaeolithic
iv. Upper Palaeolithic and Microblade assemblages and Earliest Pottery
Unit 6: Spread of humans to Australia, North and South America (6 hrs)

Unit 7: Recent theories and debates on human origins, dispersals and behavior (3 hrs)

Unit 8: Origin and Spread of Modern Humans (4 hrs)

i. Early evidence in Africa

ii. Early Modern Humans in the Middle East
iii. Archaic humans

Unit 9: Indian Palaeolithic in the Global context (2 hrs)

Recommended Readings:

Books:
i. Akazawa T., K. Aoki, and O. Bar Yosef (Eds.) 1998. Neanderthals and Modern Humans in
Western Asia.New York: Plenum Press.
ii. Barham, Lawrence and Mitchell, PeterBarham 2008. The First Africans. Cambridge.
Cambridge University Press.
iii. Bellwood, P. 2007. Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago, Revised edition. Canberra:
ANU Press.
iv. Burdukiewicz, J. M., A. Ronen, and International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric
Sciences. 2003. Lower Palaeolithic small tools in Europe and the Levant. BAR
international series;. Oxford: Archaeopress.
v. Chazan, M. 2008. World Prehistory and Archaeology: Pathways through Time: Addison-
Wesley
vi. Debénath, A., and H. L. Dibble. 1994. Handbook of Paleolithic typology - Vol. 1 : Lower
and middle paleolithic of Europe. Philadelphia: The University Museum.
vii. Delson, Eric, Ian Tattersal, J. A. Van Couvering, and A. Brooks. 2000. Encyclopedia of
Human Evolution and Prehistory. New York and London: Garland Publishing
viii. Dennell, R. W.2009. Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
ix. Gamble, C., and C. Gamble. 1999. The Palaeolithic societies of Europe. Cambridge world
archaeology. Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press.
x. Gamble, Clive 1986 The palaeolithic settlement of Europe. Cambridge:Cambridge world
archaeology. Cambridge University Press.
xi. Meltzer, D. J. 2009. First peoples in a new world: colonizing ice age America Berkely and
Los Angles: University of California Press.
xii. Pearsall, Deborah M. 2007. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press.
Schick K. D. and N. Toth (eds), 2006. The Oldowan: Case Studies into the earliest Stone
Age. Gosport: Stone Age Institute.
xiii. Sharon, G. 2007. Acheulian Large Flake Industries: Technology, Chronology, and
Significance. BAR international series. Oxford: BAR.

Research Papers:

i. Bar Yosef, O. 1998. The Chronology of the Middle Palaeolithic of the Levant, in Neanderthals
and Modern Humans in Western Asia. Edited by T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and O. Bar Yosef,
pp. 39-56. New York: Plenum Press.
ii. Bar-Yosef, O. 2002. The Upper Paleolithic Revolution. Annual Review of Anthropology
31:363-393.
iii. Bar-Yosef, O. and A. Belfer-Cohen 2013. Following Pleistocene road signs of human
dispersals across Eurasia, Quaternary International doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.07.043
iv. Bar-Yosef, O., and L. Meignen. 2001. The chronology of the levantine Midde Palaeolithic
period in Retrospect. Bulletin et Mémoire de la Societee d'Anthropologie de Paris, 2, série
13:269-289.
v. Bar-Yosef, O., and S. L. Kuhn. 1999. The Big Deal about Blades: Laminar Technologies
and Human Evolution. American Anthropologist 101:322-338.
vi. Braun, D. R., J. C. Tactikos, J. V. Ferraro, S. L. Arnow, and J. W. K. Harris. 2008b.
Oldowan reduction sequences: methodological considerations. Journal of Archaeological
Science 35:2153-2163.
vii. Braun, D. R., T. W. Plummer, P. W. Ditchfield, J. V. Ferraro, D. N. Maina, L. C. Bishop,
and R. Potts. 2008a. Oldowan behavior and raw material transport: perspectives from the
Kanjera Formation. Journal of Archaeological Science 35 2329-2345.
viii. Bridgland, D. R., P. Antoine, N. Limondin-Lozouet, J. I. Santisteban, R. Westaway, and
M. J.
ix. White. 2006 The Palaeolithic occupation of Europe as revealed by evidence from the rivers:
data from IGCP 449. Journal of Quaternary Science 21:437-455.
x. Diez-Martin, F. 2006. After the African Oldowan: The Earliest Technologies of Europe, in
The Oldowan: Case Studies inot the Earliest Stone Age. Edited by N. Toth and K. Schick,
pp. 129-151. Gosport: Stone Age Institute.
xi. Dixon, J. E. 2001. Human colonization of the Americas: timing, technology and process.
Quaternary Science Reviews 20:277-299.
 xii. Goren-Inbar, N. and Sharon, G. 2006. Invisible handaxes and visible Acheulian biface
technology at Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel, in Axe Age: Acheulian Tool-making from
Quarry to Discard edited by N. Goren-Inbar and G. Sharon.London: Equinox: 111–135.
xiii. Goren-Inbar, N., Alperson, N., Kislev, M.E., Simchoni, O., Melamed, Y., Ben-Nun, A.,
Werker and E., 2004. Evidence of hominin control of fire at Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel.
Science, 304:725–727.
xiv. Goren-Inbar, N., Feibel, C.S., Verosub, K.L., Melamed, Y., Kislev, M.E., Tchernov, E.and
Saragusti, I., 2000. Pleistocene milestones on the Out-of-Africa corridor at Gesher Benot
Ya‘aqov, Israel. Science 289:944–974.
xv. Goren-Inbar, N., Grosman, L. and Sharon, G. 2011. The record, technology and
significance of the Acheulian giant cores of Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel. Journal of
Archaeological Science, 38:1901–1917.
xvi. Goren-Inbar, N., Lister, A., Werker, E. and Chech, M. 1994. A butchered elephant skull
and associated artifacts from the Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel.
Paléorient 20(1): 99–112.
xvii. Goren-Inbar, N., Werker, E. and Feibel, C.S. 2002. The Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot
Ya‘aqov: The Wood Assemblage. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
xviii. Goren-Inbar, N.2011. Culture and cognition in the Acheulian industry – a case study from
xix. Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series
B, 366:1038–1049.
xx. Meignen, L. 1995. Levallois Lithic Production Systmes in the Middle Paleolithic of the
Near East: the case of the Unidirectional Method, in The Definition and Interpretation of
Levallois Technology. Edited by H. L. Dibble and O. Bar Yosef, pp. 361-379. Madison:
Prehistory Press.
xxi. Mishra, S. 2008. The Lower Palaeolithic: A Review of Recent Findings. Man and
Environment 33:14-29.
xxii. Mishra, S., C. Gaillard, S. G. Deo, M. Singh, R. Abbas, and N. Agrawal. 2010. Large
Flake Acheulian in India: Implications for understanding lower Pleistocene human
dispersals. Quaternary International.
xxiii. 2010. India and Java: Contrasting Records, Intimate Connections. Quaternary
International.
xxiv. Mishra, S., M. J. White, P. Beaumont, P. Antoine, D. R. Bridgland, N. Limondin-Lozouet,
J. I. Santisteban, D. C. Schreve, A. D. Shaw, F. F. Wenban-Smith, R. W. C. Westaway, and
T.
xxv. S. White. 2007. Fluvial deposits as an archive of early human activity. Quaternary
Science Reviews 26:2996-3016.
 xxvi. Norton, Christopher J. and D. R. Braun. 2010. Asian Paleoanthropology:From Africa
to China and Beyond. Springer
xxvii. Sahnouni, M. 2006. The North African Early Stone Age and the sites at Ain Hanech,
Algeria, in The Oldowan: Case Studies into the earliest Stone Age. Edited by K. D.
Schick and N. Toth, pp. 77-112. Gosport: Stone Age Institute.
xxviii. Schick, K. D., and N. Toth. 2006. An Overview of the Oldowan Industrial Complex: the
sites and the nature of their evidence, in The Oldowan: Case Studies into the earliest
Stone Age. Edited by N. Toth and K. D. Schick, pp. 4-42: Stone Age Institute.
xxix. Semaw, S. 2006. The oldest stone artifacts from Gona (2.6-2.5 Ma), Afar,
Ethiopia:Implications for Understanding the earliest stages of Stone Knapping, in The
Oldowan: Case studies into the Earliest Stone Age. Edited by K. D. Schick and N. Toth,
pp. 43-75. Gosport: Stone Age Institute.
xxx. Semaw, S., M. J. Rogers, and D. Stout. 2009. The Oldowan-Acheulian Transition: Is
there a ‘‘Developed Oldowan’’ Artifact Tradition?, in Sourcebook of Paleolithic
Transitions.
xxxi. Torre, I. D. L., and R. Mora. 2005. Technological Strategies in the Lower Pleistocene
at Olduvai Beds I and II. Liege: ERAUL 112.
xxxii. Torre, I. d. l., R. Mora, and J. Martinez-Moreno. 2008. The early Acheulean in Peninj
(Lake Natron, Tanzania). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 27:244-264.
xxxiii. White and T. S. White. 2007. The British Pleistocene fluvial archive: East Midlands drainage
evolution and human occupation in the context of the British and NW European record.
Quaternary Science Reviews 26:2724-2737.
xxxiv. White, M., and N. Ashton. 2003. Lower Palaeolithic Core Technology and the Origins of
the Levallois Method in North-Western Europe. Current Anthropology 44:598-609.
ARC 306: ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY (BIOARCHAEOLOGY)

Course Objective:
To understand what is environmental archaeology, and its sub-branches; role of domestication of
plants, animals and its consequences on human life; Basis of Taxonomy and to understand the
process of fossilization and their use in palaeo-environmental studies

Course Outcome:
On successful completion of this course students will have better understanding of the bio-
archaeological approaches. They will understand the domestication process and how it can be
used for archaeological interpretations. It will also help them to know the scope of palaeobotany,
archaeozoology, fossil studies and histological studies.

Unit 1: i. Environmental Archaeology: Definition and scope (4 hrs)

ii. Changing nature of the discipline
ii. Branches related to Environmental Archaeology

Unit 2: i. Ecology: Definition; Environmental System (5 hrs)

ii. Positive and negative feedback
iii. Intra and inter-species relationships
iv. Basic principles of population biology
v. Plant and animal responses to changing environment

Unit 3: i. Theories of Plant domestication and Origin of Agriculture (10 hrs)

ii. Early agriculture Old and New World
iii. Impact of agriculture on development of civilization
iv. Phytolith and coprolite analysis

Unit 4: i. Taxonomy of the animal kingdom (06 hrs)

ii. Classification of Vertebrates and Non-Vertebrates
ii. Fossils, process of fossilisation
iv. Significance of fossils: commercial and palaeobiological
v. Historical Developments in palaeontology
vi. Fossils and Folklores
vii. Animals as seen in rock art
viii. Animals in art and iconography.

Unit 5: i. Palaeontology and past environmental interpretation (04 hrs)

ii. Microvertebrates: Taxonomy, palaeoenvironment and ancient subsistence
iii. Pleistocene vertebrate fauna of India: new evidence
iv. Taphonomy
Unit 6: i. Archaeozoology: definition and scope (10 hrs)
ii. Archaeozoological techniques
iii. Quantification- NISP, MNI, weight, metrical studies
iv. Ageing and sexing methods
v. Animal domestication its theories, origins and aspects
vi. Holocene faunal record from archaeological sites in India

Unit 7: a. Dental and Bone Histology (6 hrs)

b. Archaeomalacology and Archaeoichthiology
c. Biomolecules in archaeology and palaeontology

Recommended Readings:
i. Agrawal, D.P. and M. G. Yadav. 1995. Dating the Human Past, Pune: ISPQS Monograph
Series1.

ii. Andrews, Peter. 1990. Owls, Caves and Fossils. London: British Museum of Natural
History.

iii. Badam, G.L. 1979. Pleistocene Fauna of India, Pune: Deccan College.

iv. Badam, G.L. and Vijay Sathe. 1995. Palaeontological Research in India: Retrospect and
Prospect. Memoir 32, Geological Society of India, pp. 473-495.

v. Behrensmeyer, A.K. and A. Hill (eds.) 1980. Fossils in the Making: Taphonomy and
Palaeoecology, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

vi. Bhattacharyya, A., Lamarche, V.C. and F.W. Telewski. 1988. Dendrochronological
Reconnaissance of the Conifers of Northwest India. Tree-Ring Bulletin, 48:21-30.

vii. Binford, L.R. 1981. Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths. New York: Academic Press.

viii. Birks, H.J.B. and Hilary, H. Birks. 1980. Quaternary Palaeoecology, London: Edward
Arnold.

ix. Bokonyi, S. 1974. History of Domestic Animals in Central and Eastern Europe, Budapest:
Academiai Kiado.

x. Brothwell, D. ancd E. Higgs (eds.) 1969. Science in Archaeology, 2nd Edition. London:
Thames and Hudson.

xi. Brothwell, D.R. and A.M. Pollard. 2001. Handbook of Archaeological Science, New York:
John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
 xii. Bruce Smith 2000. Origins of Agriculture, New York: Plenum publications.

xiii. Bryant, V. Jr. and G.W. Dean 1975. The Coprolites of Man, American Antiquity, 32(1):
100-109.

xiv. Chattopadhyaya, U.C. 2002. Research in Archaeozoology of the Holocene Period

(Including the Harappan Tradition in India and Pakistan), In Indian Archaeology in
Retrospect, Vol.III: Archaeology and Interactive Disciplines (S. Settar and Ravi Korisettar
Eds.), pp. 365-422. New Delhi: ICHR, Manohar Publishers.

xv. Child, A.M. and A.M. Pollard. 1992. A Review of the Applications of Immunochemistry to
Archaeological Bone, Journal of Archaeological Science 19: 39-47

xvi. Clason, A.T. 1975. Archaeozoological Studies, Amsterdam: Elsevier.

xvii. Classen, C. 1998. Shells, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge

xviii. Clutton-Brock, J. 1981. Domesticated Animals from Early Times, London: British Museum
Natural History.

xix. Clutton_Brock, J. 1989. The Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism and
Predation. London: Unwin Hyman.

xx. Colbert, E.H. 1969. Evolution of the Vertebrates. 2nd Edition. New York: John Wiley &
Sons.

xxi. Dina F. Dinacauze. 2000. Environmental Archaeology: Principles and Practice,

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

xxii. Deotare, B.C., Kajale, M.D., Rajaguru, S.N., Kusumgar, S., Jull, A.J.T. and J.D. Donahue
2004 Palaeoenvironmental History of Bap-Malar and Kanod playas of Western Rajasthan,
Thar Desert. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Earth and Planetary Sciences,
113 (3):403-425.

xxiii. Deotare, B.C. 2006 Late Holocene climatic change : Archaeological evidence from Purna
basin, Maharashtra. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 68: 517-526.
 xxiv. Deotare, B.C., M.D. Kajale, S. Mishra, V.D. Gogte and S. N. Rajaguru 2001 DST project
(ESS/CA/A3-08/92) completion report on Lacustrine Record, In Quaternary Stratigraphy
and Paleoenvironmental History of the Thar Desert- Project completion report
(A.K.Singhvi, S.K. Tandon and R.P. Dhir PI) PRL, Ahmedabad, pp. 83-136.

xxv. Deotare, B.C., M.D. Kajale, A.A. Kshirsagar and S.N. Rajaguru. 1998. Geoarchaeological
and Palaeoenvironmental Studies around Bap-Malar playa, Disrict Jodhpur, Rajasthan.
Current Science 75 (3):316-320.

xxvi. Elizabeth, J. Reitz and E.S. Wing. 1999. Zooarcheology, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press

xxvii. Harris, D.R. and Gordon Hillmann. 1989. Foraging and Farming- Evoloution of Plant
Exploitation. London: Unwin and Hyman.

xxviii. Herrmann, B. and S. Hummel. 1994. Ancient DNA. New York: Springer-Verlag.

xxix. Hillson, Simon. 1986. Teeth (Cambridge Mammals in Archaeology). London: Cambridge
University Press.

xxx. Horowitz, A. 1992. Palynology of Arid Lands, Amsterdam: Elsevier.

xxxi. Huston, M.A. 1991. Biological Diversity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

xxxii. Grayson, D.K. 1984. Quantitative Zooarchaeology. Orlando: Academic Press.

xxxiii. Joglekar, P.P. 1991. A Biometric Approach to Faunal Remains of Western India with
Special Reference to Kaothe and Walki. Ph.D. Thesis. Pune: University of Pune.

xxxiv. Kajale, M.D. 1991. Current Status of Indian Palaeoethnobotany: Introduced and Indigenous
Food Plants with a Discussion of the Historical Development of Indian Agriculture and
Agricultural System in general, In New Light on Early Farming (Jane Renfrew Ed.)
Edinburgh: University Press, pp. 155-190.

xxxv. Kajale, M.D., Mulholland, S. and G. Rapp Jr. 1995. Application of Phytolith Analysis: A
Potential Tool for Quaternary Environmental and Archaeological Investigations in the
Indian Sub-continent. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India No. 32, pp 530-544.
 xxxvi. Kermark, D.M. and K.A. Kermark. 1984. The Evolution of Mammalian Characters.
London: Croom Helm.

xxxvii. Kshirsagar, A.A. 1993. The Role of Fluorine in Chronometric Dating of Indian Stone Age
Cultures, Man and Environment 18 (2):23-32.

xxxviii. Leiggi, Patrick and Peter May 1994. Vertebrate Palaeontological Techniques, Volume 1.
New York: Cambridge University Press.

xxxix. Martin, Ronald E. 1999. Taphonomy: A Process Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

xl. Meadow, R.H. 1981. Early Animal Domestication in South Asia: a First Report on the
Faunal Remains from Mehrgarh, Pakistan. In South Asian Archaeology 1979 (H. Hartel
Ed.) pp.143-79. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.

xli. Meadow, R.H. and Ajita K. Patel. 1997. A Comment on 'Horse Remains from Surkotada'
by Sandor Bokonyi, South Asian Studies 13:308-15

xlii. Meadow, R.H. and Ajita K. Patel. 2002. From Mehrgarh to Harappa and Dholavira:
Prehistoric Pastoralism in North-Western South Asia Through the Harappan period In
Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, Vo.II, Protohistory, Archaeology of the Harappan
Civilization (S. Settar and Ravi Korisettar Eds.), pp. 391-408. New Delhi: ICHR, Manohar
Publishers.

xliii. Meighan, C. 1969. Molluscs as Food Remains in Archaeological Sites, In Science in

Archaeology (Brothwell, D. and Higgs E. Eds.), London: Thames and Hudson. Pp.415-422

xliv. Metcalfe, C.R. and L. Chalk. 1979. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

xlv. Misra, V.N. and Peter Bellwood (eds.) 1985. Recent Advances in Indo-Pacific Prehistory.
New Delhi: Oxford - IBH.

xlvi. Moore P.D., J.A. Webb and M.E. Collinson. 1991. Pollen Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell
Scientific Publications.

xlvii. Morlan, R. E. 1994. Rodent bones in archaeological sites. Canadian Journal of

Archaeology 18. 135-142.
xlviii. Naik, Satish S. and B. C. Deotare 2008-09. (2010) Value of Non-pollen Palynomorphs as
Palaeo-environmental indicators from Archaeological site of Chaul, Maharashtra. Bulletin
of Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, 68-69:125-136.

xlix. Odum, E.P. 1997. Ecology. Sunderlands: Sinauer.

l. Patnaik, R. 2003. Reconstruction of Upper Siwalik Palaeocology and Palaeoclimatology

using microfossil palaeocommunities. Palaeoecology, Palaeoclimatology and
Palaeogeography (special volume).197(1-2):133-150.

li. Pearsall, D. and D. Piperno 1993. Current Research in Phytolith Analysis - Applications in
Archaeology and Palaeoecology. Philadelphia MASCA: University of Pennsylvania.

lii. Reed, C. 1977. Origins of Agriculture. Hague: Mouton Publishers.

liii. Piper, P.J. and Terry O’Connor 2001. Urban small vertebrate taphonomy: A case study
from Anglo-Scandinavian York. International journal of Osteoarchaeology 5 (11). 336-
344.

liv. Renfrew, J. (ed.) 1991. New Light on Early Farming: Recent Developments in
Palaeoethnobotany. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

lv. Romer, A.S. 1966. Vertebrate Palaeontology. 3rd Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.

lvi. Sathe, Vijay. 2000. Enamel ultrastructure of cattle from Quaternary period of India,
Environmental Archaeology 5, 133-141.

lvii. Sathe, Vijay. 2003. Taxonomic interpretations of tooth enamel ultrastructure in cattle and
buffalo. Archives of the Comparative Biology of Tooth Enamel (Published by the
Association for Comparative Biology of Tooth Enamel, Hokkaido University Graduate
School of Oral Medicine, Sapporo, Japan) 8, 28-35.
lviii. Sathe, Vijay. 2005. Functional interpretations of tooth enamel ultrastructure in large
herbivores. Archives of the Comparative Biology of Tooth Enamel (Published by the
Association for Comparative Biology of Tooth Enamel, Hokkaido University Graduate
School of Oral Medicine, Sapporo, Japan) vol. 9, pp. 31- 38.
 lix. Sathe, Vijay, 2007. Environmental Archives: Rock Art and the Pleistocene Fauna, in
Sharma, R.K. (ed.) History, Archaeology & Culture of Narmada valley. New Delhi:
Sharada Publishing House. Pp. 19-29.

lx. Sathe, Vijay 2012. The Lion-Bull Motifs of Persepolis: The Zoogeographic Context. In
Iranian Journal of Archaeological studies 2 (1): 75-85

lxi. Sathe, Vijay 2013. Microvertebrate Assemblage from Kopia. In: Kanungo, Alok (ed.)
Glass in Ancient India Excavations at Kopia. Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala Council for
Historical Research. ISBN 8185499462

lxii. Shipman, Pat 1981. Life History of a Fossil: An Introduction to Taphonomy and
Palaeoecology. Harvard: Harvard University Press.

lxiii. Simpson, G.G. 1945. The Principles of Classification and A Classification of Mammals,
Ecology 36: 327-337.

lxiv. Thomas, P.K. 1977. Archaeozoological Aspects of the Prehistoric Culture of Western
India. Ph. D. Thesis. Pune: University of Pune.

lxv. Thomas, P.K. 1989. Utilization of Domestic Animals in Pre-and Protohistoric India, in The
Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism and Predation (J. Clutton- Brock
Ed.), pp. 108- 112. London: Unwin Hyman.

lxvi. Thomas, P.K. and P.P. Joglekar. 1994. Holocene Faunal Studies in India, Man and
Environment Vol. 19 (1&2):179-204.

lxvii. Thomas, P.K. and P.P. Joglekar. 1995. Faunal Studies in Archaeology, in Quaternary
Environments and Geoarchaeology of India (Statira Wadia, Ravi Korisettar and Vishwas S.
Kale Eds.), Memoir 32:496-514. Bangalore: Geological Society of India.

lxviii. Thomas, P.K. 2000. Animal Subsistence in the Chalcolithic Culture of Western India (with
special reference to Balathal) Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin 19 Vol.3: 147-
151 (Melaka Papers), Australian National University.
 lxix. Thomas, P.K. 2002. Investigations into the Archaeofauna of Harappan sites in Western
India, In Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, Vo.II, Protohistory, Archaeology of the
Harappan Civilization (S. Settar and Ravi Korisettar Eds.), pp. 409-420. New Delhi: ICHR,
Manohar Publishers.

lxx. Thomas, K.D. 1993. Molecular Biology and Archaeology: a Prospectus for Inter-
disciplinary Research, World Archaeology 25(1): 1-17.

lxxi. Van Der Geer, ALexandra 2007. Animals in Stone: Indian fauna depicted through time, a
blend of zoology and art history in Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 2 South Asia,
21.Leiden: Brill publishers (ISBN-13 978 90 04 16819 0, ISSN 0169-9377.

lxxii. Waselkov, G. 1987. Shellfish Gathering and Shell Midden Archaeology, In Advances in
Archaeological Method and Theory Vol. XI (M.B. Schiffer, Ed. ), San Diego: Academic
Press pp. 93-210.

lxxiii. Wesley Cowan C. and Patty Jo Watson. 1992. The Origins of Agriculture: An International
Perspective, Washington: Smithsonian Institutional press.

lxxiv. Zeuner, F.E. 1963. A History of Domesticated Animals. London: Hutchinson.

lxxv. Zittel, von K.A. 1925. Text Book of Palaeontology, 3 vols. London: Macmillan & Co.
ARC 308: ADVANCED ARCHAEOLOGICAL THEORY AND
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Course Objectives:
The primary objective of this course is to introduce the major theories used in archaeology. The
objectives are:
(1) To provide a methodological foundation for archaeological interpretation, as well give an
idea of global perspective on changes occurring in the discipline.
(2) To introduce analytical processes developed by different schools of archaeological thought,
and the range of approaches currently available in studying material culture.
(3) To introduce the process of research in a formal way, techniques of report writing and
presentation skills.

Course Outcomes:
By the end of the course students will be able to:
(1) Understand basic features of various theories and thoughts used in archaeological
interpretations
(2) Formulate a research proposal and decide on appropriate materials and methods of analysis
(3) Present the findings and the process of conducting research in written and verbal formats.

Unit 1: Introduction to Trends in Archaeological Theory (9 hrs)

i. Importance of theory in archaeology
ii. Changes in archaeological theory: from culture-historical perspective
iii. New archaeology and related developments
iv. Middle Range theory, Behavioral archaeology and ethno archaeology
v. Beyond New archaeology: introduction to contemporary theories.

Unit 2:Epistemology and Philosophy of Science (8 hrs)

i. Knowledge theories before emergence of science
ii. Nature and types of knowledge:
iii. Rationalism, positivism, empiricism and critical theory
iv. Realism and relativism
Unit 3:Post-Processual Perspectives (10 Hrs)
i. Structuralism
ii. Post-structuralism: Deconstructionism
iii. Marxist archaeology
iv. Gender archaeology: Feminism
v. Post-modernism

Unit 4: Fundamentals of Logic (5 hrs)

i. Induction and Deduction
ii. Hypothetico-Deductive Method
iii. Inductive-Statistical Method
iv. Analogy
v. Fallacies

Unit 5: Research process (7 hrs)

i. Seven Stages of research process
ii. Types of research designs
iii. Variables and sampling
iv. Virtues of a researcher
v. Writing a Research proposal

Unit 6:Report Writing and Presentation (6 hrs)

i. Types of presentations
ii. Structure of dissertation and thesis
iii. Style of writing: what to do and what not to do
iv. Poster Presentation
v. Public/Oral Presentation

Recommended Reading:

i. Beall, J.C. 2010. Logic: The Basics. Oxford: Routledge.

ii. Binford, L.R. 1983. Working at Archaeology. New York Academic Press.
iii. Binford, L.R. 1989. Debating Archaeology. New York Academic Press.
iv. Chaudhary, C.M. 1991. Research Methodology, Jaipur: RBSA.
 v. Cohen, M.R. and E. Nagel 1976. An Introduction to Logic and Scientific Method. Mumbai:
Allied Publishers.
vi. De Groot, A.D. 1969. Methodology. Hague: Mouton.
vii. Gellner, E. 1985. Relativism and Social Sciences. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.
viii. Goode, W.J. and P.K. Hatt 1952. Methods in Social Research. Tokyo McGraw Hill.
ix. Gupta, Anil 2006. Empiricism and Experience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
x. Hodder, I. 1992. Theory and Practice in Archaeology. London: Routledge.
xi. Hodder, I. 1995. Interpreting Archaeology Finding Meaning in the Past. New York:
Routledge.
xii. Joglekar, P.P. 2014. Research Methodology for Archaeology Students. Pune: Gayatri
Sahitya.
xiii. Jones, Andrew 2004. Archaeological Theory and Scientific Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge
Press.
xiv. Kelley, J.H. and M.P. Hanen 1990. Archaeology and the Methodology of Science.
Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
xv. Mates, Benson 1972. Elementary Logic. New York: Oxford University Press.
xvi. Marczyk, Geoffrey, David DeMatteo and David Festinger 2005. Essentials of Research
Design and Methodology. Hoboken, New Jersey John Wiley & Sons.
xvii. Munson, R. 1976. The Way of Life: An Informal Logic. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
xviii. Paddayya, K. 1990. New Archaeology and Aftermath View from Outside the Anglo American
World. Pune: Ravish Publishers
xix. Paddayya, K. 2002. A Review of Theoretical Perspectives in Indian Archaeology,
in S. Settar and R. Korisettar (Ed.) Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, Vol. IV, pp.117
157. New Delhi: ICHR and Manohar.
xx. Paddayya, K. 2016. Revitalizing Indian Archaeology. Two volumes. Delhi:
xxi. Phelan, J.W. 2005. Philosophy. Themes and Thinkers. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
xxii. Preucel, R. (ed). 1991. Processual and Postprocessual Archaeologies Multiple Ways
of Knowing the Past. Carbondale (Illinois): Southern Illinois University Press.
 xxiii. Rosenau, P.M. 1992. Post modernism and the Social Sciences. Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
xxiv. Salmon, W.C. 1984. Scientific Explanation and Causal Structures of the World.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
xxv. Schiffer, M.B. 1995. Behavioral Archaeology: First Principles. Salt Lake City University
of Utah Press.
xxvi. Shanks, M. and C. Tilley. 1987. Social Theory as Archaeology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
xxvii. Sharma, K.R. 2002. Research Methodology. New Delhi: National Publishing House.
xxviii. Thakur, D. 2003. Research Methodology in Social Sciences. New Delhi: Deep and Deep.
ARC 310: HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION

Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to look at the detailed archaeological record of the Harappan
civilization, the earliest in the Indian subcontinent

Course Outcome:
Students gain familiarity with the rise and decline of the Harappan Civilization, its regional
extent and variation and the nature of its cities and material remains.

Unit 1: Civilization (7 hrs)

i. Definition and various characteristic features
ii. Research on the Harappan Culture- Pre Independence and Post independence era a
theoretical approach.

Unit 2: Pre/Early Harappan cultures of (15 hrs)

i. Pakistan
ii. India

Unit 3: Mature Harappan (20 hrs)

i. Geographical Distribution and Settlement Pattern
ii. Harappan Domains system
iii. Public and Private Architecture
iv. Trade Hinterland and overseas, trade mechanism, transport facility, craft
specialization etc.
v. Harappan script various theories about the decipherment, and the present status.
vi. Social, Political, Religious and Economic organization
vii. Subsistence of the Harappans plant and animal diet, agriculture and agriculture
system, water management, exploitation of natural resources, etc.

Unit 4: Decline and the Late Harappan (5 hrs)

i. Various factors and theories about the Harappan Decline and consequences
ii. Late Harappan phase in Sindh, Cholistan, Haryana, Punjab, Gujarat
and Western U.P.
iii. Harappan legacy
Recommended Readings:

i. Anindya Sarkar, , Arati Deshpande Mukherjee, Navin Juyal, P. Morthekai, M. K. Bera,

R.D. Deshpande, V. S. Shinde and L. S. Rao 2016. Oxygen isotope in archaeological
bioapatites from India: Implications to climate change and decline of Bronze Age
Harappan civilization, Nature Scientific reports 6.
ii. Asthana, Shashi 1985. Pre Harappan C u l t u r e s of India and Borderlands. New
Delhi: Books and Books.
iii. Agrawal D.P. and D. Chakrabarti (Eds.) Essays in Indian Protohistory. New Delhi: D.K.
Publishers
iv. Bisht, R. S. 1989. The Harappan colonization of Kutch: an ergonomic study with reference
to Dholavira and Surkotada. In K. Deva and L. Gopal (Eds.) History and Art (pp. 265‐72).
Delhi: Ramanand Vidya Bhavan.
v. Bisht, R.S. 2000. Urban Planning at Dholavira: A Harappan City. In J. M. Malville and
L.M. Gujral (Eds.), Ancient Cities, Sacred Skies: Cosmic Geometries and City Planning in
Ancient India (pp. 11‐23). New Delhi: Aryan Books International.
vi. Chakrabarti, D.K. 1990. The External Trade of the Indus Civilization. New Delhi: Munshiram
Manoharlal.
vii. Dales, G. F. 1966. The Decline of the Harappans, Scientific American 214 (5): 93‐100.
viii. Dales, G.F. and J.M. Kenoyer. 1986. Excavations at Mohenjo Daro: The Pottery.
Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania.
ix. Fairservis, Walter, A. 1967. The Origin, Character and Decline of an Early Civilization.
American Museum Novitates 2: 302:1 48.
x. Fairservis, Walter, A. 1992. The Harappan Civilization and its Writing. New Delhi:
Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.
xi. Hargreaves, H. 1929. Excavations in Baluchistan 1925, Sampur Mound, Mastung and Sohr
Damb, Nal, Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India 35: 17‐89.
xii. Jarrige, J.F. and R.H. Meadow 1980. The Antecedents of Civilizations in the Indus Valley.
Scientific American 243(2): 122 133.
xiii. Joshi, J.P. 2008. Harappan Architecture and Civil Engineering. New Delhi: Rupa & Co.
 xiv. Kenoyer, J.M. 1991. The Indus Valley Traditions of Pakistan and Western India, Journal of
World Prehistory 5(4):331 385.
xv. Kenoyer, J.M. 1992. Harappan Craft Specialization and the Question of Urban
Segregation and Stratification, The Eastern Anthropologist 45(1&2):39- 54.
xvi. Kenoyer, J.M. 1998. Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Karachi: Oxford
University Press.
xvii. Kenoyer, J.M. 2008. Indus Civilization in Encyclopedia of Archaeology, Vol.1(Ed.
Deborah M. Pearsall) pp.715-733. New York: Academic Press.
xviii. Khan, F. A. 1964. Excavations at Kot Diji, Pakistan Archaeology 1: 39‐43.
xix. Lal, B.B. and S.P. Gupta (eds.) 1984. Frontiers of the Indus Civilization. New Delhi:
Books and Books.
xx. Madella M, Fuller DQ (2006) Palaeoecology and the Harappan Civilisation of South Asia:
a reconsideration, Quaternary Sci Rev 25:1283–1301.
xxi. McIntosh, J., 2007. The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO, Santa
Barbara.
xxii. Majumdar, N. G. 1934. Explorations in Sind. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of
India, 48: 1‐172.
xxiii. Mughal, M.R. 1997. Ancient Cholistan. Lahore: Ferozsons.
xxiv. Mughal, M.R. 1990. Further Evidence of the Early Harappan Culture in the Greater
Indus Valley, South Asian Studies 6:175 200.
xxv. Possehl, G.L. (ed.) 1979. Ancient Cities of the Indus. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing
House.
xxvi. Possehl, G.L. 1980 Indus Civilization in Saurashtra. Delhi: B.R. Publishing House.
xxvii. Possehl, G.L. (ed.) 1993 Harappan Civilization A Recent Perspective. New Delhi:
Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.
xxviii. Possehl, G.L. 1999. Indus Age The Beginnings. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH.
xxix. Possehl, G.L. 1992. The Harappan Civilization in Gujarta: The Sorath and Sindhi
Harappans, Eastern Anthropologist 45(1‐2):117‐154.
 xxx. Possehl, G.L. and C.F. Herman 1990. The Sorath Harappan A New Regional Manifestation
of the Indus Urban Phase in South Asian Archaeology Vol.1(Eds. M. Taddei and P.
Calliero) pp. 295-319. Roma: Instituto Italiano peril Medio ed Estremo Oriente.
xxxi. Rao, S.R. 1963. Excavations at Rangpur and Other Explorations in Gujarat, Ancient India
18 19:5 207.
xxxii. Rao, S.R. 1973. Lothal and the Indus Civilization. Bombay: Asia Publishing House.
xxxiii. Ratnagar, S. 1981. Encounters. The Westerly Trade of the Harappan Civilization.
Delhi: Oxford University Press.
xxxiv. Ratnagar, S. 1991. Enquiries into the Political Organization of Harappan Society.
Pune: Ravish Publishers.
xxxv. Ratnagar, S., 2006. Understanding Harappa: Civilization in the Greater Indus Valley.
Tulika Books, New Delhi.
xxxvi. Shirvalkar, P. 2013. Pre and Early Harappan Cultures of Western India with special
Reference to Western India. Delhi: Agamkala Prakashan.

xxxvii. Weber, Steve, Arunima Kashyap, and David Harriman 2010 Does size matter: the role and
significance of cereal grains in the Indus civilization, Archaeological and Anthropological
Sciences 2(1): 35-43.

xxxviii. Wheeler, R.E.M. 1968. The Indus Civilization. Third Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
xxxix. Wright RP 2010. The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy and Society. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
ARC 311: INTRODUCTION TO MUSEOLOGY

Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to introduce students to the purpose and functioning of
museums. The importance of museums in linking archaeology with public education is stressed.

Course Outcomes:
Students learn the basic functions of museums and their activities. Conservation, education,
exhibition collection, documentation and research and legislation relating to museum are the
major topics students learn about.

Unit 1: Definition and Functions of Museum ( 4 hrs)

i. Definition of Museum,
ii. Aims and functions of Museum.
iii. Museums in the age globalization
iv. Types of Museums and their classification

Unit 2: Collection, Documentation and Research (6 hrs)

i. Aims, methods and ethics of collection.
ii. Documentation; identification, classification, accessing, cataloguing, indexing, data processing,
information retrieval, computerization, insurance of museum objects, accessing photographic record
of museum collection.
iii. Principles of classification and methods of identification of museum materials, terminology for
describing museum objects.
iv. Research in museum, examples of museum contribution to research, research facilities.

Unit 3: Museums in India; Their History, Collection and Other Activities (5 hrs)
i. National Museum, New Delhi.
ii. Indian Museum, Kolkata.
iii. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya, formerly Prince of Wales
Museum, Mumbai.
iv. Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad.
v. Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya, Bhopal.
Unit 4: Museum Architecture and Exhibition; (6 hrs)
i.Planning and maintenance of museum building, public and service area.
ii.Lighting in relation to museum architecture and exhibition.
iii.Storage of reserve collection and problems of security.
iv. Kinds of exhibition, planning and programming of exhibition – special, temporary,
circulating and permanent, methods of grouping and installation, various stages of
planning, role of designer.
v. Display techniques.

Unit 5: Museum Education (6 hrs)

i. General theories and principles of museum communication.
ii. Museum and the public, public facility, educational, scientific, and cultural responsibility
of museum knowledge of the community and museum audience.
iii. Extension programme, mobile museum, workshops, fieldtrips, radio and television.

Unit 6: Conservation and Preservation (6 hrs)

i. Types of museum material.
ii. Climatology, Deterioration factors – their recognition and control, climate and
environment; light, insects, microorganisms, atmospheric pollution, curatorial
responsibilities in preservation and conservation.
iii. Conservation of organic material such as manuscripts, wood, paper, ivory and bone objects.
iv. Conservation of inorganic material such as stone, terracotta, glass and metal.
v. Conservation of biological material, plants and animals.

Unit 7: Professional Organizations related to Museums (3 hrs)

i. International Council of Museums (ICOM)
ii. Museums Association of India (MAI)
iii. Special bodies related with Museum.
iv. Information about various Museology courses in India.

Unit 8: Museum Administration (6 hrs)

i. Museum staff and their duties.
ii. Museum finance and general maintenance
iii. Museum and Public Relations, visitors facilities
iv. Supervision and security.
Unit 9: Legislation Concerning Museums (3 hrs)
i. The Indian Treasure-Trove Act 1878.
ii. The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1958.
iii. Antiquity and Art Treasure Act 1972.

Recommended Readings:

i. Agrawal O.P. 1977. Care and Preservation of Museum Objects, New Delhi: National
ii. Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Property.
iii. Aiyappan A. & S.T.Satyamurti 1960. Handbook of Museum Technique, Madras: Sup.
Govt. Press.
iv. Basu M.N. 1943. Museum Method & Process of Cleaning & Preservation, C u l c u t t a :
University of Culcutta.
v. Baxi Smita J. and V. Dwivedi 1973. Modern Museum Organization and Practice in India,
vi. New Delhi: Abhinav Publication.
vii. Bedekar V.H. (Ed.) 1988. New Museology and Indian Museum: Report based on
proceedings of All India Seminar held at Gauhati, Assam.
viii. Bhatnagar A. 1999. Museum, Museology and New Museology, New Delhi: Sandeep
ix. Prakashan.
x. Biswas T.K. 1996. Museum and Education, New Delhi: New Age International.
xi. Chaudhari A.R. 1963. Art museum documentation & Practical h a n d l i n g ,
Hyderabad: Chaudhary & Chaudhary.
xii. Edson G. & Dean David 1994. Handbook for Museums, London: Routledge.
xiii. Hooper Greenhill E. (Ed.) 1994. Educational Role of the Museum, London: Routledge.
xiv. Light R.B. et al. 1986. Museum Documentation System: Developments and
Application, London: Butterworths.
xv. Moore Kevin (Ed.) 1994. Museum Management, London: Routledge.
xvi. Pearce S.M. (Ed.) 1994. Interpreting Objects and Collections, London: Routledge.
Pearce S.M. 1990. Archaeological Curatorship, London: Leicester University
Press.
xvii. Plenderleith H.J. 1071. Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Arts in India, Delhi:
Sandeep Prakashan.
xviii. Taylor S. (Ed.) 1991. Try it! Improving exhibits through formative evaluation,
Washington: Asso.of sc. tech. centre.
xix. UNESCO Publication 1960. The Organization of Museum: Practical A d v i c e , Paris:
UNESCO.
ARC 312: CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT

Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to introduce students to the key concepts of Heritage
management, including the definition and scope of the subject and its implementation in the
Indian context.

Course Outcomes:
Students are prepared in this course with the issues related to Heritage management.

Unit 1 a. Heritage: Definition and scope 5 hrs

b. Types of Heritage cultural and Natural
c. Need for preservation and conservation of heritage

Unit 2 a. World Heritage Movement 10 hrs

b Role of International Organizations, e.g.
c. UNESCO World Heritage Monuments
d. World Heritage Monuments in India

Unit 3 a. History of Cultural Heritage in India 10 hrs

b. Role of Government bodies
c. Indian Legislation about Cultural Heritage
d. Role of Non-Government Organizations and Universities

Unit 4 a. Heritage Management: Policy and Practice 10 hrs

b. Developmental issues and their impacts
c. Impact of natural factors, e.g. natural calamities
d. Illegal trade of art objects and smuggling

Unit 5 a. Public participation in preservation of cultural heritage 10 hrs

b. Enhancing public awareness: formal and non-formal
c. education Tourism and cultural heritage
Recommended Reading:

i. Batra, M. L. 1996. Conservation: Preservation and Restoration of Monuments. New Delhi:

Aryan Books International.

ii. Basham, A.L. 2007. The Illustrated Cultural History of India. Oxford University Press.
Bhandari, N.K. 2007. Cultural Heritage of India. Delhi: Eastern Book Corporation.
Bhowmik, S. K. 2004 Heritage Management: Care, Understanding and Appreciation of
Cultural Heritage. Jaipur: Publication Scheme.
iii. Biswas, Sachindra Sekhara. 1999. Protecting the Cultural Heritage (National
Legislation and International Conservation). New Delhi: Aryan Books International.
iv. Deshpande, M. N. 1994. Care of Cultural Heritage. New Delhi: National Museum Institute.
Dhawan, Shashi. 1996. Recent Trends in Conservation of Art Heritage. Delhi: Agam Kala
Prakashan.
v. Ghoshmaulik, S. K. and K.K. Bass 2001. Understanding Heritage: Role of Museum.
Bhubaneswar: Academic Staff College.
vi. Howard, Peter. 2003. Heritage: Management, Interpretation, Identity. London: Continuum.
Paddayya, K . P a d d a y a a 2 0 0 4 . Heritage management with special reference to
modern impacts on archaeology sites of lower Deccan. Deccan Studies 1 (2): 7-24.
vii. P.R.Rao 1988. Cultural Heritage of India. Delhi: Sterling.
viii. Renfrew, C. 2000. Loot, Legitimacy and Ownership. London: Duckworth.
ix. Singh, L.K. 2008. Indian Cultural Heritage from Tourism Perspective. Delhi: ISHA
Books.
x. Thapar, B.K. 1989 Conservation of the Indian Heritage. New Delhi: Cosmo Publication.