1Q 2022 | volume 76

PREVIEW
HOUSING ASIA
PPS 1786/04/2013(022947)
MCI (P) 002/01/2022

Hong Kong HKD72 RMB80 Indonesia IDR150,000 Malaysia MYR39 Philippines PHP500 Singapore SGD15 Thailand THB290 Vietnam VND190,000
 IN CONVERSATION WITH
EKO PRAWOTO

SOUTHEAST ASIA +
HONG KONG + INDONESIA
EDITION

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FUTURARC 119
LETTER FROM THE EDITOR CONTENTS

MAIN FEATURE
14 Homes, not Houses
Dear FuturArc Readers,

It might be mind-boggling to imagine now, but we might be cohabitating with sea creatures like sharks
THE FUTURARC INTERVIEW
in the near future. 26 Toyo Ito
Architect & Founder, Toyo Ito &
The picture in my mind is a particularly fascinating drawing of a shark-like contraption created by one
Associates, Architects
of the children at Toyo Ito’s school (see FuturArc Interview). At least the children in his school have already
visualised that scenario when asked to design a house that floats on water—alluding to the increasingly
real possibility that humans would have to live on or under water as a result of climate change, which was
VIETNAM FOCUS
what spurred the world’s largest prototype for a floating city to be built in South Korea (see Happenings). 42 Commentary: Adapting Vietnam’s Urban
Street House to High-Rise Apartments
What is a house? What is a living space? These same questions world-renowned architect Toyo Ito
50 Projects: Hong Ha Eco City
raised with his students that he shared during his conversation with us are the same key pointers that laid
the foundation when building this issue. 54 Projects: The Nest Modular Housing

PREVIEW
62 Projects: Tan Phu House
To Ana Malia Falemaka, a youth activist from Tonga who spoke at the Asia-Pacific Housing Forum,
a home is “an essential space for children to grow; our homes must first of all be safe and healthy for FUTURARC SHOWCASE
them to live in”. That means it is not enough just to have the bare bones of a roof over one’s head to call
a house a home. In Asia, the question of having enough or sufficient housing is still a mammoth work-
68 Habitat ’67: Critique on a Classic &
in-progress task to address—it is about closing the gap. Main Feature contributor Luis Noda, Habitat for Its Modern Interpretations
Humanity’s Vice President for Asia-Pacific, calls for greater private-public collaboration to ensure that the 80 Safdie Architects: Charu Kokate
most vulnerable of social groups has access to this basic human right in an ethical, sustainable way.
PROJECTS
In Vietnam, Dr Le Thi Hong Na and Nguyen Viet Hien examine in detail ways to adapt the beloved
traditional street house to modern high-rise apartments without losing the core principles of spatial
84 Bay Window Tower House
flexibility and environmental responsiveness that reside in the heart of the street house. Such familiarity 92 AMN Student Housing
in local culture is an important part of what makes a home in Vietnamese cities. And that significance is 96 Baan Hom Din
reflected in the variety of housing offered across different social groups represented in this edition—from
102 Jervois Mansion
leveraging modular methods and offering flexible affordable apartment options to prioritising blue-green
ecosystem services in an ‘eco-city’ complex and a vertical haven of air, light and greenery housing three 104 Permeability Housed
generations.

If one is comfortable in one’s living environment, one might call it their habitat. It is also the namesake
COMMENTARY
of one of the world’s most famous residences that has redefined the high-rise apartment typology. Like the 110 Public and Private Housing in Malaysia
definition, Habitat ’67 was designed to give greater comfort to residents by bringing more air and light into
the living space. Bhawna Jaimini reviews the iconic project and the latter modifications birthed from the
PEOPLE
original idea; she also spoke to Charu Kokate, Partner at Safdie Architects, to glean insights on the back
story of Habitat ’67 and its recent adaptations by the firm, as well as the housing crisis amidst the current 118 In Conversation with Eko Prawoto
climate.

My favourite takeaway from this issue is Eko Prawoto’s philosophy of living and life in general. He
HAPPENINGS
shared how amused he gets from city folks’ curiosity about his humbly sufficient way of life: “I am 124 Milestones
sometimes asked, ‘If you live in a village, are there snakes? Are there mosquitoes?’ Sure, there are. There
are also termites, all kinds of critters—and so what? This is their home—I’m simply a boarder; I live 133 Product Advertorials
alongside them.”

In his own way, he may have found a solution to most of modern world’s problems today of
insufficiency—if we learn to live within our means with decency and respect, without encroaching on
others and Nature due to greed or selfishness, we could be well on our way to enabling more to have
access to the basic human right of housing.

Photo courtesy of k59 atelier

MAIN FEATURE

by Luis Noda
PREVIEW
Photo courtesy of Habitat for Humanity Cambodia 1

14 FUTURARC FUTURARC 15
 MAIN FEATURE

With the gap exacerbated

by COVID-19, no single
organisation, or even
government, can tackle the
housing deficit problem alone.
The world gained a new word—COVID-19—in 2020 and lost precious lives over the two-year

PREVIEW
pandemic. When Omicron was declared a variant of concern in late November 2021, the media had
referred to it as the dress rehearsal for the next big pandemic or the sucker punch to the world. Pre-
pandemic developing Asia1 had seen a steady reduction in poverty rates. In 2017, just two years from the
launch of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the number of people living in extreme poverty, or
on less than USD1.90 a day, had fallen to 203 million. As of 2020, however, the COVID-19 pandemic was
estimated to have pushed up to 80 million more people in developing Asia into extreme poverty (ADB,
2021)2.

We have not even talked about the effects of urbanisation and the overlapping natural disasters and
Photo courtesy of Habitat for
Humanity International 2 extreme weather events due to climate change. Considering that housing is a driver and catalyst of 13
out of 17 SDGs, we cannot see the need for adequate shelter in isolation or of secondary importance to
factors that affect people’s safety, well-being and dignity.

Housing is a basic human right that is included in many national constitutions in Asia and the Pacific.
Yet, this region is also home to 70 per cent of the 1 billion people who live in informal settlements
worldwide.

We know the people hit hardest by disasters are often those who live in poor-quality housing on 4
marginal land. During the past several months, they have faced a record number of climate-related
disasters. According to the Red Cross3, tens of millions of people who were already badly affected by the
pandemic would be worse off.

In 2022, we do not know whether the pandemic-induced rollercoaster ride of the past two years will
end any time soon. But people who have a stake in a sustainable future are not keeping still. Ana Malia
Falemaka, an 18-year-old activist from Tonga, admitted that while her government does not give a lot of
attention to the housing situation, the issue still exists. Annual cyclones have never failed to prove how
unsafe and weak their homes are in withstanding these storms. People in Tonga build with whatever they
could find or afford, she said. “As long as there is a roof over our heads to keep out the rain, all is good.”
But she feels differently. “For me, home is an essential space for children to grow; our homes must first
of all be safe and healthy for them to live in.”
5
While some people may be content to let construction workers or their fathers take charge of housing,
she thinks the youth must participate in the process. “It is our future that we are talking about.” She
was among the speakers at the Youth Congress, a side event of the eighth Asia-Pacific Housing Forum4
from December 7–9, 2021 (see this issue’s Happenings section for more on the Forum), co-organised by
Habitat for Humanity and the European Union-funded SWITCH-Asia SCP Facility.
3

1 A Habitat homeowner tending to a home vegetable garden in Cambodia 2 Ana Malia Falemaka
Image courtesy of Habitat for Humanity speaking at the 2019 Asia-Pacific Housing Forum 3, 5 to 7 Artist impressions of Cambodian climate-
Cambodia/Koes Chea; Vann Vivorth resilient housing 4 Children riding a bicycle in front of their Habitat home in Cambodia

Images courtesy of Habitat for Humanity Cambodia/

6 7 Koes Chea; Vann Vivorth

16 FUTURARC FUTURARC 17
FUTURARC INTERVIEW

The FuturArc
Interview
TOYO ITO
Architect & Founder,

PREVIEW
Toyo Ito & Associates, Architects

by Candice Lim &

Dinda Mundakir

Image by Ito Juku

Image by Kai Nakamura Image by Manami Takahashi Image by Kai Nakamura

 FUTURARC INTERVIEW

For someone as highly acclaimed and awarded as Toyo Ito—

who is the recipient of The Royal Gold Medal from The Royal
Institute of British Architects; The 22nd Praemium Imperiale in Honor
of Prince Takamatsu; The Pritzker Architecture Prize; The UIA Gold
Medal, to name a few—one would think he might be hurried in
his replies during interviews. Nothing could be farther from the
truth. What we found on the other side of the screen was a deeply
thoughtful man whose lifetime of achievements has been mainly
about the betterment of society and the future. His contributions
towards educating children and creating public architecture
for the masses show that he cares about giving back to the
community, instilling hope and maintaining that sense of awe
and creative spark in the next generation that they may coexist
harmoniously with Nature. Ito advocates designing for people
without tearing apart Nature; it is about going with the flow and
shape of materials to express strength without force; and creating
spaces beyond limited boundaries—for the future is fluid, not fixed.

PREVIEW
BEYOND MODERNISM
CL: Thanks for joining us and for taking the time to do this interview. My first question
is about new architecture ideas: what do you think is the most important emerging idea
shaping architecture at the moment?

TY: ひとつは地球環境の問題があります。COPの会議などでも話題になっているように、CO2の排出をいか
に減らしていくかということ。 また、近代主義を越えた先にどのような建築がありうるのかという問題。 その
Toyo Ito with Julia Li, interpreter, during the
Zoom interview
二つが大きなテーマだと思います。

JL: To him, there are mainly two things that are really driving architecture. Number one is the natural
environment, which is facing a lot of danger currently, especially with the global warming situation and
also the CO2 emissions. He thinks it’s something that architecture cannot neglect anymore. And number
two is how we could go beyond Modernism, because he thinks that there must be something bigger than
Modernism or architecture that is driven by the global economy.

DM: It’s very interesting that you think that we need to move beyond Modernism, because
I think that the world right now is in a very postmodern situation where so many
developments are happening at a rapid pace. We’re moving towards a ‘metaverse’, and I do 1 Image by Katsuhiro Aoki
think it will become the reality for the next generation. Can you think of any examples that
have been moving towards that direction right now? Or what interests you in that direction?

TY: たしかに日本でも、再開発などたいへん早いスピードで進められています。しかしそれは自分にはあまり
関係のないことです。私にとっては、近代主義や近代思想の建築が自然と切り離されている点の方が問題と
捉えています。
どのようにして、もう一度自然と親しい関係にある建築をつくることができるかということに自
分の建築家としてのテーマは集約されていると思っています。

JL: Actually, it is the same in Japan—there are a lot of developments that are going on rapidly. But to
him, it doesn’t matter; he’s not very interested in any of these large developments. The main point of
interest to him is going beyond Modernism, because it tends to create environments that are cut off from
Nature. And he thinks that’s a lost opportunity. He wants to think about architecture that enables us to
grow our relationship with Nature, something that reconnects us with Nature.

CL: Yes, at FuturArc, that’s what we aim to do as well. Out of those whom Mr Toyo Ito
has mentored so far, has anyone or any idea surprised him?

TY: 最近の公共建築のコンペティションでは、住民など利用する側の人たちと共にワークショップを行いな
がらどのように建築を実現していくかが問われています。 そういった意味では、伊東事務所で働いていた平
田晃久さんという建築家の、住民と一緒に建築をつくっていくという方法論は興味があります。

JL: He is talking about recent competitions in Japan where one of the important aspects is how to
1 Exhibition on Creating Public Architecture as develop designs with the users and people who will be using the building. So, one of these architects is
a Home-for-All: Steel Hut, Toyo Ito Museum of Akihisa Hirata who used to work for our company. He has his own firm now, and he tries hard to develop
Architecture in Imabari 2 Steel Hut, Toyo Ito
Museum of Architecture 3 Silver Hut + Steel Hut,
this methodology of design, together with the local citizens and users. And this surprised Toyo Ito; he is
very interested in what [Hirata] has to offer in the years to come. Image by Daici Ano Image by Kai Nakamura
Toyo Ito Museum of Architecture
2 (note: This image was photographed in 2011) 3 (note: This image was photographed in 2011)

28 FUTURARC FUTURARC 29
VIETNAM FOCUS: COMMENTARY

The street house (SH), which emerged in the 17th

century, is an individual urban housing type that has
ADAPTING VIETNAM’S URBAN STREET evolved in response to Vietnam’s unique cultural
HOUSE TO HIGH-RISE APARTMENTS: and environmental conditions. In this type of house,
residential and commercial functions are integrated in
LEVERAGING SPATIAL FLEXIBILITY & a flexible and expandable manner, creating a variety of
ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIVENESS compositional possibilities in spatial layouts. As one of
the most adaptive and popular urban dwellings, the SH
by Dr Le Thi Hong Na & Nguyen Viet Hien has helped define daily domestic activities on the micro
level and identities of urban areas on the macro level.
Nevertheless, such valuable aspects have received
less attention in many recent urban developments
in Vietnam. Here, we seek to identify and analyse the

PREVIEW
ingenuity of the SH, focusing particularly on its spatial
flexibility and environmental responsiveness, and then
apply our analytical investigations to the design of high-
rise apartment housing in Vietnam.

THE URBAN STREET HOUSE expanded and adjusted to accommodate the needs
The SH can be defined as an attached or of the household. In addition, the intermediate
semi-detached house with particular dwelling areas between indoor and outdoor spaces can
patterns such as a tube-form layout, a tube-form serve as buffer zones, protecting inner rooms from
arcade and a narrow frontal façade that allows direct sunlight and high precipitation. In fact, such
direct access from a street or an alley. The word in-between areas provide a moderate microclimatic
street indicates a main thoroughfare in a busy condition, mediating between the internal spaces
commercial area (Na, 2011). and the surroundings.

The physical characteristics of the SH may In recent years, the urban population boom
vary slightly, depending on regions and types has made land shortage increasingly serious in
of household inhabiting the dwelling. However, Vietnam. Therefore, tall buildings have replaced
most SHs share physical similarities: the height is existing SHs. However, many new high-rise
usually five to six storeys, and the frontal width is apartments have been designed differently from
much narrower than the depth due to the shapes the familiar spaces inherent in traditional SHs—
of the typical plots of urban blocks in Vietnamese the former lacking a sense of cultural, social and
cities. environmental concern for cities. The research to
generate new apartment design solutions is thus a
Photo courtesy of Quang Tran; Block Architects 1 One of the primary features of the SH is the necessary task today.
mixture of residential and commercial spaces in a
single structure. In a sense, the SH has developed A small number of researchers and scholars
to meet increasing commercial demands. The have discussed how the SH features can be
street-fronting façade of the SH is advantageous applied to Vietnamese high-rise buildings. Among
for commercial activities on the ground level. Rows them, Phuong (2010) studied the environmental
of SHs are developed along market streets in responsiveness of vernacular architecture and
wholesale or retail areas. As such, a fronting street, proposed a guideline for sustainable housing
sidewalk or frontal terrace becomes a communal design in Vietnam. However, his research was
interface where a private domain is juxtaposed limited in that the guideline was not carried
with a public realm in the street. forward to suggest a new design model. Na,
Park and Cho (2013) have proposed to apply
Other significant aspects are found in its lessons from SHs to the Vietnamese high-rise
flexibility and adaptability, particularly in terms of apartment. This article continues to develop those Representing the quintessential Vietnamese street
spatial composition and environmental adaptation— research results to discuss spatial flexibility and house adapted to reflect the owners’ personal style
as well as the local climate and way of life:
residential and business functions can be arranged environmental responsiveness of SHs and their 1 Vegan House, Block Architects 2 & 3 Maison T,
in a variety of different layouts. Rooms can be applicability in practice. Nghia-Architect

FUTURARC 43
2 Photos courtesy of Tuan-Nghia Nguyen 3
42 FUTURARC
VIETNAM FOCUS: PROJECTS

2 Image courtesy of Sunjin Vietnam Joint Venture Company 3 Image courtesy of Sunjin Vietnam Joint Venture Company

HONG HA ECO CITY:

A COMPACT ECO-NEIGHBOURHOOD

PREVIEW
S ome 10 years ago, the planning and construction of an ambitious urban
housing project began. Situated on 16.7 hectares of land in the south-east
region of Hanoi that was adjacent to a major intercity highway, the site was
originally intended to be a run-of-the-mill ‘new city’: an array of low-rise,
landed housing, clustered alongside supporting suburban amenities. However,
a breakthrough solution was chosen instead when the architects proposed a
self-contained and densified neighbourhood, which was based on Clarence
Perry’s ideas on town planning alongside the concept of the Garden City.
Intending to preserve an organic linkage between housing, utility and Nature,
it was decided that an ‘eco city’ would be built here.

Today, as the development is underway, the neighbourhood has been

compacted into mid- and high-rise residences, complete with utility buildings
while also providing walkable landscaped expanses—setting it apart from
other social housing in Hanoi.

SPATIAL ORGANISATION OF THE

NEIGHBOURHOOD
Utilities for the neighbourhood such as shopping centres, schools and other
public services are placed on the south-east edges of the site, limiting the
volume of vehicular traffic to avoid the central area. While motor vehicles are
designed to mostly circle the perimeter, pedestrian access is given priority
from the outside to the inside of the complex. This continuous connection is
meant to provide convenient and safe mobility for all ages.

Clusters of the residential towers—ranging from 10 to 34 storeys high—

populate the north, south and south-east areas. Setting them apart from the
common residential block, the towers in Hong Ha Eco City have a variety
of floor plan configurations. For example, towers CT-15 and CT-16 have a
hexagonal-shaped core that adjoins three ‘wings’ of double-loaded residential
units. This allows for a wider line of sight for each unit that is unobstructed by Photos by Duong Nguyen unless otherwise stated 1 4
neighbouring towers.
Image courtesy of Sunjin Vietnam Joint Venture Company

1 Unlike usual social housing, this development retains a large portion of the land
for Green open spaces 2 & 3 A variety of gardens and open fields 4 Walkable
gardens are at the heart of the complex 5 The artificial stream collects storm water
and recycled domestic waste water to provide ecosystem services and enhance the
natural habitat 6 Verdant landscaping at the outer pedestrian path

5 6

50 FUTURARC FUTURARC 51
VIETNAM FOCUS: PROJECTS

MEETING MULTI-GENERATION NEEDS

IN THE ROW HOUSE TYPOLOGY:
TAN PHU HOUSE

The row house—an ever-present characteristic of Asian city settlements—is

one of the most economical structures that could populate an area. They are
made out of several buildings of similar appearance; built upon a uniform
grid; arrayed to share common walls; and with spaces that are longer than

PREVIEW
they are wide to maximise access towards street frontage.

These narrow buildings are commonly used as shophouses and home

offices, as the ground level serves as an interface for public activity while the
upper levels retain a degree of separation: often, only the façade interacts
4.3 4.2 4.1
with the outside world. But in Tan Phu House, the architects have varied the
spatial arrangement to free up the narrow space—making this a lively home
fit for a tight-knit family of three generations.

Situated within a context of a neighbourhood next to an industrial zone, the

3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 architects created a model of continuous space that could incorporate nature
inside the home, improving the residents’ quality of life.

SHIFTING VOIDS
Vertical circulation is an important design consideration for tight buildings,
because its placement would immediately determine the flow of space.
2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1
To decide how the row house would be vertically punctured by voids, the
architects began by observing the existing conditions of the site: the sun path
and existing trees.

Considering the southeast orientation of the façade, they placed voids at

1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.1 both ends of the building. A gap behind the façade is suffused with greenery,
which serves to control the intensity of light and filter dust from the street,
while the rear area is designed with hanging gardens on balconies. These
voids stretch across all four levels, ensuring that each floor receives morning
sunlight and an uninterrupted flow of air. According to the architects, “The 2

1
1.1 Garage 2.1 Front garden 3.1 Void 4.1 Vegetable garden 0m 1m 2m 3m 4m
1.2 Entrance 2.2 Living space 3.2 Veranda 4.2 Veranda 1 Section showing the interior space 2 Neighbourhood context
1.3 Kitchen space 2.3 Studying space 3.3 Parents' bedroom 4.3 Worship space
1.4 Dining space 2.4 Void 3.4 Laundry space 4.4 Back garden
1.5 Grandmother's bedroom 2.5 Children's bedroom 3.5 Toilet 4.5 Toilet
1.6 Grandmother's living space 2.6 Toilet 4.6 Void
1.7 Back garden

62 FUTURARC FUTURARC 63
FUTURARC SHOWCASE

Photo courtersy of Safdie Architects

PREVIEW
1

Habitat ’67: Critique on

a Classic & Its Modern
Interpretations
by Bhawna Jaimini

Habitat ’67 is perhaps one of the most recognised and iconic modern housing complexes around the
world. The Israel-born Canadian architect Moshe Safdie first developed the concept of Habitat ’67 for
his thesis while studying in McGill University in 1961 and submitted the project to Montreal Expo 67 two
years later, while he was still working in the office of architect Louis I Kahn. Safdie got the inspiration to
design Habitat ’67 as a response to the grim reality of apartment complexes and unsustainable urban
sprawl that defined much of the 1960s in North America. Housing architecture in those days was mostly
either tall brutalist buildings with apartments stacked on each other without common spillages or suburban
row housing with front and backyards but without the vibrancy of streets to look over. With Habitat ’67,
Safdie did more than just combine the two, resulting in a unique concept in urban living that will inspire
generations to come. The initial master plan of Habitat ’67 was much bigger in scale—over 1,000
residences along with common amenities like a school and shop—than the built 158 houses in 12-storey
interconnected structures.
PROJECTS
THAILAND

1 2 3 Map Data: Google, ©2022 Maxar Technologies

Blink and you might miss it, although that was the intention of the owners for

PREVIEW
BAAN HOM DIN: LIGHTLY TOUCHING this new design-and-build house.

THE GROUND AND TUCKED AWAY Located at the edge of a small village, more than 350 kilometres away from
Bangkok, this house is unlike any other in its surroundings—the wide, sloping
pedestrian ramp defines the entrance to the property, alongside bamboo
fencing that curves around the perimeter of tree canopies. Despite the size
of the ramp, the house does not ‘shout’ its existence—it instead shrouds its
cluster of rectangular masses behind trees that line the main road.

This abode belongs to a couple who are doctors. They have been staying
at a doctors’ residence downtown, but had wanted to build a private house to
welcome a new member of their family. As such, the house needs to have easy
access within the home and privacy within the rural setting. The architects
addressed these requests by organising the main idea around elevating the
house above ground and connecting it to the people-friendly ramp. 6

LIFTED AND CUT-OUT SPACES

The entire residential unit is lifted onto a stilted structure to avoid flooding
from the public canal on the south side, especially during the rainy season,
and to prevent invading pests. This elevated level helps to enhance the lines
of sight to the panorama of mountains and rice fields, bringing the residents Parking
area
closer to Nature. Four enclosed masses that hold the bedrooms and living
spaces are arranged around an open-air rectangular terrace, which serves Living and
dining
as the primary circulation area and a fluid space for interaction between the Master
bedroom Bedrooms
residents. This terrace has been ‘subtracted’ from the ramp-platform with
circular cut-outs to interact with the courtyard below, where tree tops peek
through at the upper level. Bathroom spaces are placed adjacent to such
openings to facilitate natural ventilation.
7

1 & 2 This house consists of a cluster of separate masses for different zones,
avoiding a bulky appearance while enabling the occupants to enjoy outdoors living
in the countryside 3 Google map indicating the site context (in red) at the edge of a
village 4 Aerial view with surroundings 5 & 6 Conceptual diagrams illustrating the
ingenuity of how the entrance ramp continues to become the elevated 'ground plane'
4 or platform that 'intersects' with the functional masses of the house and greenery
with cut-outs 7 Arrangement of functions

96 FUTURARC FUTURARC 97
PROJECTS
MALAYSIA

PERMEABILITY
HOUSED

“I ’m the architect/owner-builder and part-time gardener and maintenance

fella of the house,” Tang Hsiao Seak of Tangu Architecture revealed, when
asked if the architects are also the inhabitants or residents of the house.

This question came about from the observation that the house’s intriguing
planting façade/system has to originate from someone who has taken great
care not only to create it, but also to sustain it in the long term.

PREVIEW
Permeability Housed—the name itself succinctly represents the main
idea of sustainability behind the residence—is not only a home, but is also
an ongoing test bed of concepts that the architects have embarked on over
the years (hence, renovations). As such, this progressive idea of a residence
is an ‘evolving’ piece of architectural canvas that is continuously being
developed, experimented and explored upon for design innovation; research
and development; and trial of ideas and principles by the practice, based on
the dynamics of climate, views and plant species in different orientations, with
respect to the spatial functions within.

Tang also shared that “[the house] has also taken the idea of the vertical
green wall a step further by integrating it with the structure and building
envelope. There’s a drip irrigation system that is pump-fed and runs on a
timer, coupled with the rainwater harvesting system roof tanks. By design, the
planters are stacked to allow water to cascade, with the excess water being
captured by the perimeter drain that feeds into the subsoil watering-planting
system in the ground, the balance of which overflows to the retention/fish
ponds—all in a recycled loop. In this arrangement, the drip nozzles are made
efficacious by covering a large vertical area—one each for the vertically
stacked 1.2-metre bay.”

1 Diagrams showing the main ideas applied in the house 2 & 3 The idea of
permeability is expressed by welcoming light, air and biodiversity into the spaces

104 FUTURARC FUTURARC 105

COMMENTARY

Malaysia’s population has increased from 6.3 Housing the Poor (1971–1985)
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE million during the country’s year of independence
in 1957 to 32 million today. Around 75 per cent
The provision of low-cost housing was the
government’s priority, especially in urban areas,
HOUSING IN MALAYSIA: of the population now live in the major urban
areas, making Malaysia one of the most urbanised
where squatter settlements were prevalent during
the early years due to large migration from rural to
A REVIEW FROM countries of East Asia. Unsurprisingly, public
housing provision and housing affordability,
urban areas. In 1981, the government introduced
a public housing scheme called Public Low-Cost
THE SUSTAINABILITY especially in major cities such as Kuala Lumpur,
Selangor and Penang, continue to be hot-button
Housing Program (PLCHP). It also required a 30
per cent quota provision of low-cost housing in
PERSPECTIVE issues in the country. every residential development undertaken by
private developers and low-cost house selling price
This essay attempts to address the following control of RM25,000 per unit (later increased to
by Assoc Prof Dr Zalina Shari questions: RM42,000 in 1998).
• How did public housing fare in the country?

PREVIEW
Is it sustainable? Despite various efforts, the government still
• Can terraced housing, being the most failed to address the housing shortage, which
common residential form in Malaysia allowed squatters to continue to exist well into the
but often criticised for being unliveable, be 1990s. Due to excessive government control and
transformed into Green/biophilic architectural lack of funding, market involvement in low-cost
housing for a more optimistic outlook for this housing provision was still relatively insignificant
housing stock? during the 1980s. Instead, the market focused
• What is the future of housing in urban areas mainly on medium- and high-cost housing, which
such as Kuala Lumpur city centre, especially was relatively free from excessive government
for the younger generation? control.

PUBLIC HOUSING PROVISION: Market Reform (1986–1997)

HOW DID IT FARE? The state began to rethink its intervention policy
The evolution of public housing provision in and embarked on economic liberalisation. The
Malaysia since 1971 can be reviewed in four business community called for a less regulated
phases: Housing the Poor (1971–1985); Market market and reduced state intervention in the
Reform (1986–1997); Slums Clearance (1998– economy. During the early 1990s, the private
2011); and State Affordable Housing (2012 to sector began to take a more significant role in
date). housing provision, including for low-income people.

1 Although mostly omitted from low-cost vertical public housing, when provided, balconies offer
open-air space commonly used by residents to dry laundry 2 An example of the proliferation of
terraced housing and its various permutations

2 Photo by Hans Lim

icosha/Shutterstock.com 1
110 FUTURARC FUTURARC 111
PEOPLE

IN CONVERSATION
IN CONVERSATION WITH
WITH
EKO PRAWOTO
EKO PRAWOTO
by Dinda Mundakir

LIVING MORE
AUTHENTICALLY WITH
NATURE
For Eko Prawoto, understanding Nature is of utmost importance,
and the key premise of sustainability is in humbly practising it
primarily in everyday life. He has taught at the Faculty of Architecture

PREVIEW
and Design at Duta Wacana Christian University since 1985, and
3
established Eko Prawoto Architecture Workshop where he has been
Chief Architect since 2000. He gained international acknowledgement
for projects and installations that utilised natural materials at the
Venice Biennale; Arte all’arte; Gwangju Biennale; Echigo Tsumari
Art Triennale; Common Ground Australia; Regionale XII in Austria;
Singapore Biennale; Holbaek Denmark; Sonsbeek; and Europalia-
Indonesia in Belgium, among others. Seven years ago, Eko moved
to the village in order to study and articulate a new rural ‘architectural
language’, something he feels would hold our key to survival in the
future. I chatted with Eko about his projects and philosophies, as well
Eko Prawoto
as current issues that are rooted in our distance from Nature, and how
to live in a more authentic way by minimising that gap.

A CONTEXTUAL REBUILDING OF VILLAGE HOMES

What happens after Nature shifts and stirs? This is a question that people living in disaster-prone
areas often deal with in an urgent, life-or-death manner. Some disasters linger in the collective memory
due to their unforeseen magnitude, such as in 2006 when an earthquake destroyed the entire region of
Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Within a span of minutes, over 140,000 structures were heavily impacted, leaving
many residents homeless with little to no recovery plan. The matter of rehousing quickly gained national
attention—and for architect Eko Prawoto, it began a personal journey of involvement out of his deep care
for fellow villagers.

“I wanted to visit my friends, the builders who used to work with me, in their village on the second
day following the earthquake,” Eko recollected. Located 10 kilometres away from the epicentre, Ngibikan
Village saw many of its timber-and-plaster structures flattened against the ground. However, Eko noticed 4
that a wooden truss system he had devised for several buildings around the village remained standing. “I
discussed with Pak Maryono as the village leader, ‘can we use the leftover timber to rebuild?’ So, we tried
1 & 2 Diagrams showing Eko’s prototype of the to make a prototype of the truss.”
wooden truss system used in Ngibikan Village after
the 2006 earthquake; left to right: the modified limasan
structure and sections 3 to 5 The reconstructed The design that Eko proposed was based on a traditional structure familiar to the villagers, called
homes post-earthquake in Ngibikan Village the limasan—characterised by tall beams, a peaked roof and a tripartite division of space that could

1 2 All images courtesy of Eko Prawoto unless

5
otherwise stated
118 FUTURARC FUTURARC 119
HAPPENINGS

MILESTONES • Public rental housing, with a backlog of 11,000 units per year, which Strengthening actors in construction and demolition Construction and Urban Development. This groundwork was conducted
are 100 per cent funded by the government of Indonesia. It is easy to grasp the construction process as an impactful target with the development of a university and certification curriculum, alongside
for Green efforts in housing provision, but the other side of the coin online and classroom training platforms for non-formal education to
Asia While these programmes deliver the volume, there is a lack in the often escapes attention. Demolition is usually seen as an opposite to ensure its continuity to the next generation.
qualitative aspect—namely, how the project is actually implemented construction to produce a ‘clean slate’ for new developments; however,
Mainstreaming Green throughout the and sustained for the people. There have been many cases where when considering the amount of energy needed and the waste that results The voice of youth in reshaping housing
government-provided affordable housing are resold or rented at a higher from tearing down a building, the damage on the environment is severe. Young people disproportionately bear the effects of inadequate housing.
housing value chain value towards non-targeted occupants, signalling that the provision of According to the International Labour Organization, the global pandemic has
housing alone is not considered adequate. Thus, housing programmes A case study in the rapidly developing context of Mongolia states how resulted in higher risks of eviction and long-term inability to afford a decent
Housing, households and lifestyles are central to the transition to
in cities need a specific vision where the impacts are accounted for more than 80 per cent of all construction and demolition waste (CDW) place to live, disruptions in schooling and employment, and the rising
sustainability, as these matters account for at least half of our carbon
beforehand: the vision needs to capture potential investment; be efficient had been dumped illegally outside of designated landfills. This amount occurrence of abuse and violence. Echoing the need for creative ideation to
footprint. The Green agenda on consumption and production has moved
with public spending; increase liveability and improve productivity by represents up to a quarter of overall solid waste, making it one of the shape overarching policy in the current era, it is critical that the youth can
forward from ‘cleaning up’ the most environmentally damaging materials to
reducing the congested mobility networks. This is achieved by strategies largest waste streams in the country. Jana Zilkova, Head of Mission of the harness their creativity and innovation to reshape inclusive housing.
preventing pollution towards a life cycle perspective on the sustainable use
of low-income neighbourhood densification, mixed-use and mixed-income NGO Caritas Czech Republic, shared about the project called Recycling
of materials and products. This shift is needed to herald the fundamental
neighbourhoods through public-private partnerships, as well as land value Building Materials between 2016-2021 to improve waste management,
changes that must be done to achieve decarbonisation.
capture to provide serviced land with adequate facilities such as drainage, beginning from the housing sector. The objective was to contribute to
transportation connectivity, availability of water and energy, which are then poverty reduction and mitigation of climate change through supporting
The 8th Asia-Pacific Housing Forum (APHF) was held to strengthen
collaborated with the private sector for further development. small-and-medium enterprises, state institutions, academia and urban
international commitments on housing as informed by climate change and

PREVIEW
residents in switching to more resource-efficient practices. They identified
SDGs. It was organised by Habitat for Humanity, in partnership with the
Resiliency against risk the following existing problems throughout the housing supply chain:
EU SWITCH-Asia SCP (Sustainable Consumption and Production) Facility,
Many actors across the real estate ecosystem need to be engaged in the • A lack of regulations for the dumping of CDW or its sustainable
and hosted in Bangkok, Thailand with a virtual global audience from 7–9
effort to realise housing for all: investment and advisory programmes for management;
December 2021. Among the objectives of the forum discussed was to
banks and for the building sector; Green indexes through scalable and • Construction sector stakeholders do not yet have proper knowledge on
build collaboration between organisations with the capacity to scale up the
voluntary rating systems; and working alongside governments to establish sustainable CDW management;
low-cost affordable housing sector in Asia-Pacific.
public sector codes and incentives through policy and regulation. • A lack of official data and studies, technical and academic capacity
and human resources;
“Since 2015, there is a mainstreaming of carbon goals through efforts
According to Angelo Tan, Country Lead for the Philippines’s EDGE and • Misconceptions among the public about reused and recycled materials;
such as the Paris Agreement … Policy design in our era needs to
Building Resiliency Index (BRI) at the International Finance Corporation • Existing buildings are not made with sustainability in mind—many rely
meet long-term end goals and facilitate creative programmes among The illustrated concluding statement presented by Mazidatun Maftukhan at the
(IFC), there are various drivers of feasibility for Green affordable housing: on fossil fuels for heating and cooling and use old technologies. Youth Congress
stakeholders,” highlighted Dr Yasuhiko Hotta, Vice President of the Asia
Access to international Green finance flows for better financing terms;
Pacific Roundtable of Sustainable
minimised incremental cost through early planning; faster sales and The programme, originally planned to be applied in the capital city of As a side event of the forum, the Youth Congress—a platform for persons
Consumption and Production
market differentiation; savings on utility costs for owners and renters; Ulaanbaatar, ended up being organised in all 21 provinces of Mongolia aged 15 to 30 years old—drafted a statement about building forward
(APRCP). There is a need for social
lowered default rates and superior collateral value; and government and engaged more than 4,000 representatives for awareness-raising better for inclusive housing, based on a virtual survey held prior to and
experimentation and seeking
incentives, both financial and non-financial. and training. The learnings of the activity had the potential to be scaled during the event. The statement was presented alongside illustrated
successful models from such
and replicated to other countries. Harnessing the materials on hand, the drawings at the Closing Plenary by Mazidatun Maftukhan as part of the
experiments, with policy intervention
In the Philippines, one of the problems project developed a CDW-based recycled concrete aggregate, which could UN Major Group for Children and Youth. “Homelessness is more than
that can further promote the best
Dr Yasuhiko Hotta in implementing housing was the risk replace 30-50 per cent of the natural aggregate that is mined from the just the lack of a roof over one’s head—human-centred approaches can
practices on a larger scope.
of disaster, since the country ranks riverbanks. To prepare the product for commercial production and further help us truly understand needs”, reads the first statement. Some of the
among the world’s highest risk of development, its technical standards had been advocated to be approved observations included how there is an apparent imbalance of resource
Financing affordable housing in cities
natural and manmade disasters. By by the authorities, an economic feasibility study had been conducted for distribution in terms of housing: “So many abandoned houses, yet homes
Dao Harrison, Senior Housing Specialist at the World Bank, noted:
the end of 2020, the IFC had helped the product to ensure its profitability for industry players, while awareness- in Tokyo keep getting smaller and smaller!” Stating the need to redouble
“We need to think about many different solutions for many different
Angelo Tan launch a Building Resilience Index raising and promotional activities for the public were also organised. commitments to the progressive realisation of the right to adequate
stakeholders along the entire value chain.” In the presentation that
(BRI), with around 9,200 units of housing, Maftukhan concluded: “We are excited about the future … we,
discussed the case study of Indonesia’s 1-million housing programme,
To strengthen legal certainty and young people, are the present. We must develop a deep sense of focus on
Harrison detailed three aspects that are in place:
incentives to support sustainable people-centred solutions and not forget about affordable housing for all.”
• Credit-linked subsidy at 5 per cent
consumption and production, the
interest rate loan, which aims to
project also improved the Mongolian Innovating for impact
tackle the backlog of home
legal framework regarding CDW To reward and demonstrate the importance of strategic collaboration in
ownership at 220,000 units per
management by creating a procedure the field, especially in people-public-private partnerships, APHF bestowed
year;
Jana Zilkova to handle CDW at all stages of Innovation Awards to products and services related to affordable housing
• Grant for upgrade, considering a
construction, which has been that addressed real needs in providing disaster-resilient, inclusive and
home upgrading backlog of
approved by the Ministry of sustainable solutions.
160,000 units per year for
Dao Harrison structures that have passed their
service life period; chinahbzyg/Shutterstock.com

affordable housing—both new and retrofitted—committed to achieve it. The

BRI is set to identify risks based on project location and across four hazard
categories: wind, water, fire and geo-seismic, as well as its physical integrity
and operational continuity. This will be followed up with a risk management
strategy that identifies mitigation measures and quantifies the cost of such
measures. The index is currently prepared for global roll-out in order to push
for more sustainable standards in affordable housing. The high rate of demolition in Mongolia is related to other social and
environmental problems, such as urban air pollution. Muhammad Fauzal Rizki presents Sampangan’s modular waste-based housing
124 FUTURARC FUTURARC 125
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