Limits 3

LIMITS
Limit Of A Function
Let y = f ( x ) be a function of x. If at x = a, f ( x ) takes indeterminate form, then we consider the values of
the function which are very near to ‘a’. If these values tend to a definite unique number as x tends to ‘a’,
then the unique number so obtained is called the limit of f ( x ) at x = a and we write it as lim f ( x ) .
x®a

(1) Left hand and right hand limit :

Consider the values of the functions at the points which are very near to a on the left of a. If these values
tend to a definite unique number as x tends to a, then the unique number so obtained is called left-hand
limit of f ( x ) at x = a and symbolically we write it as f ( a - 0) = lim- f ( x ) = lim f (a - h) .
x®a h®0

Similarly we can define right-hand limit of f ( x ) at x = a which is expressed as f ( a + 0) = lim+ f ( x )

x® a

= lim f ( a + h) .
h®0

(2) Method for finding L.H.L. and R.H.L.

(i) For finding right hand limit (R.H.L.) of the function, we write x + h in place of x, while for left hand
limit (L.H.L.) we write x – h in place of x.
(ii) Then we replace x by ‘a’ in the function so obtained.
(iii) Lastly we find limit h ® 0 .
(3) Existence of limit : lim f ( x) exists when,
x® a

(i) lim- f ( x ) and lim+ f ( x ) exist i.e. L.H.L. and R.H.L. both exists.
x®a x®a

(ii) lim- f ( x) = lim+ f ( x ) i.e. L.H.L. = R.H.L.

x®a x®a

Fundamental Theorems On Limits

The following theorems are very useful for evaluation of limits if lim f ( x ) = l and lim g ( x ) = m (l and m are real
x ®0 x ®0

numbers) then
(1) lim( f ( x ) + g ( x )) = l + m (Sum rule)
x® a

(2) lim( f ( x ) - g ( x )) = l - m (Difference rule)

x ®a

(3) lim( f ( x ).g ( x)) = l.m (Product rule)

x ®a

(4) lim k f ( x) = k .l (Constant multiple rule)

x® a

f ( x) l
(5) lim = ,m ¹ 0 (Quotient rule)
x ®a g ( x) m
1
(6) If lim f ( x ) = +¥ or -¥ , then lim =0
x ®a x®a f ( x)
(7) lim log{ f ( x )} = log{lim f ( x )}
x® a x ®a

(8) If f ( x ) £ g ( x ) for all x, then lim f ( x ) £ lim g ( x)

x ®a x ®a
lim g ( x )
(9) lim[ f ( x)]g ( x ) = {lim f ( x)}x®a
x ®a x®a

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 Limits 4
(10) If p and q are integers, then lim( f ( x)) p/q
=l p/q
, provided (l ) p/q
is a real number.
x®a

(11) If lim f ( g ( x )) = f (lim g ( x )) = f ( m) provided ‘f ’ is continuous at g ( x ) = m. e.g .

x ®a x® a

lim ln[ f ( x )] = ln(l ), only if l > 0.

x® a

Methods Of Evaluation Of Limits

We shall divide the problems of evaluation of limits in five categories.
(1) Algebraic limits :
Let f ( x ) be an algebraic function and ‘a’ be a real number. Then lim f ( x ) is known as an algebraic limit.
x®a

(i) Direct substitution method :

If by direct substitution of the point in the given expression we get a finite number, then the number
obtained is the limit of the given expression.
(ii) Factorisation method :
In this method, numerator and denominator are factorised. The common factors are cancelled and the
rest outputs the results.
(iii) Rationalisation method :
1 1
Rationalisation is followed when we have fractional powers (like , etc.) on expressions in
2 3
numerator or denominator or in both. After rationalisation the terms are factorised which on
cancellation gives the result.
(iv) Based on the form when x ® ¥ :
In this case expression should be expressed as a function 1/x and then after removing indeterminate
1
form, (if it is there) replace by 0.
x
(2) Trigonometric limits : To evaluate trigonometric limit the following results are very important.
sin x x
(i) lim = 1 = lim
x ®0 x x ® 0 sin x
tan x x
(ii) lim = 1 = lim
x ®0 x x ® 0 tan x

sin x cos x
(iii) lim = lim =0
x ®¥ x x ®¥ x
sin (1/ x )
(iv) lim =1
x ®¥ (1/ x )

sin x 0 p
(v) lim = (vi) lim cos x = 1
x ®0 x 180 x ®0

sin( x - a ) tan( x - a )
(vii) lim =1 (viii) lim =1
x ®a x-a x® a x-a
(ix) lim sin -1 x = sin -1 a, | a | £ 1 (x) lim cos -1 x = cos -1 a; | a | £ 1
x ®a x ®a

sin -1 x x
(xi) lim tan -1 x = tan -1 a; - ¥ < a < ¥ (xii) lim = 1 = lim -1
x ®a x ®0 x x ® 0 sin x
tan -1 x x
(xiii) lim = 1 = lim
x ®0 x x ® 0 tan -1 x

(3) Logarithmic limits : To evaluate the logarithmic limits we use following formulae

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 Limits 5
2 3
x x
(i) log(1 + x) = x - + - ............to ¥ where -1 < x £ 1 and expansion is true only if base is e.
2 3
log(1 + x )
(ii) lim =1 (iii) lim log e x = 1
x ®0 x x®e

log(1 - x ) log a (1 + x )
(iv) lim = -1 (v) lim = log a e, a > 0, ¹ 1
x ®0 x x® 0 x

(4) Exponential limits

x2 x3
(i) Based on series expansion We use e x = 1 + x + + + .............¥
2! 3!
To evaluate the exponential limits we use the following results
ex -1 a x -1
(a) lim =1 (b) lim = log e a
x ®0 x x ®0 x
el x - 1
(c) lim = l (l ¹ 0)
x ®0 x
(ii) Based on the form 1¥ : To evaluate the exponential form 1¥ we use the following results.
f (x)
lim
(a) If lim f ( x ) = lim g ( x ) = 0 , then lim{1 + f ( x)} 1/ g ( x )
=e x® a g ( x)
or when lim f ( x ) = 1 and
x ®a x®a x®a x ®a
lim ( f ( x ) -1) g ( x )
lim g ( x ) = ¥ . Then lim{ f ( x)}g ( x ) = lim[1 + f ( x) - 1]g ( x ) = e x®a
x® a x ®a x ®a
x
æ 1ö
(b) lim(1 + x) 1/ x
=e (c) lim ç 1 + ÷ = e
x ®0 x ®¥
è xø
x
l æ lö
(d) lim(1 + l x) 1/ x
=e (e) lim ç 1 + ÷ = e l
x ®0 x ®¥
è xø
ì¥ ,if a > 1
· lim a x = í i.e., a ¥ = ¥ , if a > 1 and a ¥ = 0 if a < 1 .
x ®¥
î 0 ,if a < 1

(5) L-Hospital’s rule : If f ( x ) and g ( x ) be two functions of x such that

(i) lim f ( x ) = lim g ( x ) = 0
x ®a x®a

(ii) Both are continuous at x = a

(iii) Both are differentiable at x = a .
f ( x) f '( x)
(iv) f '( x ) and g '( x ) are continuous at the point x = a , then lim = lim provided that
x ®a g ( x) x ® a g '( x)
g '( a ) ¹ 0 .
The above rule is also applicable if lim f ( x ) = ¥ and lim g ( x ) = ¥ .
x®a x® a

f '( x) ¥
If lim assumes the indeterminate form 00 or and f '( x ), g '( x ) satisfy all the condition
x®a g '( x) ¥
f '( x )
embodied in L’ Hospital rule, we can repeat the application of this rule on to get,
g '( x )
f '( x) f "( x)
lim = lim .. Sometimes it may be necessary to repeat this process a number of times
x ® a g '( x) x ® a g "( x)

till our goal of evaluating limit is achieved.

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 Limits 6

ì x + 1, if x ³ 0
1. Let f(x) = í . Prove that lim
x ® 0 f(x) does not exist.
î x - 1, if x < 0
ì 4, if x³3
2. Find lim
x ® 3 f(x), where f(x) = í
îx + 1, if x<3
ì 2x + 3, x£0
3. If f(x) = í . Find lim lim
x ® 0 f(x) and x ® 1 f(x).
î3(x + 1), x>0
ì x 2 - 1, x £ 1
4. Find lim
x ®1 f(x), if f (x) = í 2
î - x - 1, x > 1
ì| x |
ï , x¹0
5. Evaluate lim
x ® 0 f(x), where f(x) = í x
ïî 0, x=0
ì1 + x 2 , if 0 £ x £ 1
6. Evaluate the left hand and right hand limits of the function defined by f (x) = í at x = 1.
î 2 - x, if x > 1

Also, show that lim

x ® 1 f (x ) does not exist

lim æ 1 ö.
7. Find x®1+ ç ÷
è x -1 ø
8. Find:(i) lim
x ® 2 [x] (ii) lim5 [ x ] (iii) lim
x ®1 [x]
x®
2

lim x . lim x .
9. Find x ®3+ Is it equal to x ®3-
[ x] [ x]
ì x- | x |
ï , x¹0
10. If (x) = f (x) = í x show that lim
x ® 0 f(x) does not exist.
ïî 2 , x=0

ì 3x
lim ï| x | +2x , x ¹ 2.
11. Letf(x) be a function defined by f(x) = x®0 í show that lim
x ® 0 f(x) does not exist.
ï0 , x=2
î
ì x - [ x], x<2
ï
12. Evaluate lim
x ® 2 f ( x ) (if it exists), where
f ( x) = í 4 , x = 2, .
ï3 x - 5, x>2
î
ì 5x - 4, 0 < x £ 1
13. If (x) = f (x) = í 3 , show that lim
x ® 1 f(x) exists.
î 4x - 3x, 1 < x < 2

14. Find the left hand right hand limits of the greatest integer function f(x)= [x] = greatest integer less than or
equal to x, at x = k, where k is an integer. Also show than f(x) does not exist.

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 Limits 7
1 lim 1
15. Discuss the existence of each of the following limits:(i) lim (ii) x®0
x®0
x | x|
16. Show that lim
x® 0 e
–1/x
does not exist.

lim e - 1
1/ x

17. Show that x ® 0 1/ x does not exist.

e +1
ìcos x, if x ³ 0
18. Let f(x) = lim
x®0 í . Find the value of constant k, given that lim f(x) exists.
î x + k, if x < 0 x® 0

ì4x - 5 , if x £ 2
19. Let f(x) be a function defined by f(x) = í . Find l, if lim f(x) exists.
î x - l , if x > 2 x®2

ì mx 2 + n, x < 0
ï
20. If f(x) = ínx + m, 0 £ x £1 For what of integers m, n does the limits lim
x®0
f(x) and lim
x ®1
f(x) exist.
ï nx 3 + m, x > 1
î
ì a + bx, x < 1
ï
21. Suppose f(x) = í4 , x = 1and if lim
x ®1
f(x) = f(1). What are possible values of a and b?
ï b - ax, x > 1
î
1 lim tan x
22. Evaluate the following one sided limits:(i) lim
x ®0 +
(ii) p-
(iii) lim
x®-p / 2+sec x
3x x®
2

ANSWERS KEY

2. 4 3. 3,6 4.Does not exist 5.Does not exist 6. 1,2 ,Does not exist
7.¥ 8. (i) Does not exist (ii) 2 (iii) Does not exist 9. 1, No 12. 1
15.(i) – ¥, ¥(ii)¥,¥ 18. 1 19.l = -1 20. n=m 21.a = 0, b = 4
22. (i) ¥ (ii)¥ (iii)– ¥

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 Limits 8

Evaluate the following limits:

1. lim
x ®-1 (4x + 2)
2
lim x 2 - 16
12. x ®4
x -2
2. lim
x®0 9
x2 - 2
13. lim
lim x + a x® 2
x 2 + 2x - 4
3. x ®a
x +a
lim 2 + x - 2 .
lim x - 5x + 6 . 14.
2
x ®0
4. x ®2 x
x2 - 4
lim x
15. .
lim x -1.
3 x ®0
5. x ®1 a+x - a -x
x -1
lim 5x - 4 - x
lim x - 81 16.
4
x ®1
6. x ®3 2 x3 -1
x -9
lim x - a
17.
lim x - 3x + 4 .
3 2 x ®a
7. x ®2 4 x- a
x - 8x2 +16
lim a 2 + x2 - a 2 - x2
lim 8x -1 .
3 18. x ® 0 .
8. x ®1/ 2
x2
16x 4 - 1
a + 2x - 3x
lim æ 2 + 1 ö . 19. lim
x ®a .
9. x ®1 ç ÷ 3a + x - 2 x
è 1 - x x -1 ø
2

1 + x2 - 1 + x
20. lim
lim (a + x) - a
2 2 x® 0
1+ x - 1+ x
3
10. x®0
x
-1/3
lim1- x
11. x®1
1- x-2/3
ANSWERS KEY

1. 6 9. 1
16. 2
2. 9 2 3

1 10. 2a 17. 2 a
3.
a 11. 1 18. 1
2 a
1
4. - 12. 32
4 2
19.
5. 3 13. 2 33
3
6. 18 20. 1
1
3 14.
2 2
7. 16
8. 3 15. a
4

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 Limits 9

Evaluate the following limits:

lim x -1024 .
10
lim x - 2 .
1. x ®2
9. x ®2 3
x -2 x-3 2
lim x - 27 . lim x +1
3/ 2 3

2. x ®9 10. x ®-1
x -9 x +1
lim (1- x) -1.
n
lim x x - a a .
3. x ®a 11. x ®0
x -a x
lim x - a . lim (x + x + x + ... + x ) - n .
m m 2 3 n

4. x ®a n 12. x ®1
x - an x -1
lim x -1 lim x - 2 = 80
15 n n

5. x®1 10 13. If x ®2 and n ÎN, find n.

x -1 x-2
lim x - a lim x - a = 405,
5/ 7 5/ 7 5 5
6. x®a 2/ 7 14. If x®a find all possible value
x - a 2/ 7 x -a
lim (x + 2)
5/3
- (a + 2)5/3 of a.
7. x ®a . 15. Find the value of k, if
x -a
lim x -1 =lim x - k .
4 3 3
lim (x + 3)(x - 3)
1/3 1/3

8. x®27 x ®1
x -1
x ®k
x2 - k2
x - 27
ANSWERS KEY

1. 5120 6. 5 a 3 / 7 11. –n
2
2. 9
12. n (n + 1)
2 7. 5 (a + 2) 2 / 3 2
3 13. 5
3. 3 a
2 2 14. a = 3, – 3
8.
m m-n 9 8
4. a 15.
n æ ö 2
3
9. 3 ç 2 ÷ 3
3 è ø
5.
2
10. 3

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 Limits 10

lim ax + bx + c . lim 1 + 2 + ... + n

2 3 3 3

1. x ®¥ 2 12. n®¥
dx + ex + f n4
lim (3x - 1) (4x - 2) 13 + 23 + ... + n 3
2. x ®¥ 13. lim
(x + 8) (x - 1) n ®¥
(n - 1)4
lim 5x - 6 . lim æ 1 + 1 + 1 + ... + 1 ö
3. x ®¥ 14. n ®¥ ç 2 3 ÷
4x 2 + 9 è3 3 3 3n ø

4. lim
5x 3 - 6 lim æ 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n -1 ö
x ®¥ 15. n ®¥ ç 2 2 2 ÷
9 + 4x 6 èn n n n2 ø

5. lim
x ®¥
3x 2 - 1 + 2x 2 - 1
.
16. lim (
x ®-¥ x2 - x +1 + x . )
4x + 3
6. lim
x®¥ x ( x + c - x ). 17.
lim
(
x ® -¥ x 2 - 8x + x )
7. lim x +1 - x lim n!
x® ¥ 18. n ®¥
(n +1)!- n!
8. lim
x ®¥ ( )
x2 + x +1 - x2 +1 .
lim (x +1) + (x + 2) + ... + (x +100)
10 10 10

1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n
19. x ®¥
9. lim
n®¥ . x10 +1010
2
n
lim (n + 2)!+ (n +1)!
n2 20. n®¥
lim (n + 2)!- (n +1)!
10. n ®¥
1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n
lim 1 + 2 + ... + n
2 2 2

11. n®¥
n3
ANSWERS KEY
a 1
1. 8. 15. 1
d 2 2
2. 12 9. 1
16. 1
5 2 2
3.
2 10. 2 17. 4
4. 5
11. 1 18. 0
2 3 19. 100
3+ 2 1 20. 1
12.
5. 4
4
c 13. 1
6. 4
2
7. 0 14. 1
2

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 Limits 11

Evaluate the following limits

sin 3x 1 - cos 2x
1. lim
x®0
20. lim
x®0
x cos 2x - cos 8x

lim 2sin x - sin 2x

0 o o
lim sin x
2. x®0 21. x®0
x x3
o sin(2 + x) - sin(2 - x)
lim sin x 22. lim
3. x®0 o x®0
x
x
sin ax lim (x + y)sec(x + y) - xsecx
4. lim 23. y ®0
x®0
sin bx y
sin x cos x sin(a + x) + sin(a - x) - 2 sin a
5. lim
x® 0
24. lim
x® 0
3x x sin x

lim (a + h) sin(a + h) - a sin a

2 2 2
lim sin 3x
6. x ®0 25. h®0
x2 h
2 2 sec 4x - sec 2x
lim sin 4x 26. lim
7. x ®0 x®0
sec 3x - sec x
x4
cot 2x - cos ec2x
27. lim
lim 3sin x - 4sin x
3
x®0
x
8. x ®0
x cos2x - 1
28. lim
x® 0
1 - cos x cos x - 1
9. lim
x ®0 2
x
29.
lim 1+ sin x - 1 - sin x
1 - cos mx
10. lim
x®0
x ®0
x
1 - cos nx
30. lim
x ® 0 (cos ec x - cot x )
lim tan mx
11. x ® 0
tan nx x cos x + sin x
31. lim
x® 0 2
x + tan x
tan x - sin x
12. lim
lim x - tan2x
x®0 2
x3
32. x®0
lim sin x (1- cos x )
2 2 tan x
13. x®0 tan x + 4 tan 2x - 3 tan 3x
x6 33. lim
x®0 2
x tan x
tan x - sin x
14. lim
lim 1 - cos x cos 2x
x®0 3
sin x
34. x ®0
15. lim tan 2x - sin 2x x2
x® 0 3
x
lim 2 - 1+ cos x
lim æ cos Ax - cos Bx ö 35. x ®0
16. x ®0 ç ÷ x2
è x2 ø
8æ x2 x2 x2 x2 ö
sin 2x + sin 3x 36. lim
x ®0 8 ç1 - cos - cos + cos cos ÷
17. lim
x®0
x è 2 4 2 4ø
2 x + sin 3x
3 sin x - sin 3x
sin 2x + sin 6x 37. lim
18. lim
x®0
x® 0 3
x
sin 5x - sin 3x
5x + 4 sin 3x lim 1 - cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x
19. lim x®0
sin 2 2 x
x® 0
4 sin 2x + 7 x 38.

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 Limits 12
ANSWERS KEY
1. 3 m 1
11. 20.
p n 15
2.
180 1 æ p ö
3
12. 21.
3. 1 2 ç ÷
è 180 ø
a 1
4. 13. 22. 2 cos 2
b 2
23. x tan x sec x + sec x
1 1
5. 14. 24. – sin a
3 2
25. 2a sin a + a2cos a
6. 9 15. 4
3
7. 6 B2 - A2 26.
8. 3 16. 2
1
2 27. -1
9. 17. 1
2
18. 4
m2 17
10. 2 19.
n 15

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 Limits 13

Evaluate the following limits:

1. lim sin x lim cos x - cosa
x® p
p-x 16. x®a
x- a
cos2 x
2. limp lim sin x - sin a
x ® 1 - sin x 17.
2 x ®a
x -a
lim 1 + cos 2x
3. p
x ® (p - 2x) 2
lim 2n-1 sin æ a ö
18. n ®¥ ç n÷
2
è2 ø
cos x - cos a
4. lim
x® a æ a ö
x-a sin ç n ÷
19. lim è2 ø
5. limp sin x - cos x n® ¥
æ b ö
x® p sin ç n ÷
4 x- è2 ø
4
cos x
6. limp 1 - tan x 20. lim
p
x®p/2
p
x®
4 x- -x
4 2
5 + cos x - 2
7. limp
3 - tan x 21. lim
x ®p
x® p - 3x (p - x)2
3

lim 1 - sin x lim x tan æ 1 ö

8. p
22. x ®¥ ç ÷
x® æ p ö èxø
ç -x÷
2
è2 ø lim (1 - x) tan æ px ö
23. x ®1 ç ÷
æp ö è 2ø
ç - x ÷ sin x - 2cos x
lim è 2 ø lim æ p - x ö tan x
9. x ® p 24. x®p / 2 ç ÷
2
æp ö è2 ø
ç - x÷
2

è2 ø æ p ö æ p ö
25. lim
n ® ¥ n sin ç ÷ cos ç ÷
2 - 3 cos x - sin x è 4n ø è 4n ø
10. limp
x® (6x - p) 2
26. lim
6
x ® p / 2 (sec x - tan x )
lim cos x - sin x
11. 1 + cos x
x®
p
æp ö 27. lim
ç - x ÷ cos x + sin x
4 x ®p 2
tan x
è4 ø
lim 1 - tan x
3 sin x - cos x 28. p
lim x ® 1 - 2 sin x
12. 4
x ®p / 6
p
x-
6 lim cot x - cos x
29. p
cos 3x + 3cos x
x®
2
(p - 2x)3
13. lim
x ®p / 2 3
æp ö 1
ç -x÷ 1-
è2 ø lim x
30. x®1
sin p(x -1)
cot 2 x - 3
14. limp a sin x - x sin a
x ® cos ec x - 2
6 31. lim
x®a 2
ax - xa
2

lim sin 3x - 3sin x

15. x ®p
(p - x)3
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 Limits 14
lim cos x - sin x p
æ ö
32. f (x) - f ç ÷
x ®p / 4
x -p/4 lim è 4ø,
35. p where f(x) = sin 2x
x® p
lim æ cos x cos x cos x ....cos x ö 4 x-
33. n ®¥ ç ÷ 4
è 2 22 23 2n ø
36. If a, b are the roots of ax2 + bx + c, then
lim 4 2 - (cos x + sin x)
5
1 - cos(ax 2 + bx + c)
34. x ®p / 4 evaluate lim
1- sin 2x x ®b
(x - b) 2
ANSWERS KEY
1. 1 1 1
16. - sin a 27.
2. 2 2
2 a
1 28. 2
3. 1
2 17. cos a 1
29.
4. – sin a 2 a 16
5. 2 a 30.
1
18.
6. -2 2 p
4 a a cos a - sin a
7. 19. 31.
3 b a2
1 20. 1 1
8. 32. - 1/ 4
2 1 2
21.
1 8 sin x
9. - 33.
2 22. 1 x
1
23.
2 34. 5 2
10.
36 p 35. 0
11. 1 24. 1 a 2 (b - a)2
12. 2 p 36.
25. 2
13. 4 4
14. 4 26. 0
15. -4

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 Limits 15

Evaluate the following limits:

lim1 + sec x
3
lim cot 2 x - 3
1. x ®p 7. p
x ® cos ec x - 2
tan2 x 6

1 + cos x 2 - cos ec x 2
2. lim
x ®p 2 8. limp
tan x x® 1 - cot x
4
2 - 1 + sin x
3. limp lim sec x - 2
2
x® 2 cos 2 x 9. x ®p/ 4
tan x -1
2

lim 2 - 1+ cos x
lim 1 - sin x
3
4. x ®0
sin2 x 10. x ®p / 2
cos2 x
cos ec x - 2
2
5. limp lim1+ cos x
3
x®
4 cot x - 1 11. x ®p
sin2 x
1 + cos ec3 x
6. lim3p 2 + cos x - 1
x® cot 2 x 12. lim
x ®p
2
(p - x) 2

ANSWERS KEY
1. - 3 5. 2 11. 3
2 2
6. - 3
1 2 1
2.
2 7. 4 12. 4
3. 1 8. 2
8
9. 2
1
4. 10. 3
4 2 2

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 Limits 16

Evaluate the following limits:

a x - bx m
1. lim 12. lim(1 + mx) x
x ®0 x x ®0

e tan x
-1 1
2. lim 13. lim æç 1 + 3x ö÷
x
x®0 x x ® 0 1 - 5x
è ø
e 3x
- e2x
3. lim 14. lim 2 - 1
x
x ®0 x x®0
1+ x - 1
e 2+ x - e 2
4. lim 2-cosx - 1
x ®0 x 15. limp
x® æ pö
3 2+ x - 9 2 x x-
5. lim ç 2 ÷ø
x®0 x è
e x - sin x - 1 log x
6. lim 16. lim
x®0 x
x ®1 x -1
e x - e5 loge (1 + 3x)
7. lim 17. lim
x ®5 x-5
x ®0 3x - 1
x(e2 + x - e 2 ) loge (1 + 2x)
8. lim 18. lim
x ®0 1 - cos x
x ®0 x
x3 x - x log(1 + t 3 )
9. lim 19. lim
x ®0 1 - cos x
t ®0 sin3 t

e x - e sin x esin3x - 1
10. lim 20. lim
x®0 x - sin x x®0 log(1+ tan2x)
1
11. lim(1 - x) x
x ®0

ANSWERS KEY
1. log e æç a ö÷ 8. 2e2 16. 1
èbø 9. log e9 17. 3 log3 e
2. 1 10. 1 18. 2
3. 1 11. 1/e 19. 1
4. e2 12. e m 2
3
20.
5. 9 loge 3 13. e8 2
6. 0 14. loge 4
7. e5 15. 2
p lo g e 2

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 Limits 17
Very Short Answer Questions
Evaluate the following limits:
1. lim [x]. lim sin x .
x ®0 -
7. x®0-
x
2. lim
x ®0
[x].
+

8. lim
x ® - ¥ (3x + 9x 2 - x ).
3. lim
x ® 1-
x - [ x ].
ì 1
lim ï x sin , x¹0
lim sin[x] . 9. x ®¥ í x ,
4. x®0-
[x] ïî 0 , x=0
sin x
5. lim . ì 1 1 1 1 ü
x®¥
x 10. lim
n® ¥ í + + + ... + ý
î1.3 3.5 5.7 (2n + 1) (2n + 3) þ
|x-2|
6. lim
x® 2 .
x-2
ANSWERS KEY
1. –1 5. 0 9. 0
2. 1 6. Does not exist 10. 1/2
3. 1 7. Does not exist
4. sin 1 8. 1
6

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 Limits 18

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