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Salient : seperates you from thing
Compétition over resourcesnot always encessary
Belief of 2 groups leads to favoritism and or in-group discrimination
Social categorization provides individuals with a means of building social identity
CIC
1 social categorization: we characterize outgroup vs ingroup
social identification: deciding to belong to the group, adopt norms
social comparison: justify group membership
Social distinctiveness: achieve positive self-esteem by comparing ingroup to outgroup by some value
Tajfel: minimal group paradign
Origin: Social identity theory was developed by social psychologists Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the
1970s as a way to understand intergroup relations and group dynamics.
Basic Concept: At its core, social identity theory posits that individuals categorize themselves and others
into social groups, and their sense of self is derived from their membership in these groups. Group
membership provides individuals with a sense of belonging, identity, and self-esteem.
In-Group and Out-Group: Social identity theory distinguishes between in-groups (groups to which an
individual belongs) and out-groups (groups to which an individual does not belong). People tend to favor
their in-group over out-groups, leading to ingroup bias or favoritism.
Social Comparison: Individuals use social comparison processes to enhance their self-esteem by
positively comparing their in-group with out-groups. This can involve highlighting the perceived
superiority of the in-group or denigrating out-groups through stereotypes or prejudice.
Social Identity Salience: The extent to which an individual's social identity is salient or prominent in a
given context influences their behavior and attitudes. When social identity is salient, individuals are
more likely to engage in in-group favoritism and out-group derogation.
Tajfel's Minimal Group Paradigm: Tajfel's research demonstrated that even arbitrary and minimal group
categorizations (such as preferring certain paintings or randomly assigned groups) can lead to ingroup
favoritism and out-group discrimination. This suggests that social categorization alone is sufficient to
produce intergroup bias.
Self-Categorization Theory: Turner expanded on social identity theory with self-categorization theory,
which emphasizes the dynamic nature of social identity and the fluidity of group boundaries. According
to this theory, individuals shift between personal identity (unique individual traits) and social identity
(group membership) depending on the context.
Applied Implications: Social identity theory has implications for understanding prejudice, discrimination,
intergroup conflict, and group cohesion. It informs interventions aimed at reducing intergroup bias,
promoting social inclusion, and fostering positive intergroup relations.
Overall, social identity theory provides a framework for understanding how group membership shapes
individuals' perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors, highlighting the importance of social context in
shaping identity and intergroup relations.
Normative
Social cognitive theory: behavior is learned from the environment through the processes ofmodeling
and reinforcement
Vicarious reinforcement: you learn from others in a group
Attention: to learn, you need to pay attention
Retention
Motivation: in order to reproduce an observed behavior. Observers must want to reproduce it
Potential: carry out the behavior
The model stands out in contrast to other models
Model is liked and respected
Positive or negative
Culture:
A set of attitudes and behaviors that aare shared between large groups of people
Culture is dynamic
Changes over time
In response to environmental and social changes
Surface culture and deep culture
Deep culture
You can tell they are participating
Assumptions of culture
Can be surface level
Political beliefs and values
Surface level culture
Deep culture
What are some rules of you own
Implicit and explicit norms:
Broad topic_ emic or etic perspective
Studied by an insider
Millennials care about
Universal properties of cultures
Hofstede
differences in cultures
Aim to identify dimensions underlying cultural differences in values attitudes and behavior
Cultural dimensions
Categories of
I versus We orientation
Erm….
Individualism vs collectivism

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Salient : seperates you from thing

Compétition over resourcesnot always encessary

Belief of 2 groups leads to favoritism and or in-group discrimination

Social categorization provides individuals with a means of building social identity

1 social categorization: we characterize outgroup vs ingroup

social identification: deciding to belong to the group, adopt norms

social comparison: justify group membership

Tajfel: minimal group paradign

Vicarious reinforcement: you learn from others in a group

Attention: to learn, you need to pay attention

Motivation: in order to reproduce an observed behavior. Observers must want to reproduce it

Potential: carry out the behavior

The model stands out in contrast to other models

Model is liked and respected

Changes over time

In response to environmental and social changes

Surface culture and deep culture

You can tell they are participating

Can be surface level

Political beliefs and values

Surface level culture

Implicit and explicit norms:

Broad topic_ emic or etic perspective

Millennials care about

Universal properties of cultures

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