CMK v Chandarana Supermarket Limited (Cause 13 of 2018)

[2024] KEELRC 388 (KLR) (26 February 2024) (Judgment)

Neutral citation: [2024] KEELRC 388 (KLR)

REPUBLIC OF KENYA
IN THE EMPLOYMENT AND LABOUR RELATIONS COURT AT NAIROBI
CAUSE 13 OF 2018
NZIOKI WA MAKAU, J
FEBRUARY 26, 2024

BETWEEN
CMK ............................................................................................................ CLAIMANT

AND
CHANDARANA SUPERMARKET LIMITED ................................ RESPONDENT

JUDGMENT

1. In her Memorandum of Claim and Witness Statement both led in this Court on 10th January 2018,
the Claimant averred that the Respondent contacted her with a job proposal and after she met all the
requisite requirements, employed her as a Cashier on full and permanent basis around January 2017.
That as indicated in the Letter of Appointment, her remuneration package included a basic salary of
Kshs. 24,832/- plus 17% house allowance and in May 2017, her salary was reviewed to Kshs. 29,832/-
per month. The Claimant’s case was that on or about June 2017, she started experiencing issues at her
workplace occasioned by the Respondent’s Branch Manager, Mr. Bhavesh Davda. She asserted that
she received sexual advances from the said Branch Manager which she declined on several occasions
brewing animosity from him. The particulars of the said sexual harassment included: sexual advances
via WhatsApp texts late in the night; constant invitations for dinner and lunch; assignment of duties
closer to the Manager’s oce; being oered alcohol on various occasions; being oered free yoghurt
from the supermarket, which was never oered to others; and being given preferential treatment
compared to other employees. The Claimant averred that the animosity led to the said Branch Manager
maliciously implicating her in the disappearance of Kshs. 1,000/- and she was suspended for one (1)
week pending investigations. She was then summoned to a disciplinary meeting in which the issue was
solved and that it was later established that she was never involved in the loss of the said money.

2. The Claimant averred that when she raised concerns about the sexual harassment to the Respondent’s
General Manager, she was summoned to a disciplinary meeting where the issue was addressed and an
apology issued, in a clear indication of admissibility of liability. Additionally, she received a letter from
the Respondent on 24th August 2017 informing her of her transfer to ABC Place Branch in Westlands
due to the said sexual harassment. That however, when she reported to her new branch on 31st August
2017, she was met with a lot of hostility as her colleagues openly discussed the issue of her sexual

kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/282071/ 1
 harassment that led her to involuntarily resign under undue inuence. The Claimant fronted that the
unconducive work environment was a clear violation of her constitutional rights to dignity, reasonable
working conditions and fair administrative action that is expeditious, ecient, lawful, reasonable and
procedurally fair. She argued that she had legitimate expectation she would work until her retirement
and asserted that she had since suered both nancially and psychologically from the situation. She
also notied the Court that she was not aware of any disciplinary action that was taken against the
Branch Manager who subjected her to the sexual harassment. The Claimant further averred that her
employment prospects are severely damaged because of the circumstances that led to her resignation.
She therefore prayed for compensation at 12 months’ pay, interest at court rates from the date of
termination, payment for accrued leave, and general and aggravated damages for sexual harassment.
She further sought cost of the suit and interest thereon and a certicate of service.

3. The Respondent’s reply in its Memorandum of Response dated 11th May 2018 was that the Claimant
was employed on 5th January 2017 and that in May 2017, her basic salary was increased from Kshs.
24,832/- to Kshs. 29,288/-. The Respondent averred that on or about 15th August 2017, the Claimant
picked a Kshs. 1,000/- note together with money she had dropped yet the said money had been dropped
by the Branch Manager while giving out salary advance. That unknown to the Claimant, CCTV
cameras in the Manager’s oce captured her taking the 1,000/- note from the Assistant Manager, Ms.
Dhvani Khetia, after claiming that the same was part of the money she had dropped. According to the
Respondent, the Claimant’s conduct amounted to gross misconduct, a ground for summary dismissal
under section 44 of the Employment Act. It further averred that through a letter dated 15th August
2017, the Claimant was asked to show cause why disciplinary action should not be taken against her
for denying that she had taken Kshs. 1,000/- that had been dropped by the Manager and which did
not belong to her. The Claimant responded to the show cause in an undated handwritten letter and
maintained that she did not pick any extra money but was willing to pay the money for the matter to
be brought to rest. That since it was not satised with the Claimant’s said response, she was invited
to a disciplinary hearing on 22nd August 2017 vide a letter dated 19th August 2017. The Respondent’s
case was that it was during the disciplinary hearing on 22nd August 2017 that the Claimant brought up
the allegations of sexual harassment by Mr. Bhavesh Davda. That notwithstanding there were grounds
for it to summarily dismiss the Claimant, it opted to give the Claimant another chance and transferred
her to the Respondent’s ABC Branch. The Claimant worked at the said Branch until 20th September
2017 when she tendered her resignation via email.

4. The Respondent denied the assertion that Mr. Bhavesh Davda made sexual advances to the Claimant in
any way. Without prejudice, it averred that if at all there was any communication between the two, the
same cannot pass the test of sexual harassment and that the allegation was the Claimant’s aim to extort
money from the Respondent. The Respondent’s position was that the particulars of sexual harassment
set out in the Claim are generalised and wanting in particularity. It asserted that the Claimant was
misleading the Court for alleging that the Respondent issued an apology or that it admitted liability for
the alleged sexual harassment. The Respondent argued that the Claimant was aware of the elaborate
sexual harassment policy it had in place but never complained and or reported the alleged sexual
harassment using the laid down procedure. According to the Respondent, the Claimant’s resignation
was voluntary and prayed that the Claimant’s Claim be dismissed with costs.

5. Evidence
Under cross-examination, the Claimant testied that she used to report to Mr. Bhavesh Davda who
sat in an open place beside the rst cashier till at the Respondent’s Diamond Plaza Parklands Branch.
She conrmed having received and responded to a show cause for the alleged loss of Kshs. 1,000/- and
having signed the Minutes of the disciplinary hearing held on 22nd August 2017. In reference to the

kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/282071/ 2
 WhatsApp messages between her and Mr. Bhavesh Davda of 26th June 2017 produced in evidence, the
Claimant testied that she declined his invitations for a drink. Further, that they initially had normal
friendly conversations until the point he suggested that she moves to Ngara and he would pay the
rent, when she realised that the advances were getting sexual. She also noted that on 15th June 2017,
Mr. Bhavesh Davda had told her not to share their conversations with anyone. The Claimant further
testied that she was required to report the sexual harassment pursuant to the Respondent’s Sexual
Harassment Policy at clause 5 of the Code of Conduct and Policies. That she resigned and wrote
an email to Ms. Jane Mwangi notifying her of the same. It was the Claimant’s testimony that upon
reporting to the ABC Branch, there was someone always watching her at her till and men would avoid
her when they went for lunch and that she was put in a place of emotional distress when her colleagues
later started asking her about the transfer from Diamond Plaza. She stated that she had hoped that the
Respondent would keep the issue condential.

6. The Respondent’s witness, Ms. Jane Njambi Mwangi (RW1), testied that the conversation between
the Claimant and Mr. Bhavesh Davda started in March 2017 and went on to August 2017 and that
there was no sexual harassment. Further, that the conversations were friendly and there had been
no report of sexual harassment until during the Claimant’s disciplinary hearing of the Kshs. 1,000/-
loss. RW1 stated that the Claimant had not been reporting to work prior to the resignation and
communicated that the resignation would be eective 16th September 2017. She also notied the
Court that the Claimant was paid her nal dues according to the CBA in place, including leave at
Kshs. 23,846/-. Under cross-examination, RW1 stated that they transferred the Claimant because she
had indicated she was not feeling safe in her previous Branch. She explained that a report on sexual
harassment was to be made to the management or the HR or the Directors. Whereas she asserted that
Mr. Bhavesh was reprimanded and disciplinary action taken against him, RW1 denied that the same
indicated admission. She further stated that Mr. Bhavesh had later fallen ill, broken down mentally and
returned to India. RW1 questioned why the Claimant would oer to pay for something she had not
taken and noted that the Claimant came to court over one year after the incident.

7. Mr. Timclerk Mukambi Nandi (RW2) testied that when Kshs. 1,000/- went missing on 15th August
2017, he together with Miss. Khetia and the Claimant had told the Manager they had not seen the said
money. That they and the Branch Manager then checked the CCTV and found out that the Claimant
had picked the money on the oor, at which point the Claimant also claimed she had been missing a
Kshs. 1,000/- note. RW2 asserted during cross-examination that he did not testify at the Claimant’s
disciplinary hearing and conrmed having not produced the CCTV footage in court.

8. Claimant’s Submissions
According to the Claimant, the following were the issues for determination by this Court:

a. Whether the termination of the Claimant’s employment amounted to constructive dismissal.

b. Whether the Claimant is entitled to the remedies sought.

c. Who should bear the costs of this suit?

9. The Claimant submitted that section 6(1) of the Employment Act provides that:

(1) An employee is sexually harassed if the employer of that employee or a representative of that
employer or a co-worker—

(a) directly or indirectly requests that employee for sexual intercourse, sexual contact or
any other form of sexual activity that contains an implied or express—

kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/282071/ 3
 (i) promise of preferential treatment in employment;

(ii) threat of detrimental treatment in employment; or

(iii) threat about the present or future employment status of the employee;

(b) uses language whether written or spoken of a sexual nature;

(c) uses visual material of a sexual nature; or

(d) shows physical behaviour of a sexual nature which directly or indirectly subjects the employee
to behaviour that is unwelcome or oensive to that employee and that by its nature has a
detrimental eect on that employee’s employment, job performance, or job satisfaction.

10. That in the case of CNR; FITM & another (Respondent) (Cause E204 of 2021) [2022] KEELRC 82
(KLR) (26 April 2022) (Judgment), this Court held as follows in regard to sexual harassment:

“ Section 6 of the Employment Act 2007 behoves the 1st Respondent to have measures to
prevent sexual harassment at the work place. In addition, it was required to take disciplinary
action against the 2nd Respondent. As such the 1st Respondent having failed the Claimant
since there was no policy against sexual harassment in place to safeguard against such
a scenario as occurred in the matter before the Court. The failure amounted to unfair
labour practice in contravention of Article 41(1) of the Constitution. The conduct of the
Respondents resulted in the contravention of the Claimant’s inherent human dignity and
the right to have that dignity respected and protected. The Claimant ought not have
had to choose to resign due to the harassment by the Respondent. In claims where an
employee is forced to resign, the employee is deemed to have been constructively dismissed.
The Claimant is therefore entitled to recover damages for the sexual harassment as well as
compensation for the constructive dismissal.”

11. It was the Claimant’s submission that to show that she was not interested in a relationship with her
superior, by a text sent on 24th June 2017 at 9.54p.m, she informed Mr. Bhavesh that she was not
looking for anyone at the moment. That it is also noteworthy that most of their conversations were one-
sided on Mr. Bhavesh’s part as she was an unwilling participant and only responded to feign interest
and avoid losing her job. That on various occasions, she had to beg Mr. Bhavesh to allow her to sleep
as he kept texting late into the night. The Claimant argued that the Branch Manager’s sexual advances
had a detrimental eect on her employment, job performance and job satisfaction as per section 6(1)(d)
of the Employment Act. Further, that despite existence of a sexual harassment policy at the work place,
the Respondent failed to take any measures to protect her or to address her complaints satisfactorily.

12. Moreover, the Claimant urged this Court to nd that the burden rests upon the Respondent to prove
that there was no sexual harassment, as was armed in the case of SWM v Hardware Trading Store
Limited & another [2021] eKLR. She submitted that Article 41 of the Constitution of Kenya guarantees
her enjoyment of the right to fair labour relations, which includes the right to fair remuneration, to
reasonable working conditions and to have the contract of employment respected and adhered to. That
the right to fair labour relations forbids an employer from exposing an employee to unconducive work
environment including sexual harassment. The Claimant argued that the Respondent failed to avail to
her an eective grievance management procedure in violation of her rights to fair labour practices as
held by the Court in the case of Grace Gacheri Muriithi v Kenya Literature Bureau [2012] eKLR.

13. The Claimant submitted that in view of the foregoing, termination of her employment was by way
of constructive dismissal. She relied on the case of Coca Cola East & Central Africa Limited v Maria

kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/282071/ 4
 Kagai Ligaga [2015] eKLR in which the Court laid out the test to determine constructive dismissal and
further held that the employee must be able to show that he left in response to the employer’s conduct,
that is, causal link. The Claimant argued that the sexual harassment she was subjected to, together with
the Respondent’s failure to take steps to provide a suitable work environment for her constituted a
repudiatory breach of the contract of employment on the Respondent’s part. That the Respondent
never communicated to her the particular action that had been taken following her complaints of
sexual harassment, including any outcome of investigations or disciplinary proceedings against Mr.
Bhavesh. That since the Respondent had also not produced before this Court any records of the alleged
disciplinary proceedings against Mr. Bhavesh, the assertion remains unsubstantiated and contrary to
clause 5 of the Respondent’s Code of Conduct and Policies. The Claimant further submitted that she
had demonstrated to this Court that the Respondent was fully aware of her resignation as a result of
the sexual harassment and urged this Court to hold so. That she had suciently proved occurrence of
unfair termination of her employment as required under section 47(5) of the Employment Act and by
way of constructive dismissal.

14. As regards the remedies sought, the Claimant submitted that having demonstrated that her
employment was unfairly terminated, she is entitled to compensation for unfair termination as per
section 50 of the Employment Act as read with section 49(1) of the Act. She urged the Court to award
her the maximum 12 months’ salary despite the fact that she had worked with the Respondent for
about 8½ months, in view of the aggravating circumstances in her case occasioned by the violation
of her constitutional rights. In this regard, she referred the Court to the case of CNR; FITM &
another (supra), in which the Court awarded the claimant the equivalent of twelve (12) months’ salary
as compensation for the constructive dismissal upon proof of allegations of sexual harassment. For
the claim on payment of accrued leave, the Claimant relied on the provisions of section 28(1)(b)
of the Employment Act that, where employment is terminated after the completion of two or more
consecutive months of service during any twelve months' leave-earning period, to not less than one
and three-quarter days of leave with full pay, in respect of each completed month of service in that
period, to be taken consecutively. She thus sought her leave entitlement at the rate of 1.75 days per
month for the 8½ months she served the Respondent and further because the Respondent had also
not produced any evidence to prove that she proceeded on and exhausted her lawful leave days during
the said period. She relied on the case of Trevar Marambe v For You Chinese Restaurant [2021] eKLR
in which the Court found that the claimant was entitled to payment of accrued leave not taken and
was not otherwise compensated. The Claimant further submitted that she is entitled to general and
aggravated damages for sexual harassment at Kshs. 2,000,000/- as she had suciently proved the sexual
harassment allegations against the Respondent. She relied on the case of CNR; FITM & another
(supra) wherein the Court having found that the claimant was constructively dismissed after resigning
due to sexual harassment from the respondent, awarded the said claimant a sum of Kshs. 1,000,000/- as
damages for contravention of her rights. The Claimant asserted that is entitled to a certicate of service
under section 51(1) of the Employment Act and lastly claimed costs of the suit pursuant to Rule 29 of
the Employment and Labour Relations Court (Procedure) Rules 2016.

15. Respondent’s Submissions

The Respondent submitted on the following as the issues for determination by this Court:

a. Whether the Claimant suered sexual harassment at the workplace;

b. What was the duty of the Respondent upon receipt of the sexual harassment complaint;

c. Whether there was constructive dismissal; and

d. Whether the Claimant is entitled to the reliefs sought.

kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/282071/ 5
16. According to the Respondent, the onus was upon the Claimant to prove she was discriminated against
and show existence of sexual harassment and/or conduct amounting to sexual harassment. That
however in this case, the Claimant’s allegations of sexual harassment are unsubstantiated as they do not
meet the threshold set out under section 6 of the Employment Act. The Respondent cited the case of
Hawkins Ouma v Micronance Bank Ltd [2023] eKLR (Bungoma ELRC No. E015/2022) wherein
the Court found that allegations of sexual harassment need to be proved and that it is not sucient
for an employee to only allege that she was sexually harassed. The said Court further held that the
right to employment must be protected and should only be taken away for valid reasons consistent
with sections 43 and 45(2) of the Employment Act. It was the Respondent’s submission that no formal
or verbal complaint of sexual harassment had been made to it prior to the disciplinary hearing of
22nd August 2017 relating to the loss of Kshs. 1,000/-. That it nevertheless followed through with the
complaint upon receipt of the same and issued the letter dated 24th August 2017 addressing the sexual
harassment, including transferring the Claimant one (1) day later to a branch with a female supervisor.

17. As to whether there was constructive dismissal, the Respondent submitted that the Claimant’s
resignation letter described the company as a wonderful organization with her tenure having been of
happy innings. That the said letter notably never mentioned the stressful and disheartening things
alluded to by the Claimant. According to the Respondent, termination of the Claimant’s employment
was not constructive dismissal because she failed to adduce evidence conrming that the sexual
harassment was disclosed to her colleagues at the ABC Branch. Secondly, that the Claimant failed to
demonstrate that the Respondent’s conduct was so intolerable that it was considerably dicult for
her to continue working. The Respondent surmised that the logical conclusion is that the Claimant
resigned voluntarily without undue inuence and/or coercion and the same cannot translate to
constructive dismissal. In support of its submissions on constructive dismissal, the Respondent was
guided by the decision of the Court in the case of Sophie Muthoni Njagi v Rift Valley Railways Kenya
Limited [2020] eKLR.

18. The Respondent submitted that it had made out a case that there was no form of sexual harassment as
against the Claimant and that constructive dismissal is non-existent. That however, if this Court were
to reach a dierent conclusion, the Claimant is entitled to one month’s salary and no more. On this
submission, the Respondent relied on the case of CMC Aviation Limited v Mohammed Noor [2015]
eKLR wherein the Court of Appeal set aside an award of 12 months’ gross salary as compensation for
wrongful dismissal after considering that there was a provision for termination by one month’s notice
or salary in lieu of notice. The Respondent’s stance on the claim for payment of accrued leave was that
no evidence was led to prove accrued leave and that the said claim cannot be awarded as it was vague in
nature. The Respondent further submitted that the claim for aggravated damages is inconsequential
in the suit herein as guided by the case of Girinyamwaya v Nairobi City Commission [1985] eKLR
(Nairobi 1805/1984) in which the Court armed the position that when damages are at large and
a court is making a general award, it may consider factors such as malice or arrogance on the part of
the defendant, which is deemed as increasing the injury suered by the plainti e.g. by causing him
humiliation or distress. It was the Respondent’s submission that in the event this Court arrives at a
dierent conclusion other than that the Claimant is not entitled to general damages, its opinion is that
Kshs. 500,000/- would be adequate and reasonable in the circumstances; as similarly awarded in the
case of M W M v M F S [2014] eKLR (Mombasa Industrial Court Cause No. 268 of 2013). It was the
Respondent’s conclusion that the case should be found to be without merit and accordingly dismissed
with costs to the Respondent.

19. The Respondent was sued for compensation for the unlawful termination of the Claimant. The
Claimant alleged she was sexually harassed by the Respondent’s manager Mr. Bhavesh who took to

kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/282071/ 6
 late texting the Claimant. In the series of whatsapp messages annexed to the claim, there is plenty to
show there was some degree of harassment. In any event, the Claimant did raise the matter in June
2017 leading to her transfer. The Respondent upon transferring her however, made her work at the
branch she was transferred to rather dicult by revealing the cause of the transfer to the ABC Place
Branch Westlands in August 2017. This created an environment where the Claimant could not work
as a result she resigned. There was the allegation of theft of Kshs. 1,000/- yet the Respondent did not
avail any CCTV footage to corroborate the same. This is despite the Respondent asserting that the
CCTV footage is what led to the Claimant oering to pay the money back despite asserting she did
not take the cash. Having not discharged the lingering doubts regarding the accusation, I would nd
in favour of the Claimant on that score.

20. Constructive dismissal is said to occur when an employee is made so uncomfortable at the workplace
by the employer. The employee herein, had a situation she sought to have addressed and the same led
to her resignation. She is therefore entitled to recover to some degree being the sum due for the sexual
harassment and some compensation for the termination. Damages for the said sexual harassment are
at the discretion of the court and in my considered view, the sum of Kshs. 500,000/- would suce as
compensation. The Claimant is entitled to receive 3 month’s compensation for the termination as well
as costs of the suit. In the nal analysis, I enter judgment for the Claimant against the Respondent for:-

a. Kshs. 89,200.32 (Kshs. 29,733.44*3 months)

b. Kshs. 500,000/- as damages for sexual harassment.

c. Costs of the suit.

d. Interest at court rates on (a) and (b) above from date of judgment till payment in full.
It is so ordered.
DATED AND DELIVERED AT NAIROBI THIS 26TH DAY OF FEBRUARY 2024
NZIOKI WA MAKAU
JUDGE

kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/282071/ 7