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Realization of Hereditary Information

Biology for dna and rna

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Mathew
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9 views15 pages

Realization of Hereditary Information

Biology for dna and rna

Uploaded by

Mathew
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Realization of hereditary

information
Transcription and translation
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Information in the cell is always passed from nucleic acids to proteins

DNA -RNA-proteins
Transcription
● Involves copying a gene's DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule.

● Transcription is performed by enzymes called RNA polymerases,


which link nucleotides to form an RNA strand (using a DNA strand as
a template)

● Transcription has three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination


Overview of transcription

The goal of transcription is to make a RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence. The RNA copy, or
transcript, carries the information needed to build a polypeptide (protein or protein subunit), a
process called translation.
RNA polymerase

The main enzyme involved in transcription : uses a single-stranded DNA template to


synthesize a complementary strand of RNA
Stages of transcription

1. Initiation. RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called the promoter, found near the
beginning of a gene. Each gene has its own promoter. Once bound, RNA polymerase
separates the DNA strands, providing the single-stranded template needed for transcription.
Stages of transcription

2. Elongation. One strand of DNA, the template strand, acts as a template for RNA polymerase.
As it "reads" this template one base at a time, the polymerase builds an RNA molecule out of
complementary nucleotides, making a chain that grows from 5' to 3'. The RNA transcript carries the
same information as the non-template (coding) strand of DNA, but it contains the base uracil (U)
instead of thymine (T).
Stages of transcription

3. Termination. Sequences called terminators signal that the RNA transcript is complete. Once
they are transcribed, they cause the transcript to be released from the RNA polymerase.
Result
● RNA transports the information about protein synthesis out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

● ! Transcription provides the synthesis of the three types of RNA but only mRNA contains
the information about protein synthesis

● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YlOqI3PQwjo
Translation
a gene is used to build a protein in a two-step process:

● Step 1: transcription! Here, the DNA sequence of a gene is "rewritten" in the form of RNA.

● Step 2: translation! In this stage, the mRNA is "decoded" to build a protein (or a
chunk/subunit of a protein) that contains a specific series of amino acids.
In an mRNA, the instructions for building a polypeptide are RNA nucleotides read in groups of three called codons.

There are 61 codons for amino acids, and each of them is "read" to specify a certain amino acid out of the 20
commonly found in proteins. One codon, AUG, specifies the amino acid methionine and also acts as a start codon
to signal the start of protein construction.

There are three more codons that do not specify amino acids. These stop codons, UAA, UAG, and UGA, tell the
cell when a polypeptide is complete. All together, this collection of codon-amino acid relationships is called the
genetic code, because it lets cells “decode” an mRNA into a chain of amino acids.
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs)

Transfer RNAs, or tRNAs, are molecular "bridges" that connect mRNA codons to the amino acids
they encode. One end of each tRNA has a sequence of three nucleotides called an anticodon,
which can bind to specific mRNA codons. The other end of the tRNA carries the amino acid
specified by the codons.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are the structures where polypeptides (proteins) are built. They are made up of protein
and RNA (ribosomal RNA, or rRNA). Each ribosome has two subunits, a large one and a small
one, which come together around an mRNA—kind of like the two halves of a hamburger bun.
Steps of translation
Initiation
In initiation, the ribosome assembles around the mRNA to be read and the first tRNA (carrying the amino acid methionine, which matches the start codon,
AUG).

Elongation
Elongation is the stage where the amino acid chain gets longer. In elongation, the mRNA is read one codon at a time, and the amino acid matching each
codon is added to a growing protein chain.

Termination is the stage in which the finished polypeptide chain is released. It begins when a stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA) enters the ribosome, triggering
a series of events that separate the chain from its tRNA and allow it to drift out of the ribosome.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG7uCskUOrA

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