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astro-ph/0612746
Reconstruction of Hessence Dark Energy and the Latest
Type Ia Supernovae Gold Dataset
Hao Wei

and Ningning Tang

Department of Physics and Tsinghua Center for Astrophysics,
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Shuang Nan Zhang
Department of Physics and Tsinghua Center for Astrophysics,
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Physics Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
ABSTRACT
Recently, many eorts have been made to build dark energy models whose equation-of-state
parameter can cross the so-called phantom divide w
de
= 1. One of them is the so-called hessence
dark energy model in which the role of dark energy is played by a non-canonical complex scalar
eld. In this work, we develop a simple method based on Hubble parameter H(z) to reconstruct the
hessence dark energy. As examples, we use two familiar parameterizations for H(z) and t them to
the latest 182 type Ia supernovae Gold dataset. In the reconstruction, measurement errors are fully
considered.
PACS numbers: 95.36.+x, 98.80.Es, 98.80.-k

email address: [email protected]

2
I. INTRODUCTION
Dark energy [1] has been one of the most active elds in modern cosmology since the discovery of
accelerated expansion of our universe [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 71]. The simplest candidate of dark energy is a tiny
positive cosmological constant. However, as well-known, it is plagued with the cosmological constant
problem and coincidence problem [1]. In the observational cosmology of dark energy, equation-of-state
parameter (EoS) w
de
p
de
/
de
plays an important role, where p
de
and
de
are the pressure and energy
density of dark energy respectively. The most important dierence between cosmological constant and
dynamical scalar elds is that the EoS of the former is always a constant, 1, while the EoS of the latter
can be variable during the evolution of the universe.
Recently, evidence for w
de
(z) < 1 at redshift z < 0.2 0.3 has been found by tting observational
data (see [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16] for examples). In addition, many best-ts of the present value of
w
de
are less than 1 in various data ttings with dierent parameterizations (see [17] for a recent review).
The present data seem to slightly favor an evolving dark energy with w
de
being below 1 around present
epoch from w
de
> 1 in the near past [9]. Obviously, the EoS cannot cross the so-called phantom divide
w
de
= 1 for quintessence or phantom alone. Some eorts have been made to build dark energy model
whose EoS can cross the phantom divide (see for examples [9, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,
65, 66, 67] and references therein).
In [9], Feng, Wang and Zhang proposed a so-called quintom model which is a hybrid of quintessence and
phantom (thus the name quintom). Phenomenologically, one may consider a Lagrangian density [9, 23, 24]
L
quintom
=
1
2
(

1
)
2

1
2
(

2
)
2
V (
1
,
2
), (1)
where
1
and
2
are two real scalar elds and play the roles of quintessence and phantom respectively.
Considering a spatially at Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) universe and assuming the scalar elds

1
and
2
are homogeneous, one obtains the eective pressure and energy density for the quintom, i.e.
p
quintom
=
1
2

2
1

1
2

2
2
V (
1
,
2
),
quintom
=
1
2

2
1

1
2

2
2
+V (
1
,
2
), (2)
respectively. The corresponding eective EoS is given by
w
quintom
=

2
1

2
2
2V (
1
,
2
)

2
1

2
2
+ 2V (
1
,
2
)
. (3)
It is easy to see that w
quintom
1 when

2
1

2
2
while w
quintom
< 1 when

2
1
<

2
2
. The transition
occurs when

2
1
=

2
2
. The cosmological evolution of the quintom dark energy was studied in [23, 24].
Perturbations of the quintom dark energy were investigated in [29, 30]; and it is found that the quintom
model is stable when EoS crosses 1, in contrast to many dark energy models whose EoS can cross the
phantom divide [28].
In [18], by a new view of quintom dark energy, one of us (H.W.) and his collaborators proposed a
novel non-canonical complex scalar eld, which was named hessence, to play the role of quintom. In
the hessence model, the phantom-like role is played by the so-called internal motion

, where is the
internal degree of freedom of hessence. The transition from w
h
> 1 to w
h
< 1 or vice versa is also
possible in the hessence model [18]. We will briey review the main points of hessence model in Sec. II.
The cosmological evolution of the hessence dark energy was studied in [19] and then was extended to the
more general cases in [20]. The w-w

analysis of hessence dark energy was performed in [21].

In this work, we are interested in reconstructing the hessence dark energy. In fact, reconstruction of
cosmological models is an important task of modern cosmology. For instance, the inaton potential recon-
struction was extensively studied in [31] and references therein. The parameterizations and reconstruction
of quintessence/phantom was considered in [32, 33]. The other recent reconstructions of quintessence also
include e.g. [34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40]. The reconstruction of k-essence was studied in [41, 42, 43]. For
the reconstructions of other cosmological models, see [44, 45, 62, 68, 69] for examples. We refer to [46] for
a recent review on the reconstructions of dark energy. In this paper, after a brief review of the hessence
model, we develop a simple method based on the Hubble parameter H(z) to reconstruct the hessence
dark energy. As examples, we use two familiar parameterizations for H(z) and t them to the latest
182 type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) Gold dataset [7]. In the reconstruction, measurement errors are fully
considered.
3
II. HESSENCE DARK ENERGY
Following [18, 19], we consider a non-canonical complex scalar eld as the dark energy, namely hessence,
=
1
+i
2
, (4)
with a Lagrangian density
L
h
=
1
4
_
(

)
2
+ (

)
2

U(
2
+
2
) =
1
2
_
(

)
2

2
(

)
2

V (), (5)
where we have introduced two new variables (, ) to describe the hessence, i.e.

1
= cosh,
2
= sinh , (6)
which are dened by

2
=
2
1

2
2
, coth =

1

2
. (7)
In fact, it is easy to see that the hessence can be regarded as a special case of quintom dark energy in
terms of
1
and
2
. Considering a spatially at FRW universe with scale factor a(t) and assuming and
are homogeneous, from Eq. (5) we obtain the equations of motion for and ,

+ 3H

+

2
+V
,
= 0, (8)

+ (2

+ 3H
2
)

= 0, (9)
where H a/a is the Hubble parameter, a dot and the subscript , denote the derivatives with respect
to cosmic time t and , respectively. The pressure and energy density of the hessence are
p
h
=
1
2
_

2
_
V (),
h
=
1
2
_

2

2

2
_
+V (), (10)
respectively. Eq. (9) implies
Q = a
3

2

= const. (11)
which is associated with the total conserved charge within the physical volume due to the internal
symmetry [18, 19]. It turns out

=
Q
a
3

2
. (12)
Substituting into Eqs. (8) and (10), they can be rewritten as

+ 3H

+
Q
2
a
6

3
+V
,
= 0, (13)
p
h
=
1
2

Q
2
2a
6

2
V (),
h
=
1
2

Q
2
2a
6

2
+V (). (14)
It is worth noting that Eq. (13) is equivalent to the energy conservation equation of hessence, namely,

h
+ 3H (
h
+p
h
) = 0. The Friedmann equation and Raychaudhuri equation are given by
H
2
=
1
3M
2
pl
(
h
+
m
) , (15)

H =
1
2M
2
pl
(
h
+
m
+p
h
) , (16)
where
m
is the energy density of dust matter; M
pl
(8G)
1/2
is the reduced Planck mass. The EoS
of hessence w
h
p
h
/
h
. It is easy to see that w
h
1 when

2
Q
2
/(a
6

2
), while w
h
< 1 when

2
< Q
2
/(a
6

2
). The transition occurs when

2
= Q
2
/(a
6

2
). We refer to the original papers [18, 19]
for more details.
4
III. RECONSTRUCTION OF HESSENCE DARK ENERGY
Here, we develop a simple reconstruction method based on the Hubble parameter H(z) for hessence
dark energy. From Eqs. (15) and (16), we get
V () = 3M
2
pl
H
2
+M
2
pl

H
1
2

m
, (17)
and

Q
2
a
6

2
= 2M
2
pl

H
m
. (18)
Note that

f = (1 +z)H
df
dz
for any function f, where z = a
1
1 is the redshift (we set a
0
=1; the subscript 0 indicates the present
value of the corresponding quantity). We can recast Eqs. (17) and (18) as
V (z) = 3M
2
pl
H
2
M
2
pl
(1 +z)H
dH
dz

1
2

m0
(1 + z)
3
, (19)
_
d
dz
_
2

Q
2

2
(1 +z)
4
H
2
= 2M
2
pl
(1 +z)
1
H
1
dH
dz

m0
(1 +z)H
2
. (20)
Introducing the following dimensionless quantities

V
V
M
2
pl
H
2
0
,

=

M
pl
,

H
H
H
0
,

Q
Q
M
2
pl
H
0
, (21)
Eqs. (19) and (20) can be rewritten as

V (z) = 3

H
2
(1 +z)

H
d

H
dz

3
2

m0
(1 +z)
3
, (22)
_
d

dz
_
2

Q
2

2
(1 +z)
4

H
2
= 2(1 +z)
1

H
d

H
dz
3
m0
(1 +z)

H
2
, (23)
where
m0

m0
/(3M
2
pl
H
2
0
) is the present fractional energy density of dust matter. Once the

H(z), or
the H(z), is given, we can reconstruct V (z) and (z) by using Eqs. (22) and (23) respectively. Then, the
potential V () can be reconstructed from V (z) and (z) readily. By using Eqs. (18) and (22), we can
reconstruct the EoS of hessence
w
h
(z)
p
h

h
=
1 +
2
3
(1 +z)
d ln

H
dz
1
m0

H
2
(1 +z)
3
. (24)
The deceleration parameter
q(z)
a
aH
2
= 1

H
H
2
= 1 + (1 +z)

H
1
d

H
dz
. (25)
After all, it is of interest to reconstruct the kinetic energy term of hessence, K

2
/2 Q
2
/(2a
6

2
).
From Eq. (18), we have

K(z)
K
M
2
pl
H
2
0
= (1 +z)

H
d

H
dz

3
2

m0
(1 + z)
3
. (26)
It is worth noting that the reconstruction method presented here is suciently versatile for any H(z).
5
IV. EXAMPLES
In this section, as examples, we consider two familiar parameterizations for H(z) and t them to the
latest 182 SNe Ia Gold dataset [7]. And then, we reconstruct the EoS of hessence w
h
(z), deceleration
parameter q(z), the kinetic energy term of hessence K(z), the potential of hessence V (z), and the (z)
as functions of the redshift z. Also, we reconstruct the potential of hessence as function of , namely
V (). In our reconstruction, measurement errors are fully considered.
A. Parameterizations for H(z) and the latest 182 SNe Ia Gold dataset
The latest 182 SNe Ia Gold dataset compiled in [7] provides the apparent magnitude m(z) of the super-
novae at peak brightness after implementing corrections for galactic extinction, K-correction, and light
curve width-luminosity correction. The resulting apparent magnitude m(z) is related to the luminosity
distance d
L
(z) through (see e.g. [58])
m
th
(z) =

M(M, H
0
) + 5 log
10
D
L
(z), (27)
where
D
L
(z) = (1 +z)
_
z
0
d z
H
0
H( z; parameters)
(28)
is the Hubble-free luminosity distance H
0
d
L
/c in a spatially at FRW universe (c is the speed of light);
and

M = M + 5 log
10
_
cH
1
0
Mpc
_
+ 25 = M 5 log
10
h + 42.38 (29)
is the magnitude zero oset (h is H
0
in units of 100 km/s/Mpc); the absolute magnitude M is assumed
to be constant after the corrections mentioned above. The data points of the latest 182 SNe Ia Gold
dataset compiled in [7] are given in terms of the distance modulus

obs
(z
i
) m
obs
(z
i
) M. (30)
On the other hand, the theoretical distance modulus is dened as

th
(z
i
) m
th
(z
i
) M = 5 log
10
D
L
(z
i
) +
0
, (31)
where

0
42.38 5 log
10
h. (32)
The theoretical model parameters are determined by minimizing

2
(parameters) =
182

i=1
[
obs
(z
i
)
th
(z
i
)]
2

2
(z
i
)
, (33)
where is the corresponding 1 error. The parameter
0
is a nuisance parameter but it is independent of
the data points. One can perform an uniform marginalization over
0
. However, there is an alternative
way. Following [58, 59, 64], the minimization with respect to
0
can be made by expanding the
2
of
Eq. (33) with respect to
0
as

2
(parameters) = A 2
0
B +
2
0
C, (34)
where
A(parameters) =
182

i=1
[m
obs
(z
i
) m
th
(z
i
;
0
= 0, parameters)]
2

2
m
obs
(z
i
)
,
6
B(parameters) =
182

i=1
m
obs
(z
i
) m
th
(z
i
;
0
= 0, parameters)

2
m
obs
(z
i
)
,
C =
182

i=1
1

2
m
obs
(z
i
)
.
Eq. (34) has a minimum for
0
= B/C at

2
(parameters) = A(parameters)
B(parameters)
2
C
. (35)
Therefore, we can instead minimize
2
which is independent of
0
, since
2
min
=
2
min
obviously.
8 6 4 2 0 2
A
1
0
1
2
3
4
A
2
FIG. 1: The 68% and 95% condence level contours in the A1-A2 parameter space for Ansatz I with the prior
m0 = 0.30. The best t parameters are also indicated by a solid point.
In this work, we consider two familiar parameterizations for H(z) and t them to the latest 182 SNe Ia
Gold data [7]. At rst, we consider the Ansatz I with
H(z) = H
0
_

m0
(1 + z)
3
+A
1
(1 +z) +A
2
(1 +z)
2
+ (1
m0
A
1
A
2
)

1/2
, (36)
which has been discussed in [12, 15, 41, 47, 62, 68]. Obviously, it includes CDM and XCDM with
particular time-independent EoS of dark energy as special cases. As shown in [41, 47], even for the
cases where this ansatz is not exact, one can recover the luminosity distance to within 0.5% accuracy
using this ansatz in the relevant redshift range for the old 157 SNe Ia Gold dataset [2]. Therefore, this
ansatz is trustworthy to some extent. Here, by tting it to the latest 182 SNe Ia Gold data [7], for
the prior
m0
= 0.30 [72], we nd that the best t parameters (with 1 errors) are A
1
= 3.28 2.11
7
and A
2
= 1.36 0.84, while
2
min
= 156.53 for 180 degrees of freedom. The corresponding covariance
matrix [60] (see also [47]) is given by
Cov(A
1
, A
2
) =
_
4.469 1.774
1.774 0.711
_
. (37)
In Fig. 1, we present the corresponding 68% and 95% condence level (c.l.) contours in the A
1
-A
2
parameter space.
2.25 2 1.75 1.5 1.25 1 0.75
w
0
0
2
4
6
w
1
FIG. 2: The 68% and 95% c.l. contours in the w0-w1 parameter space for Ansatz II with the prior m0 = 0.30.
The best t parameters are also indicated by a solid point.
Next, we consider the Ansatz II with
H(z) = H
0
_

m0
(1 +z)
3
+ (1
m0
) (1 +z)
3(1+w0+w1)
exp
_

3w
1
z
1 +z
__
1/2
, (38)
which is in fact equivalent to the familiar parameterization w
de
= w
0
+ w
1
z/(1 + z) [14, 15, 61, 62, 70].
By tting it to the latest 182 SNe Ia Gold dataset [7], for the prior
m0
= 0.30 [72], we nd that the
best t parameters (with 1 errors) are w
0
= 1.43 0.32 and w
1
= 2.79 1.55, while
2
min
= 156.56
for 180 degrees of freedom. The corresponding covariance matrix reads
Cov(w
0
, w
1
) =
_
0.101 0.466
0.466 2.407
_
. (39)
In Fig. 2, we present the corresponding 68% and 95% c.l. contours in the w
0
-w
1
parameter space.
8
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
z
2
4
6
8
V

i
n
u
n
i
t
s
o
f
M
p
l
2
H
0
2
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
z
2
4
6
8
V

i
n
u
n
i
t
s
o
f
M
p
l
2
H
0
2
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
z
0
2
4
6
8
10
K

i
n
u
n
i
t
s
o
f
M
p
l
2
H
0
2
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
z
0
2
4
6
8
10
K

i
n
u
n
i
t
s
o
f
M
p
l
2
H
0
2
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
z
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
w
h

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75

z
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
w
h

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75

z
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
q

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75

z
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
q

FIG. 3: The reconstructed best t w

h
(z), q(z), V (z) and K(z) (thick solid lines) with the corresponding 1 errors
(shaded region) for Ansatz I.
B. Reconstruction results
In our reconstruction, measurement errors are fully considered. The well-known error propagation
equation for any y(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
),

2
(y) =
n

i
_
y
x
i
_
2
x= x
Cov(x
i
, x
i
) + 2
n

i=1
n

j=i+1
_
y
x
i
y
x
j
_
x= x
Cov(x
i
, x
j
), (40)
is used extensively (see [60] for instance). For Ansatz I with the prior
m0
= 0.30, by using Eqs. (22),
(24)(26), (37), (40) and the corresponding best t values of A
1
and A
2
, we can reconstruct the EoS of
hessence w
h
(z), deceleration parameter q(z), the potential of hessence V (z), and the kinetic energy term
of hessence K(z) as functions of the redshift z, with the corresponding 1 errors. We show the results
in Fig. 3. It is easy to see that w
h
crossed 1 and the universe transited from deceleration (q > 0)
9
to acceleration (q < 0); the reconstructed w
h
(z) is well consistent with the three uncorrelated W
0.25
,
W
0.70
and W
1.35
data points with their corresponding 1 error bars for the weak prior [7] which are
model-independent.
However, the error propagation equation (40) is invalid when we reconstruct the (z) and hence the
V (), since (z) is obtained from a dierential equation, i.e. Eq. (23). To evaluate the error propagations,
we use the Monte Carlo method instead. That is, we generate a multivariate Gaussian distribution from
the best t parameters and the corresponding covariance matrix. And then, we randomly sample N
pairs of the parameters {A
1
, A
2
} from this distribution. For each pair of {A
1
, A
2
}, we can nd the
corresponding (z) and V (z) from Eqs. (23) and (22) respectively. Hence, the V () is in hand. Finally,
we can determine the mean and the corresponding 1 error for the (z) and V () from these N samples,
respectively. In Fig. 4, we show the reconstructed (z) and V () with the corresponding 1 errors for
Ansatz I with the prior
m0
= 0.30. In which, we have used the demonstrative initial value

0
= 0.05 at
z = 0 and

Q = 1, and have chosen the solution with d

/dz > 0 for the reconstructed (z); we have done

N = 1000 samplings.
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
z
0
1
2
3
4
p
h
i

i
n
u
n
i
t
s
o
f
M
p
l
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
z
0
1
2
3
4
p
h
i

i
n
u
n
i
t
s
o
f
M
p
l
0 1 2 3 4
phi in units of M
pl
2
4
6
8
10
V

p
h
i

i
n
u
n
i
t
s
o
f
M
p
l
2
H
0
2
0 1 2 3 4
phi in units of M
pl
2
4
6
8
10
V

p
h
i

i
n
u
n
i
t
s
o
f
M
p
l
2
H
0
2
FIG. 4: The reconstructed (z) and V () (thick solid lines) with the corresponding 1 errors (shaded region) for
Ansatz I. See text for details.
For Ansatz II, the method to reconstruct the EoS of hessence w
h
(z), deceleration parameter q(z), the
kinetic energy term of hessence K(z), the potential of hessence V (z), the (z) as functions of the redshift
z, and the potential of hessence as function of , namely V (), is the same for Ansatz I. We present the
results in Figs. 5 and 6. Once again, it is easy to see that w
h
crossed 1 and the universe transited from
deceleration (q > 0) to acceleration (q < 0); the reconstructed w
h
(z) is well consistent with the three
uncorrelated W
0.25
, W
0.70
and W
1.35
data points with their corresponding 1 error bars for the weak
prior [7] which are model-independent.
10
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
z
1
2
3
4
5
6
V

i
n
u
n
i
t
s
o
f
M
p
l
2
H
0
2
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
z
1
2
3
4
5
6
V

i
n
u
n
i
t
s
o
f
M
p
l
2
H
0
2
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
z
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
K

i
n
u
n
i
t
s
o
f
M
p
l
2
H
0
2
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
z
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
K

i
n
u
n
i
t
s
o
f
M
p
l
2
H
0
2
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
z
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
w
h

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75

z
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
w
h

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75

z
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
q

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75

z
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
q

FIG. 5: The reconstructed best t w

h
(z), q(z), V (z) and K(z) (thick solid lines) with the corresponding 1 errors
(shaded region) for Ansatz II.
V. DISCUSSION
In this work, we have developed a simple method based on the Hubble parameter H(z) to reconstruct
the hessence dark energy. If the observational H(z) is obtained, the reconstruction of hessence dark
energy is ready. It is worth noting that the reconstruction method presented here is suciently versatile
for any H(z).
As examples, we reconstructed the hessence dark energy with two familiar parameterizations for H(z).
It is easy to see that this reconstruction method works well. However, these parameterizations for H(z)
are not the direct measure of H(z) from observational data. We can just say that they are consistent with
the recent observational data. Can we be in a more comfortable situation? In fact, some eorts are aiming
to a direct measure of H(z) from observational data. Analogous to the estimates of w(z) [8], a method
to obtaining the estimates of H(z) is proposed in [11] (see also [49]). Actually, in the latest paper [7] by
the Supernova Search Team led by Riess, a rough estimate of H(z) is obtained by using the new Hubble
Space Telescope discoveries of SNe Ia at z 1. Other new method to determine the Hubble parameter
11
as function of redshift, H(z), is also proposed in [50] recently. In a very dierent way, by using the
dierential ages of passively evolving galaxies determined from the Gemini Deep Deep Survey (GDDS) [51]
and archival data [52], Simon et al. determined H(z) in the range 0

<
z

<
1.8 [53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 63].
However, up to now, all observational H(z) obtained by various methods are too rough to give a reliable
reconstruction of hessence dark energy. A good news from [55] is that a large amount of H(z) data
is expected to become available in the next few years. These include data from the AGN and Galaxy
Survey (AGES) and the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT), and by 2009 an order of magnitude
increase in H(z) data is anticipated. Therefore, we are optimistic to the feasibility of the reconstruction
method of hessence dark energy proposed in this work.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to Professor Rong-Gen Cai for helpful discussions. We also thank Zong-Kuan Guo,
Xin Zhang, Hui Li, Meng Su, and Nan Liang, Rong-Jia Yang, Wei-Ke Xiao, Jian Wang, Yuan Liu, Wei-
Ming Zhang, Fu-Yan Bian for kind help and discussions. We acknowledge partial funding support by the
Ministry of Education of China, Directional Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and
by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under project No. 10521001.
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
z
0
1
2
3
4
p
h
i

i
n
u
n
i
t
s
o
f
M
p
l
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
z
0
1
2
3
4
p
h
i

i
n
u
n
i
t
s
o
f
M
p
l
0 1 2 3 4
phi in units of M
pl
2
0
2
4
6
8
V

p
h
i

i
n
u
n
i
t
s
o
f
M
p
l
2
H
0
2
0 1 2 3 4
phi in units of M
pl
2
0
2
4
6
8
V

p
h
i

i
n
u
n
i
t
s
o
f
M
p
l
2
H
0
2
FIG. 6: The reconstructed (z) and V () (thick solid lines) with the corresponding 1 errors (shaded region) for
Ansatz II. See text for details.
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data (WMAP3) with the SNe Gold data, it is found that m0 = 0.276
+0.023
0.031
, while m0 = 0.299
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0.025
for
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SDSS data suggest that m0 = 0.299
+0.037
0.032
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+0.033
0.020
also. So, as in many works in the
literature, we consider the prior m0 = 0.30 throughout this paper.