Assignment No.

1
Muslim Group

Course: Pakistan Studies BA(BBA)-541

Submitted to: Ma’am Seema Akhter

Group Members:
Eshal Asif
Aayesha Asif
Narmeen Asif
Sara Ahmed
Sarah Ejaz
Memoona Ibrahim
Amna Abdul Wakil
Aliza Atiq
Amna Tariq
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Write down:
(a) Names of 5 Muslim leaders,
(b) Efforts of each of the respective leader in the Making of Pakistan.

1- Mohammad Ali Jinnah was a 20th century lawyer, politician, statesman and the founder
of Pakistan. He is popularly and officially known in Pakistan as Quaid-e-Azam (“Great
Leader”) and Baba-e-Qaum (“Father of the Nation”). Jinnah became Pakistan’s first
Governor-General from August 15, 1947 till his death on September 11, 1948.

Introduction:
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, born on December 25, 1876, in Karachi, was a
distinguished statesman, lawyer, and the founding father of Pakistan. He emerged as the
leading figure in the struggle for the creation of Pakistan, advocating tirelessly for the
rights and interests of Muslims in British India.
Jinnah's leadership and vision were instrumental in the establishment of Pakistan on
August 14, 1947, as an independent nation for Muslims in the Indian subcontinent. He
served as Pakistan's first Governor-General until his passing on September 11, 1948,
leaving behind a legacy of unity, democracy, and equality.
Throughout his life, Jinnah exemplified integrity, determination, and unwavering
commitment to the ideals of justice and freedom. He remains an iconic figure in
Pakistan's history, revered for his role in shaping the nation and inspiring future
generations.

Educational background:
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah's educational background was comprehensive. He
received his early education at the Sindh Madrasa-tul-Islam in Karachi, where he
excelled in academics. Later, he attended the Christian Missionary Society High School
in Karachi, where he further honed his intellectual abilities.
After completing his schooling, Jinnah pursued higher education in England. He enrolled
at the University of Bombay (now Mumbai) to study at the prestigious Wilson College,
where he distinguished himself academically. Subsequently, he journeyed to London to
study law, attending Lincoln's Inn, one of the four Inns of Court in London.
Jinnah's educational journey was marked by diligence, determination, and intellectual
prowess, laying the foundation for his successful career as a lawyer and later as a
statesman.

Early Life and Education:

 Born on December 25, 1876, in Karachi, British India (now Pakistan).
 Educated at the Sindh Madrasatul Islam and later at the Gokal Das Tej
Primary School.
 Went on to study at the Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam and the Christian
Missionary Society High School.
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Legal Career:
 Studied law in London and became a barrister.
 Started his legal practice in Bombay (now Mumbai).
 Soon gained prominence as a skilled lawyer, particularly in constitutional
law.

Political Career:
 Initially, he was associated with the Indian National Congress, advocating
for Hindu-Muslim unity.
 Later, disillusioned with the Congress's disregard for Muslim concerns, he
joined the All India Muslim League in 1913.
 Jinnah emerged as a prominent leader demanding a separate Muslim state,
which culminated in the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

Leadership in the Pakistan Movement:

 Led the Muslim League's efforts for Pakistan, advocating the Two-Nation
Theory.
 Negotiated with the British and the Congress Party for the creation of
Pakistan, eventually leading to the Partition of India in 1947.

Role as the First Governor-General:

 Following Pakistan's independence, Jinnah became the Governor-General
of Pakistan.
 Worked towards establishing the new nation, focusing on governance and
infrastructure development.

Legacy and Vision:

 Known as the Father of the Nation in Pakistan.
 His vision for Pakistan included a democratic and inclusive state where all
citizens, regardless of religion or ethnicity, would have equal rights.
 Passed away on September 11, 1948, shortly after Pakistan's independence,
leaving behind a legacy of leadership, determination, and nation-building.

Quaid-e- Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, dedicated his life to the creation of Pakistan through a
series of strategic efforts:
 Political Career: Jinnah emerged as a prominent political figure, initially
advocating Hindu-Muslim unity. Over time, he recognized the need for a separate
Muslim state.
 Two-Nation Theory: Jinnah articulated the Two-Nation Theory, asserting that
Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations, which laid the foundation for the
demand for a separate nation for Muslims.
 Muslim League Leadership: He assumed leadership of the All-India Muslim
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League, transforming it into a powerful political force representing Muslim
interests.
 Lahore Resolution (1940): Jinnah led the Muslim League in passing the Lahore
Resolution, demanding the creation of an independent Muslim state.
 Direct Action Day (1946): To press for Muslim rights, Jinnah called for Direct
Action Day, leading to communal riots but underscoring the urgency for a
separate nation.
 Cabinet Mission Plan: Jinnah engaged with the British Cabinet Mission,
advocating for Muslim representation and provincial autonomy. When
negotiations failed, the demand for Pakistan strengthened.
 1946 Elections: The Muslim League's success in the 1946 elections in Muslim-
majority provinces solidified support for the creation of Pakistan.
 Mountbatten Plan: Jinnah negotiated with Lord Mountbatten for a peaceful
transition and accepted the partition plan, leading to the establishment of Pakistan
on August 14, 1947.
 Constitutional Framework: Jinnah played a key role in formulating the
constitutional framework for Pakistan, emphasizing principles of equality and
religious freedom.
 Jinnah's unwavering commitment, diplomatic finesse, and political acumen were
pivotal in the successful realization of an independent Pakistan.

2- Liaquat Ali Khan:

Introduction:
Liaquat Ali Khan was born on October 1, 1895, in Karnal, British India (now in
Haryana, India), into an influential and wealthy family of landlords. His father, Nawab
Rustam Ali Khan, was a prominent politician and landlord in the United Provinces of
British India. Liaquat Ali Khan received his early education in Karnal and later moved
to Delhi for higher studies.

Educational Background:
In pursuit of higher education, Liaquat Ali Khan enrolled at Aligarh Muslim University,
one of the most prestigious educational institutions in British India at the time. Aligarh
Muslim University was known for its emphasis on modern education and its role in
fostering Muslim identity and political consciousness.
At Aligarh, Liaquat Ali Khan studied Political Science and actively participated in
student politics. He became deeply involved in the Muslim League's activities and
emerged as a prominent leader within the university. His exposure to the ideas of
Muslim nationalism and political empowerment during his time at Aligarh had a
profound impact on his future political career. After completing his studies in Political
Science, Liaquat Ali Khan pursued a degree in law at Aligarh Muslim University. His
legal education provided him with a solid understanding of the principles of law and
governance, which proved invaluable in his later political career.During his time at
Aligarh, Liaquat Ali Khan developed close associations with other future leaders of the
Pakistan Movement, including Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Allama Iqbal, and others. These
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connections and his active involvement in student politics laid the groundwork for his
subsequent role as a key figure in the struggle for Pakistan's independence.

Contribution:
Liaquat Ali Khan made several significant contributions to the making of Pakistan,
playing a crucial role in the Pakistan Movement. Here's a simplified explanation of his
contributions:

1. Advocacy for Muslim Rights: Liaquat Ali Khan was deeply committed to
safeguarding the rights and interests of Muslims in British India. He believed that
Muslims needed a separate homeland where they could live according to their
religious and cultural beliefs without fear of discrimination.

2. Lahore Resolution: Liaquat Ali Khan played a pivotal role in the adoption of the
Lahore Resolution in 1940. This resolution, also known as the Pakistan Resolution,
called for the creation of independent Muslim-majority states in British India. It
provided a clear political mandate for the demand for Pakistan.

3. Close Association with Jinnah: Liaquat Ali Khan was a close associate of
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan. He worked closely with Jinnah to
advance the cause of Muslim nationalism and independence. His loyalty and
dedication to Jinnah's vision of Pakistan strengthened the movement.

4. Negotiations for Partition: Liaquat Ali Khan represented the Muslim League in
crucial negotiations with the British and Indian leaders for the partition of British
India. His diplomatic skills and political acumen were instrumental in securing the
interests of Muslims in the partition process.

5. Mobilization of Support: Liaquat Ali Khan played a key role in mobilizing public
support for the Pakistan Movement. He traveled extensively across British India,
delivering speeches and rallying support for the cause of Pakistan. His efforts
helped galvanize the Muslim community and build momentum for independence.

Achievements:
1. First Prime Minister of Pakistan: Liaquat Ali Khan became the first Prime
Minister of Pakistan after its independence in 1947. He led the newly formed nation
during its crucial early years.

2. Stabilizing the Nation: He worked tirelessly to stabilize Pakistan amidst the

challenges of partition, including the migration of refugees and the division of
assets with India.

3. Socio-Economic Reforms: Liaquat Ali Khan initiated various socio-economic

reforms aimed at nation-building and development. These included land reforms to
address land distribution issues and promote agricultural development.
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4. Industrialization Policies: He promoted industrialization to stimulate economic

growth and reduce dependence on agriculture. His policies laid the groundwork for
Pakistan's industrial sector.

5. Foreign Policy: Liaquat Ali Khan played a crucial role in formulating Pakistan's
foreign policy, particularly in navigating its relations with major powers like the
United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

6. Constitutional Development: He worked towards framing Pakistan's first

constitution, laying the foundation for the country's democratic political system.

7. Advocacy for Muslim Rights: Throughout his career, Liaquat Ali Khan remained
a staunch advocate for the rights and interests of Muslims in the Indian
subcontinent, contributing significantly to the Pakistan Movement

3- Allama Iqbal's Contributions in the Making of Pakistan:

 Iqbal (November 9, 1877-April 21, 1938) is rightly acclaimed the political thinker of
Pakistan.

Introduction:

Allama Muhammad Iqbal, commonly referred to as Allama Iqbal, was a renowned philosopher, poet, and
politician who played a pivotal role in the intellectual and political landscape of the Indian subcontinent during
the early 20th century. Born on November 9, 1877, in Sialkot, British India (now in Pakistan), Iqbal emerged
as a towering figure whose ideas and poetry continue to influence generations. Throughout his life, Iqbal
sought to awaken the Muslim community from its intellectual slumber, advocating for self-discovery, self-
empowerment, and unity among Muslims. His poetry, deeply imbued with themes of spirituality, selfhood,
and social justice, served as a powerful catalyst for the Pakistan Movement, culminating in the creation of
Pakistan in 1947. Allama Iqbal's legacy transcends borders, resonating with people worldwide, and his ideas
continue to shape the discourse on identity, freedom, and human potential

Educational background:

 He received his early education in Sialkot and went on to attend Government College Lahore
for his intermediate studies.

 In 1897, Iqbal obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from Government College, Lahore, with a
distinction in Arabic and English.

 He pursued higher education in the United Kingdom, studying philosophy and Arabic at
Trinity College, Cambridge.

 In 1907, Iqbal obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy from the University of
Cambridge.

 Later, he earned a degree in law from Lincoln's Inn, London, in 1908, and started his legal
practice upon returning to India.
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 Allama Iqbal's educational journey laid the foundation for his profound understanding of
philosophy, literature, and law, shaping his future as a prominent poet, philosopher, and
politician.

Achievement:

 Allama Iqbal is widely regarded as one of the most influential Muslim philosophers and poets
of the 20th century.

 He played a pivotal role in inspiring the Pakistan Movement, advocating for the creation of a
separate Muslim state in the Indian subcontinent.

 Iqbal's poetic works, including "Asrar-e-Khudi" (Secrets of the Self) and "Bang-e-Dra" (The
Call of the Marching Bell), are celebrated for their philosophical depth and lyrical beauty.

 He articulated the concept of "Khudi" (selfhood) and emphasized self-discovery and self-
realization as fundamental to individual and societal progress.

 Allama Iqbal's poetry galvanized the Muslims of the subcontinent, instilling a sense of pride in
their cultural heritage and identity.

 He served as a prominent leader and advocate for Muslim rights, promoting unity and
empowerment among the Muslim community.

 Iqbal's vision of an independent Muslim state eventually led to the establishment of Pakistan
in 1947, fulfilling his dream of a homeland for the Muslims of South Asia.

 His legacy continues to inspire generations of Pakistanis and Muslims worldwide, both
intellectually and spiritually.

Iqbal's Political Life:

 He rejected the nationalist politics of the Congress in his historic Allahabad

Address 1930 which he delivered at the annual session of the All-India Muslim
League. In this address, he said: "I wanted to see Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and
Baluchistan amalgamated in a single state"
 It was his historical speech, which presented the Ideology of Pakistan.
 The movement for Pakistan was the brain-child of poet of the East Allama Dr.
 During the elections of 1937, when Quaid-e-Azam started the reconstruction of
the Muslim League, Allama Iqbal stood beside him.
 The biggest achievement was to mentor Muhammad Ali Jinnah to lead the
Muslims of India and unify the Muslim League factions while he made untiring
efforts to mobilize the feudal classes to work for the Muslim Ummah in India.
 Iqbal, through his poetry, reminded the Muslims of their glorious past and urged
the Muslims of the sub-continent to improve their lot by following the golden
traditions of Islam.
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Iqbal and Two-Nation Theory:

 On 28th March 1909, he rejected the invitation from the secular party "Minswa
Lodge" highlighting the fact that he is a supporter of two-nation theory.
 Iqbal always remained in constant touch with father of the Nation, Quaid-e-Azam
and in one of his letters on 21 June 1937, Iqbal explained to Jinnah his vision of a
separate Muslim state.
 In the light of Allahabad Address of 1930 and the letters written to Quaid-e-
Azam in 1937 and 1938 one can to the conclusion that Allama Iqbal laid the
foundation of Pakistan on which the great Quaid constructed the country.
 Iqbal did not live to see his dream come true but he surely laid the basis for
Pakistan.

4- Chaudhary Rehmat Ali was a Pakistani nationalist who is credited with coining the
term "Pakistan" and outlining the idea of a separate state for Muslims in the Indian
subcontinent. In the initial phases great Muslim leaders like Muhammad Ali Jinnah and
Allama Iqbal weren't in agreement with the idea and instead believed in having a loose
federation within United India with protected rights, in this way Chaudhary Rehmat Ali
was way ahead of the Muslim League as he had envisaged the repercussions the Muslim
would face in a united subcontinent, way before the great Muslim leaders had realized it.
Chaudhry Rehmat Ali was a prominent figure in the early stages of the Pakistan
movement. Here's an overview of his background, contributions, and achievements:

Introduction:
Chaudhry Rehmat Ali was born on November 16, 1897, in the Punjab province of
British India (now in Pakistan). He was a British Indian Muslim nationalist who coined
the term "Pakistan" in 1933.

Educational Background:
He received his early education from Islamia High School in Lahore and then went on
to study at Islamia College, Lahore. Later, he moved to England for higher studies,
where he attended Emmanuel College, Cambridge, obtaining a BA degree in 1926.

Contributions:
Rehmat Ali is best known for coining the term "Pakistan" in a pamphlet called "Now or
Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?" published in 1933. The word "Pakistan" was
formed by combining the first letters of the regions that would make up the proposed
homeland for Muslims: Punjab, Afghan Province (North-West Frontier Province),
Kashmir, Sindh, and Baluchistan, with "stan" meaning "land of." His pamphlet played a
significant role in popularizing the idea of a separate Muslim state.

Achievements:
Rehmat Ali's concept of Pakistan played a pivotal role in shaping the ideology of the
Pakistan movement. His pamphlet inspired many Muslims to strive for a separate nation
where they could live according to their religious and cultural beliefs. While he did not
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live to see the creation of Pakistan in 1947, his ideas and contributions are
commemorated and acknowledged in the history of Pakistan's independence.

His major contributions to the making of Pakistan include:

 Coining the Term "Pakistan": Chaudhary Rehmat Ali is widely recognized for
proposing the name "Pakistan" in a pamphlet titled "Now or Never; Are We to
Live or Perish Forever?" published in 1933. The term is a combination of the first
letters of the regions he believed should constitute the new state: Punjab,
Afghania (North-West Frontier Province), Kashmir, Sindh, and Baluchistan.
 Advocacy for a Separate Muslim State: Rehmat Ali played a crucial role in
promoting the idea of a separate nation for Muslims, distinct from the Hindu-
majority India. His writings and speeches were instrumental in popularizing the
concept of Pakistan among the Muslim population.
 Publication of Pamphlets and Articles: He founded Pakistan National Movement
in 1933 with its headquarters at Cambridge. The movement fought against
'Indianism' and from his Cambridge address Rehmat Ali published a series of
pamphlets over the next years. Chaudhary Rehmat Ali actively used pamphlets,
articles, and other written mediums to propagate his ideas about the creation of
Pakistan. He aimed to garner support for the idea among Muslims and leaders of
the All-India Muslim League.
 Presentation of Pakistan's Ideology: Rehmat Ali's writings not only proposed the
geographical boundaries of Pakistan but also outlined the ideological basis for its
creation, emphasizing the distinct cultural, religious, and historical identity of
Muslims in the subcontinent.

5- Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (17 October 1817 – 27 March 1898) was born in Delhi, India.
He was a Muslim reformer, philosopher, and educationist in 19th century. He was a
prominent Muslim scholar educational reformer and political leader in British India. He
played a significant role in laying the intellectual and educational foundations for the
creation of Pakistan. In 1837 Sir Syed joined the British East India Company as a clerk
and worked in various administrative positions. During his tenure with the British
colonial administration he witnessed firsthand the growing influence of Western
knowledge and technology and became convinced that Muslims needed to adapt to these
changes in order to progress.

Educational Background:
Sir Syed's education was initiated by Shah Ghulam Ali, his father's spiritual mentor. He was taught to read and
understand the Qur'an. He also pursued the study of medicine, mathematic, astronomy and algebra. He was
awarded an honorary LLD from the University of Edinburgh in 1889.

Contributions:
 He established educational institutions like Aligarh Muslim University so that Muslims can gain
education and develop.
 He wrote a magazine "Asbab e Baghawat e hind to provide a rational analysis of the causes behind the
Indian Rebellion of 1857
 He established Muslim scientific society to translate scientific researches into Urdu.
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 He founded Aligarh Movement, which provided a platform for the Pakistan Movement.
 Played a key role in promoting Urdu language and culture, contributing to the cultural identity of
Pakistan.

Achievement:
 Pioneer of modern education among Muslims in India.
 Advocating for Muslim rights and empowerment.
 Bridging understanding between Muslims and British rulers.
 Authoring influential works on Indian history and society.
 Promoting rational thinking and scientific education.

 19th-century Syed Ahmad Khan worked to improve education and build bridges
between British and Indian populations. He published his explanation of the
causes of the Indian rebellion in a pamphlet titled “The Causes of the Indian
Revolt.”
 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan established the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in
Aligarh in 1877, modeling it after the prestigious universities of Oxford and
Cambridge. This institution grew into the well-known Aligarh Muslim University.
 Sir Syed founded the Scientific Society at Aligarh in 1864 with the goal of
translating Western works into Indian languages and promoting a scientific
mindset among Muslims.
 He used expressive prose to convey his ideas in his magazine Tahzeb-ul-Akhlaq
(Social Reformer), which he used to raise awareness and initiate discussions on
social and religious issues.
 He was the founder of Two-Nation Theory that ultimately led to the creation of
Pakistan.