Topic 7 Conveyance of Water

CONVEYANCE (piping)
Pipes convey raw water from the source to the treatment plants and from the treatment plant
to the consumers in the distribution system. Water is under pressure always and hence the pipe
material and the fixture should be able to withstand stresses due to the internal pressure,
vacuum pressure; when the pipes are empty, water hammer when the values are closed and
temperature stresses.
Requirements of pipe material

1. It should be capable of withstanding internal and external pressures
2. It should have facility of easy joints
3. It should be available in all sizes, transport and erection should be easy.
4. It should be durable
5. It should not react with water to alter its quality
6. Cost of pipes should be less
7. Frictional head loss should be minimum
8. The damaged units should be replaced easily
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PIPES
The following are the different types of pipes
1. Cast Iron
Advantages of cast iron

 Cost is moderate
 The pipes are easy to join
 The pipes are not subjected to corrosion
 The pipes are strong and durable
 Service connections can be easily made
 Usual life is about 100 years
Disadvantages
 Breakage of pipes are large
 The pipes are not used for pressure greater than 0.7 N/mm2
 The pipes are heavier and uneconomical beyond 1200 mm diameter.
2. Steel
Advantages of steel pipes

 No. of joining are less because these are available in long lengths
 The pipes are cheap in first cost
 The pipes are durable and strong enough to resist high internal water pressure
 The pipes are flexible to some extent and they can therefore be laid on curves
 Transportation is easy because of light weight.
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Disadvantages
 Maintenance cost is high
 The pipes are likely to be rusted by acidic or alkaline water
 The pipes require more time for repairs during breakdown and hence not
suitable for distribution pipes
3. Prestressed concrete
Advantages
1. The inside surface of pipes can be made smooth
2. Maintenance cost is low
3. The pipes are durable with life period 75 years
4. No danger of rusting
5. These pipes do not collapse or fail under normal traffic loads
Disadvantages
1. The pipes are heavy and difficult to transport
2. Repairs of these pipes are difficult
3. The pipes are likely to crack during transport and handling operations
4. There pipes are affected by acids, alkalies and salty waters
4. Reinforced Concrete
Advantages
1. There are pipes are most durable with usual life of about 75 years
2. The pipes can be cast at site work and thus there is reduction in transport charges
3. Maintenance cost is less
4. Inside surface of pipe can be made smooth
5. No danger of rusting.
Disadvantages
1. Transportation is difficult
2. Repair work is difficult
3. Initial cost is high
4. These pipes are affected by acids, alkalies and salty waters
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5. Asbestos Cement Pipes
Advantages
1. The inside surface of pipes are very smooth
2. The joining of pipe is very good and flexible
3. The pipes are anticorrosive and cheap in cost
4. Light in weight and transport is easy
5. The pipes are suitable for distribution pipes of small size.
Disadvantages
1. The pipes are brittle and therefore handling is difficult
2. The pipes are not durable
3. The pipes cannot be laid in exposed places
4. The pipes can be used only for very low pressures
6. Galvanized Iron (G.I)

Advantages
1. The pipes are cheap
2. Light in weight and easy to handle
3. The pipes are easy to join
Disadvantages
1. The pipes are affected by acidic or alkaline waters
2. The useful life of pipes is short about 7 to 10 years.
7. Polyvinyl chloride (P.V.C)(plastic polymer) and plastic pipes

Advantages
1. Pipes are cheap
2. The pipes are durable
3. The pipes are flexible
4. The pipes are free from corrosion
5. The pipes are light in weight and it can easy to mould any shape
Disadvantages
1. The co-efficient of expansion for plastic is high
2. The pipes are less resistance to heat
3. Some types of plastic impart taste to the water.
PIPE CORROSION – CAUSES AND PREVENTION
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The term pipe corrosion is used to indicate the loss of pipe material due to action of water
(Internal pipe corrosion) and action of water logged soil above the pipe surface (external pipe
corrosion) by the results of corrosion, troublesome to both the water authority and consumers.
The various factors contributing to the pipe corrosion are

 Acidity: the water having low pH value due to the presence of carbonic acid or other
acids may cause corrosion
 Biological action: the growth of iron-bacteria, and sulphur bacteria may develop aerobic
and anaerobic corrosion respectively.
 Chlorination: the presence of free chlorine or chloramines makes the water corrosive
 Mineral and organic constituents: the presence of high total dissolved solids in water
accelerates the process of corrosion
 Oxygen: High amount of dissolved oxygen
EFFECTS OF PIPE CORROSION

 Pipe corrosion may lead to the tuberculation (formation of small projections on the
inside surface of pipe) which decreases carrying capacity of water
 The pipe corrosion leads to the disintegration of pipeline and it demands heavy repairs
 The pipe corrosion imparts colour, taste and odour to the flowing water
 The pipe corrosion may make the water dangerous for drinking and other purposes
PREVENTION OF PIPE CORROSION
Pipe corrosion is not possible to completely eliminate but we can minimize by the following
methods.
 Proper pipe material: The alloys of Iron or steel with chromium, copper or nickel are
found to be more resistance
 Protective Linings: The pipe surface should be coated with asphalt, bitumen, cement
mortar, paints, resins, tar, zinc etc.
 Treatment of water: By proper treatment and adjustment of PH value, control of
calcium carbonate, removal dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide, addition of sodium
silicate etc prevent the pipe corrosion.
PIPE APPURTENANCES
1. Sluice valve or Gate valve, Air valves, Reflux valves, Relief valves, Scour valves, Bib cocks, Fire
Hydrants, water meters
1. Sluice valve or Gate valve

 It is used to control the flow of water and helpful in dividing the water mains into the
suitable sections.
 They are generally placed at a distance of about 150mm-200mm from the junction and
at all the junction
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 They are made of cast iron with brass mounting.
2. Air valves
 They are normally called air relief valves.
 To provide on exit of air, these valve is provided.
 Located very close or above the hydraulic gradients.
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3. Reflux valves
 These are also known as automatic cut off valves (or) safety valves.
 They are located at every point along the water pipe where pressure is likely to be
maximum .
 Where pressure of water exceeds a predetermined limit, the valve operate
automatically and it will save a particular section of water pipe before bursting the pipe
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4. Relief valves
 These are also known as automatic cut off valves or safety valves.
 They are located at every point along the water pipe where pressure is likely to
maximum.
 When pressure of water exceeds a predetermined limit the valve operates
automatically and it will save a particular section of water pipe before bursting the pipe
5. Scour valve
 Scour valves (or) blow off (or) washout valves are ordinary sluice that located
either at the dead end or at lowest points in the main.
 They are provided to blow off or remove sand and silt deposited in the pipeline.
 They are operated manually
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6. Bib cock
 These are water taps which are attached at the end of water pipes and from which
the consumer obtain water.
 It is operated from a handle.
 They may also be push type and they operate automatically.
 They should be water tight to avoid water wastage
7. Fire hydrants
A hydrant is an outlet provided in water pipe for tapping water mainly in case of a fire. Fire
hydrant is used for firefighting purposes.
Requirements of a fire hydrant

1. It should be cheap
2. Easily detectable in case of fire
3. It can be easily connected with the hose motor pump
4. It should function properly and should not go out of order during operation.
5. It should permit undisturbed flow of water when being fully opened.
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Water meter
 These are devices which are installed on the pipes to measure the quantity of water
flowing at a particular point along the pipe.
 They should accurately measure discharge
 They should be easy to repair and maintenance
 Should not be too costly
 They should be non corrosive.

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CONVEYANCE (piping)

Requirements of pipe material

Advantages of cast iron

Advantages of steel pipes

6. Galvanized Iron (G.I)

7. Polyvinyl chloride (P.V.C)(plastic polymer) and plastic pipes

PIPE CORROSION – CAUSES AND PREVENTION

The various factors contributing to the pipe corrosion are

EFFECTS OF PIPE CORROSION

1. Sluice valve or Gate valve

Requirements of a fire hydrant

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