This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server.

Under the copyright agreement

entered into, Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality may make five (5) printouts of the standard and must see to it
that no more than five persons have concurrent access to the standard.
UDC 624( 083.75) SABS 1200 H-1990

SOUTH AFRICAN BUREAU OF STANDARDS

STANDARDIZED SPECIFICATION
for
CIVIL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION

H : STRUCTURAL STEELWORK

Approved by t h e Obtainable from t h e

COUNCIL OF THE SA BUREAU OF STANDARDS
SOUTH AFRICAN P r i v a t e Bag X191
BUREAU OF STANDARDS Pretoria
on 23 August 1990 0001 Republic of South A f r i c a

Telegrams : Comparator, P r e t o r i a
Telex : 321308SA
Fax : 3441568

Published and p r i n t e d i n t h e Republic o f South A f r i c a by t h e

South A f r i c a n Bureau o f Standards

ISBN 0-626-08614-0 Gr 9
This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server. Under the copyright agreement
entered into, Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality may make five (5) printouts of the standard and must see to it
that no more than five persons have concurrent access to the standard.
This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server. Under the copyright agreement
entered into, Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality may make five (5) printouts of the standard and must see to it
that no more than five persons have concurrent access to the standard.

3 SABS 1200 H-1990

S t r u c t u r a l steelwork
CONTENTS
C1 ause Page Number
1. SCOPE .............................................................. 5
2. INTERPRETATIONS .................................................... 5
2.1 Supporting S p e c i f i c a t i o n s .......................................... 5
2.2 A p p l i c a t i o n ........................................................ 5
2.3 D e f i n i t i o n s and Abbreviations ...................................... 5
3. MATERIALS .......................................................... 5
3.1 ...................................................
S t r u c t u r a l Steel 5
3.2 Special S t e e l s ..................................................... 6
3.3 Steel used f o r Cold-formed Sections ................................ 6
3.4 .......................
S t r u c t u r a l Tubular and Hollow Steel Sections 6
3.5 Welding Consumables ................................................ 6
3.5.1 Electrodes ......................................................... 6
3.5.2 Storage and handling ............................................... 6
3.5.3 Quality ............................................................ 6
3.6 B o l t s , Nuts and Washers............................................ 6
3.6.1 B o l t s and nuts ( o t h e r than f r i c t i o n - g r i p ) .......................... 6
3.6.2 ............................................
F r i c t i o n - g r i p fasteners 6
. 3.7 ..................................................
M i l d Steel R i v e t s 6
4 . PLANT .............................................................. 6
4.1 P l a n t .............................................................. 6
5. CONSTRUCTION ....................................................... 6
5.1 Drawings and Shop D e t a i l s .......................................... 6
5.1.1 Design drawings .................................................... 6
5.1.2 Contractor provides shop d e t a i l s ................................... 6
5.1.3 Engineer provides shop d e t a i l s ..................................... 7
5.1.4 V a r i a t i o n s from drawings and sections .............................. 7
5.2 F a b r i c a t i o n ........................................................ 7
5.2.1 General ............................................................ 7
5.2.2 I d e n t i f i c a t i o n ..................................................... 7
5.2.3 C u t t i n g ............................................................ 7
5.2.4 Holes f o r fasteners ................................................ 7
5.2.5 J o i n t s i n compression .............................................. 8
5.2.6 S t r u c t u r a l hollow sections ......................................... 8
5.3 Assembly ........................................................... 8
5.3.1 General ............................................................ 8
5.3.2 Alignment o f holes ................................................. 8
5.3.3 Avoidance of excessive stresses d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n ................ 8
5.3.4 Welding ............................................................ 8
5.3.5 B o l t i n g ( o t h e r than f r i c t i o n - g r i p ) ................................. 8
5.3.6 F r i c t i o n - g r i p f a s t e n i n g ............................................ 9
5.3.7 Riveting ........................................................... 9
5.3.8 Marking ............................................................ 9
5.3.9 ...............................................
P r o t e c t i v e treatment 9
5.4 S e t t i n g - o u t ........................................................ 9
5.5 E r e c t i o n ........................................................... 9
5.5.1 Procedure .......................................................... 9
5.5.2 Storage and handling ............................................... 9
5.5.3 S a f e t y d u r i n g e r e c t i o n ............................................. 9
5.5.4 Alignment .......................................................... 10
5.5.5 Corrections ........................................................ 10
5.6 Grouting o f Supports ............................................... 10
5.6.1 R e s p o n s i b i l i t y ..................................................... 10
5.6.2 Preparation ........................................................ 10
5.6.3 Bedding o f stanchions i n foundation pockets ........................ 10
5.6.4 Encasing o f steelwork i n foundations ............................... 10
5.7 Sundry Items ....................................................... 10
5.7.1 H a n d r a i l s .......................................................... 10
5.7.2 Ladders ............................................................ 10
5.7.3 Open g r i d f l o o r s ................................................... 10
5.7.4 Floorplate floors .................................................. 10
6. TOLERANCES ......................................................... 11
6.1 General ............................................................ 11
6.1.1 V e r i f i c a t i o n o f dimensions ......................................... 11
6.1.2 F a b r i c a t i o n and assembly t o l e r a n c e ................................. 11
6.1.3 Rounding up o f PDs ................................................. 11
6.2 Tolerances on Dimensions, Accuracy o f Erection, e t c ................ 11
6.2.1 R o l l e d sections.................................................... 11
6.2.2 Other tolerances ................................................... 11
7. TESTING ............................................................ 13
7. I ..................................................
Test C e r t i f i c a t e s 13
7.2 I n s p e c t i o n ......................................................... 13
7.3 ....................................
I n s p e c t i o n and Testing o f Welds 13
This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server. Under the copyright agreement
entered into, Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality may make five (5) printouts of the standard and must see to it
that no more than five persons have concurrent access to the standard.

SABS 1200 H-1990 4

S t r u c t u r a l s t e e l work

CONTENTS (continued)

C1 ause Page Number

8. MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT ............................................ 13

8.1 ...................................................
Basic P r i n c i p l e s 13
8.2 ..........................................
Computation o f Q u a n t i t i e s 13
8.3 Scheduled Items .................................................... 13

APPENDIX A. APPLICABLE STANDARDS ............................................... 16

Second Revision August 1990

This s p e c i f i c a t i o n supersedes
SABS 1200 H-1983
This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server. Under the copyright agreement
entered into, Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality may make five (5) printouts of the standard and must see to it
that no more than five persons have concurrent access to the standard.
5 SABS 1200 H-1990
S t r u c t u r a l steelwork

SOUTH AFRICAN BUREAU OF STANDARDS

STANDARDIZED SPECIFICATION

for

CIVIL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION

H : STRUCTURAL STEELWORK

1. SCOPE
1.1 This s p e c i f i c a t i o n covers s t r u c t u r a l steelwork g e n e r a l l y o r b u i 1dings and o t h e r
structures, except cranes and road and r a i l bridges.
I t includes c e r t a i n sundry items such as s t a i r s , ladders, h a n d r a i l i n g and open g r i d
f 1o o r i ng.
NOTE: Should a s p e c i f i c a t i o n be r e q u i r e d f o r such sundry tems o n l y and n o t f o r
s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l , r e f e r t o SABS 1200 HA.

1.2 The s p e c i f i c a t i o n does n o t cover r o o f and side cladding (see SABS 1200 HB) o r
c o r r o s i o n p r o t e c t i o n o f s t r u c t u r a l steelwork (see SABS 1200 HC).
NOTE: The standards r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n a r e l i s t e d i n Appendix A.

2. INTERPRETATIONS
2.1 SUPPORTING SPECIFICATIONS. Where t h i s s p e c i f i c a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d f o r a p r o j e c t , t h e
f o l l o w i n g s p e c i f i c a t i o n s s h a l l , i n t e r a l i a , form p a r t o f t h e c o n t r a c t document
(NOTE: Item (b) may o r may n o t b e bound i n t h e document):
a) P r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n ;
b ) SABS 1200 AH, SABS 1200 A o r SABS 1200 AA, as appropriate.

2.2 APPLICATION. This s p e c i f i c a t i o n contains clauses t h a t a r e g e n e r a l l y a p p l i c a b l e t o

s t r u c t u r a l steelwork construction. I n t e r p r e t a t i o n s and v a r i a t i o n s o f t h e s p e c i f i c a -
t i o n a r e s e t o u t i n P o r t i o n 2 o f t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n (see 2.1).
2.3 DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS. For t h e purposes o f t h i s s p e c i f i c a t i o n , t h e d e f i n i -
t i o n s and abbreviations g i v e n i n SABS 1200 AH, SABS 1200 A o r SABS 1200 AA, as
applicable, and t h e f o l l o w i n g d e f i n i t i o n s s h a l l apply:
Grade o f a b o l t . A s t r e n g t h designation c o n s i s t i n g o f two numbers (separated by a
d 6 q--ili-T4 e i r s number being approximately one-hundredth o f t h e minimum s p e c i f i e d
t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h i n megapascals and t h e second being approximately one-tenth o f t h e
r a t i o (expressed as a percentage) between t h e s t r e s s a t permanent s e t o f 0,2 X
( y i e l d s t r e s s ) and t h e minimum t e n s i l e strength. (For example, Grade 10.9 i n d i c a t e s
a nominal t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h o f 1 000 MPa and a nominal permanent s e t s t r e s s (0,2 %)
o f 900 MPa . The l e t t e r S , when added t o t h e grade designation, e.g. Grade 8.8S,
denotes a m e t r i c high-strength s t r u c t u r a l b o l t w i t h a heavy s e r i e s hexagon head.)
Normal temperature. A temperature t h a t exceeds 15 "C b u t does n o t exceed 32 "C .
3. MATERIALS
3.1 STRUCTURAL STEEL
3.1.1 Subject t o t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4, s t e e l used i n t h e f a b r i c a t i o n of
s t r u c t u r a l steelwork s h a l l comply w i t h t h e requirements o f SABS 1431 f o r t h e grade
o f s t e e l s p e c i f i e d i n t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n o r s t a t e d i n t h e drawings. Steel of
commercial q u a l i t y may be used i n t h e f a b r i c a t i o n o f items such as s t a i r s , ladders,
handt-ails, open g r i d f l o o r i n g and s i m i l a r sundry steelwork items.
Unless
i) otherwise expl ic i t l y approved; o r
ii)adequate r e s i s t a n c e t o b r i t t l e f r a c t u r e can be demonstrated; o r
iii)b r i t t l e f r a c t u r e w i l l n o t be a c r i t i c a l design consideration;
t h e m a t e r i a l o f welded elements s u b j e c t d u r i n g e r e c t i o n t o t e n s i l e stresses
exceeding 15 % o f t h e s p e c i f i e d minimum y i e l d s t r e s s o f t h e s t e e l , o r subject i n
t h e completed s t r u c t u r e t o t e n s i l e stresses under any combination o f f o r c e s s h a l l
comply w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g requirements:
a) The thickness o f s t e e l s of Grades 300WA, 350WA and 450WA s h a l l n o t exceed
40 mm .
b) The thickness o f s t e e l s of Grades 300WC, 300WDD, 350WC, 350WDD, 450WC and 450WDD
Grade P1 ates
-
s h a l l n o t exceed t h e f o l l o w i n a values:
Sections, e t c .
mm tj3-mm 50-mm
300WDD 63 mm 50 mm
350WC 100 mm 40 mm
350WDD 100 a m 40 mm
450WC 100 mm 19 mm
4 50WDD 40 mm 19 mm
c ) For thicknesses i n excess o f those s p e c i f i e d i n (a) and (b) above, t h e impact
value a p p l i c a b l e i n t h e impact t e s t s h a l l be a t l e a s t 27 J a t 0 "C .
This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server. Under the copyright agreement
entered into, Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality may make five (5) printouts of the standard and must see to it
that no more than five persons have concurrent access to the standard.
SABS 1200 H-1990 6
S t r u c t u r a l steelwork

3.1.2 Steel s e c t i o n p r o f i l e s s h a l l comply w i t h t h e requirements f o r dimensions and pro-

p e r t i e s g i v e n i n t h e South African I n s t i t u t e of Steel C o n s t r u c t i o n ' s s t r u c t u r a l
s t e e l tab1 es.
3.2 SPECIAL STEELS. Steel o f a type n o t covered by SABS 1431 and used i n s t r u c t u r a l
elements s h a l l b e such t h a t i t complies w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g requirements and with
t h e a p p l i c a b l e requirements o f t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n :
a) Unless otherwise specified, t h e y i e l d s t r e s s s h a l l n o t exceed 450 MPa;
b ) t h e r a t i o o f t h e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h t o t h e guaranteed y i e l d strength, determined
i n accordance w i t h SABS 1431, s h a l l b e a t l e a s t 1,2:1,0;
c ) t h e e l o n g a t i o n (on a gauge l e n g t h o f 5,65 dAo mm), determined i n accordance w i t h
SABS 1431, s h a l l be a t l e a s t 15 % .
(Ao = cross-sectional area o f t e n s i l e t e s t specimen, mm2)
3.3 STEEL USED FOR COLD-FORMED SECTIONS. A l l s t e e l used i n t h e manufacture o f c o l d -
formed sections f o r use as s t r u c t u r a l members i n b u i l d i n g s h a l l comply w i t h 3.1
and, i n a d d i t i o n , s h a l l have a minimum y i e l d s t r e s s o f a t l e a s t 200 MPa .
3.4 STRUCTURAL TUBULAR AND HOLLOW STEEL SECTIONS. A l l s t e e l used i n t h e manufacture o f
hollow sections s h a l l comply w i t h t h e requirements o f SABS 1431 o r SABS 657:
P a r t I . Where so specified, special s t e e l s shal 1 be used.

3.5 WELDING CONSlJMABLES

3.5.1 Electrodes. We1 d i ng electrodes s h a l l comply w i t h t h e appl i c a b l e requirements o f
ABS 455 o r such o t h e r standard as may be agreed upon by t h e Engineer and t h e
Contractor.
3.5.2 Stora e and Handlin . The storage and handling o f a l l consumables s h a l l be i n
h w d r e q u i rements o f BS 5135.
3.5.3 Q u a l i t y . Welding consumables, i n a d d i t i o n t o complying w i t h t h e requirements o f
T ! Z r j - - s h a l l be such t h a t they produce weld metal t h a t , when t e s t e d i n accordance
w i t h t h e a p p l i c a b l e method g i v e n i n BS 709, has a minimum y i e l d s t r e s s and minimum
t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h a t l e a s t equal t o those o f t h e parent metal.

3.6 BOLTS, NUTS AND WASHERS

3.6.1 B o l t s and Nuts [ o t h e r than F r i c t i o n - a r i D ) . B o l t s and nuts o t h e r than f i t t e d b o l t s
and o t h e r than b o l t s and n i t S f o r f r i c t i d n - g r i p j o i n t s s h a l l comply w i t h t h e
requirements o f SABS 135, SABS 136 o r SABS 1143 (as a p p l i c a b l e ) f o r t h e t y p e shown
on t h e drawings o r scheduled. Nuts s h a l l be o f a t l e a s t t h e s t r e n g t h grade
appropriate t o t h e grade o f b o l t o r o t h e r threaded element with which they a r e
used.
F i t t e d b o l t s s h a l l comply with t h e r e l e v a n t requirements o f SABS 136.
Except as p r o v i d e d f o r i n 3.6.2, washers f o r b o l t s and n u t s s h a l l comply w i t h t h e
r e l e v a n t requirements o f SABS 1149.
3.6.2 F r i c t i o n - r i Fasteners. High-strength f r i c t i o n - g r i p b o l t s and associated n u t s and
washers s a piTe--r comp y w i t h t h e r e l e v a n t requirements o f SABS 1282 and s h a l l be
capable o f being r e l i a b l y t i g h t e n e d t o t h e a p p l i c a b l e l o a d recommended i n SABS 094.
Other types o f f r i c t i o n - g r i p fastener may a l s o b e used s u b j e c t t o approval and pro-
vided t h a t they have mechanical p r o p e r t i e s n o t i n f e r i o r t o b o l t s complying w i t h t h e
r e l e v a n t requirements o f SABS 1282 and t h a t they a r e capable o f b e i n g r e l i a b l y ten-
sioned t o t h e a p p l i c a b l e l o a d recommended i n SABS 094.

3.7 MILD STEEL RIVETS. M i l d s t e e l r i v e t s s h a l l comply w i t h t h e r e l e v a n t requirements o f

SABS 435.

4. PLANT
4.1 PLANT. P l a n t and equipment used i n t h e handling, f a b r i c a t i o n and e r e c t i o n o f
steelwork s h a l l comply w i t h t h e requirements o f t h e Machinery and Occupational
Safety Act, 1983 (Act 6 o f 1983), o r t h e Mines and Works Act, 1956 (Act 27 o f
1956), as a p p l i c a b l e . Handling and l i f t i n g p l a n t s h a l l have enough c a p a c i t y t o
ensure t h a t steelwork i s placed i n i t s f i n a l p o s i t i o n w i t h o u t d i s t o r t i o n o r undue
s t r e s s i n g o f members.
The use o f cranes, l i f t i n g devices, s a f e t y b e l t s , harnesses, nets and barricades
s h a l l comply w i t h t h e recommendations given i n BS 5531.
Pneumatic o r h y d r a u l i c equipment s h a l l be used f o r t h e d r i v i n g o f r i v e t s .
5. CONSTRUCTION
5.1 DRAWINGS AND SHOP DETAILS
5.1.1 Desi n Drawin s. The Engineer's drawings w i l l i n c l u d e a general arrangement o f t h e
&E!€ure i n d i c a t i n g a l l s t r u c t u r a l member sizes and special connections
and w i l l be s u f f i c i e n t l y comprehensive t o a l l o w t h e d e t a i l i n g o f a l l connections.
Dimension f i g u r e s on t h e drawings s h a l l be deemed t o be c o r r e c t , even i f t h e
drawings a r e n o t t o scale. No dimension s h a l l b e obtained from a drawing by
scal i n g . Where necessary, t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l drawings w i 11 a1 so be provided.
5.1.2 Contractor Provides Sho D e t a i l s . Where t h e Contractor i s responsible f o r preparing
s h o p e t a i l s . t h e EnginEer w i l l issue t o t h e Contractor, w i t h i n t h e p e r i o d s t a t e d
i n t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n a f t e r t h e date of t h e award o f t h e c o n t r a c t , design
drawings as s p e c i f i e d i n 5.1.1 and, i n a d d i t i o n , t h e necessary design c a l c u l a t i o n s
This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server. Under the copyright agreement
entered into, Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality may make five (5) printouts of the standard and must see to it
that no more than five persons have concurrent access to the standard.
7 SABS 1200 H-1990
S t r u c t u r a l steelwork

( i . e . s t r e s s diagrams and t h e r e l e v a n t c a l c u l a t i o n sheets o r computer p r i n t - o u t s ) .

Immediately on r e c e i p t of such drawings and c a l c u l a t i o n s , t h e Contractor s h a l l
s a t i s f y himself t h a t t h e drawings c o n t a i n a l l t h e i n f o r m a t i o n r e q u i r e d f o r t h e pre-
p a r a t i o n o f h i s own shop d e t a i l s and supporting c a l c u l a t i o n s . These shop d e t a i l
drawings and supporting c a l c u l a t i o n s , together with any o t h e r necessary drawings,
s h a l l be submitted i n d u p l i c a t e t o t h e Engineer f o r approval a t l e a s t 1 week ( O r
such o t h e r p e r i o d as may be s t a t e d i n t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n ) b e f o r e commence-
ment o f f a b r i c a t i o n . I n preparing t h e shop d e t a i l s , t h e Contractor s h a l l ensure
compliance w i t h t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l drawings w i t h respect t o items such as cladding.
The C o n t r a c t o r ' s drawings s h a l l b e complete i n every respect (i n c l u d i ng we1 d i ng
d e t a i l s , which s h a l l b e f u l l y described i n c l u d i n g d e t a i l s o f shop s p l i c e s ) and
s h a l l be checked by t h e Contractor p r i o r t o submission. One copy o f each drawing
w i l l be r e t a i n e d by t h e Engineer and, within 1 week ( o r such o t h e r p e r i o d as may be
s t a t e d i n t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n ) o f t h e date o f r e c e i p t by t h e Engineer, t h e
o t h e r copy w i l l b e returned t o t h e Contractor with t h e Engineer's comments o r W r i t -
t e n approval, as t h e case may be.
Before t h e commencement of f a b r i c a t i o n , t h e Contractor s h a l l o b t a i n from t h e
Engineer approval of t h e shop d e t a i l s , i n w r i t i n g . The approval g i v e n b y t h e
Engineer r e l a t e s t o s t r u c t u r a l adequacy and does n o t absolve t h e Contractor from
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r dimensional accuracy.
5.1.3 En i n e e r Provides Shop D e t a i l s . Where t h e Engineer undertakes t o prepare shop
deT-aircwings e win-ie general arrangement and marking and shop d e t a i l
drawings, togethehr with necessary b o l t and m a t e r i a l s l i s t s and cladding d e t a i l s , t o
t h e Contractor a t agreed dates t h a t w i l l enable t h e Contractor t o adhere t o t h e
agreed program.
The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e dimensional accuracy o f these drawings s h a l l r e s t w i t h
t h e Engineer; t h e Contractor w i l l , however, be r e q u i r e d t o examine t h e drawings
and, should any f i g u r e o r w r i t i n g be i n d i s t i n c t o r should any d e s c r i p t i o n be ambi-
guous, he s h a l l apply immediately t o t h e Engineer f o r c l a r i f i c a t i o n .
5.1.4 V a r i a t i o n s from Drawin s and Sections. Except where otherwise authorized i n w r i t i n g
i 5 j - t t i T E n ~ K e ~ a ~ ensure h a - t~h a t t h e work i s c a r r i e d o u t s t r i c t l y
i n accordance w i t h t h e drawings supplied t o t h e Contractor by t h e Engineer, o r
s u p p l i e d by t h e Contractor and approved by t h e Engineer.
Steel sections s h a l l be provided as s p e c i f i e d on t h e drawings except t h a t s u b s t i t u -
t i o n w i l l be p e r m i t t e d with t h e Engineer's p r i o r approval. Where t h e Contractor
wishes t o make a s u b s t i t u t i o n , he s h a l l submit h i s reasons and a l t e r n a t i v e propo-
sals i n writing.
5.2 FABRICATION
5.2.1 General. A1 1 s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l s h a l l , b o t h b e f o r e and a f t e r f a b r i c a t i o n ,
8 ) b e i t h i n t h e tolerances s p e c i f i e d i n Clause 6; and
b) unless r e q u i r e d t o be formed t o a p a r t i c u l a r shape, be f l a t , s t r a i g h t and f r e e
from t w i s t s . Any necessary s t r a i g h t e n i n g o r forming s h a l l be c a r r i e d o u t by methods
t h a t neither weaken nor deface t h e m a t e r i a l .
5.2.2 I d e n t i f i c a t i o n . Where so r e q u i r e d i n terms o f t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n , t h e grade
o f T - ? X F u c t E r s t e e l s h a l l be p o s i t i v e l y i d e n t i f i a b l e a t a l l stages o f f a b r i c a t i o n .
5.2.3 C u t t i n g . C u t t i n g may be done by sawing, shearing, cropping o r machine flame-
E E E I l g . Manual f l a m e - c u t t i n g i s p e r m i s s i b l e o n l y where authorized.
Edges s h a l l be f r e e from any d e f e c t s o r d i s t o r t i o n s t h a t may adversely a f f e c t t h e
s t r e n g t h o r s e r v i c e a b i l i t y o f t h e member. A l l exposed b u r r s and s i m i l a r defects
s h a l l be ground o f f and smoothed.
The edges o f flame-cut p l a t e s s h a l l , where so r e q u i r e d i n terms o f t h e p r o j e c t spe-
c i f i c a t i o n , be dressed t o remove notches o r as much m a t e r i a l as s p e c i f i e d .
5.2.4 Holes- f o r F a s t e F E
5.2.4.1 T h e p a c i n g G i w e e n holes f o r fasteners and distances between holes and edges s h a l l
comply with t h e r e l e v a n t p r o v i s i o n s o f SABS 0162.
5.2.4.2 Except where otherwise provided f o r i n 5.2.4.3-5.2.4.11, holes f o r fasteners s h a l l
be d r i l l e d .
5.2.4.3 Holes f o r fasteners o r f o r p i n s s h a l l n o t be formed by flame-cutting, except t h a t
holes f o r holding-down b o l t s may be flame-cut i f s p e c i f i c a l l y approved.
5.2.4.4 Unless otherwise r e q u i r e d i n terms o f t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n , and provided t h a t
punching does not unduly d i s t o r t t h e m a t e r i a l beyond t h e tolerances s p e c i f i e d i n
Clause 6, holes f o r r i v e t s o r f o r b o l t s , o t h e r than f i t t e d b o l t s (see 5.2.4.9), may
( s u b j e c t t o t h e p r o v i s i o n s of 5.2.4.5) be punched f u l l s i z e through m a t e r i a l n o t
t h i c k e r than t h e diameter o f t h e hole.
5.2.4.5 Punching through m a t e r i a l t h i c k e r than 12 mm s h a l l be done o n l y with p r i o r appro-
val.
5.2.4.6 The diameter of holes f o r fasteners i n c l u d i n g r i v e t s b u t excluding f r i c t i o n - g r i p
fasteners, f i t t e d b o l t s and holding-down b o l t s s h a l l , unless otherwise s p e c i f i c a l l y
r e q u i r e d i n terms of t h e design, n o t exceed t h e diameter o f t h e f a s t e n e r by more
than
a 2 mm i n t h e case of fasteners o f diameter up t o 24 mm; and
b { 3 mm i n t h e case o f fasteners o f diameter over 24 mm
5.2.4.7 The diameter o f holes f o r f r i c t i o n - g r i p fasteners s h a l l ;lot exceed t h e diameter o f
t h e fastener by more than 2 mm, except t h a t , where more than t h r e e components a r e
b o l t e d together, t h e diameter o f t h e holes i n t h e i n n e r components s h a l l n o t exceed
t h e diameter o f t h e fastener by more than 3 mm .
This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server. Under the copyright agreement
entered into, Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality may make five (5) printouts of the standard and must see to it
that no more than five persons have concurrent access to the standard.
SABS 1200 H-1990 8
S t r u c t u r a l steelwork

5.2.4.8 Holes f o r f r i c t i o n - g r i p fasteners s h a l l be checked f o r clearance and, a f t e r t h e

p a r t s have been assembled by means o f b a r r e l d r i f t s , t h e holes s h a l l b e checked f o r
alignment. E r r o r s i n alignment of a h o l e i n an i n n e r component s h a l l b e c o r r e c t e d
by d r i l l i n g o r reaming t h e hole. Lack of alignment o f a h o l e i n an o u t e r component
s h a l l b e c o r r e c t e d by d r i l l i n g o r reaming t h e h o l e through t h e assembled components
t o a l a r g e r size, and u s i n g a b o l t o f l a r g e r diameter.
5.2.4.9 The diameter o f holes f o r f i t t e d b o l t s o r p i n s s h a l l , s u b j e c t t o a t o l e r a n c e of
nim, be equal t o t h e nominal diameter of t h e b o l t o r p i n . Where p r a c t i c a b l e ,
-0
p a r t s t o be connected by f i t t e d b o l t s o r p i n s s h a l l be t i g h t l y clamped o r b o l t e d
together and t h e holes d r i l l e d through a l l t h e thicknesses i n a s i n g l e o p e r a t i o n
and subsequently reamed t o size. Holes n o t so d r i l l e d s h a l l be s u b - d r i l l e d o r sub-
punched t o a diameter a t l e a s t 2 mm under s i z e and reamed t o f u l l s i z e a f t e r
assembly o r , where t h i s i s n o t p r a c t i c a b l e , t h e p a r t s s h a l l be d r i l l e d and reamed
separately through hard bushed s t e e l j i g s . Holes f o r f i t t e d b o l t s o r p i n s s h a l l n o t
be f i n a l l y reamed u n t i l welding and o t h e r f a b r i c a t i o n procedures a r e complete.
5.2.4.10 The d e t a i l s of holes f o r holding-down b o l t s s h a l l be as shown on t h e drawings.
5.2.4.11 S l o t t e d holes s h a l l be formed by
a) d r i l l i n g or, subject t o t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f 5.2.4.4 and 5.2.4.5, punching a p a i r
o f holes and f l a m e - c u t t i n g between t h e holes; o r
b ) s l o t punching i n t h e case o f m a t e r i a l o f thickness n o t exceeding 12 mm .
5.2.4.12 A l l b u r r s s h a l l b e removed from holes b e f o r e assembly except t h a t , where holes a r e
d r i l l e d i n one o p e r a t i o n through assembled p a r t s t h a t w i l l n o t b e separated a f t e r
d r i l l i n g , b u r r s on o n l y t h e o u t s i d e surfaces o f such assemblies s h a l l be removed.
5.2.4.13 Where a sealed hollow member i s h o l e d f o r a f a s t e n e r o r pin, p r o v i s i o n s h a l l be
made t o prevent ingress o f moisture t o t h e i n t e r i o r o f t h e member.
5.2.5 J o i n t s i n Compression. The a b u t t i n g surfaces o f a j o i n t dependent on c o n t a c t f o r
€ F E m m i s s i o n o f l o a d s h a l l so b u t t t h a t t h e areas necessary t o t r a n s m i t t h e
l o a d a r e i n contact. A bearing face t h a t i s t o be grouted d i r e c t t o a foundation
need n o t be machined b u t such a f a c e s h a l l be t r u e and p a r a l l e l t o t h e upper f a c e
o f t h e foundation.
5.2.6 S t r u c t u r a l Hollow Sections. Where so r e q u i r e d i n t h e design, t h e ends o f hollow
-
sections may b e - i T X m o r otherwise formed, f o r welded, b o l t e d o r r i v e t e d con-
nections p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e method employed does n o t damage o r deface t h e m a t e r i a l .
The change o f shape o f a s e c t i o n s h a l l be gradual.
Unless special p r o t e c t i o n against c o r r o s i o n i s provided by o t h e r means, t h e
i n t e r i o r of any hollow member, whether a s t r u c t u r a l hollow s e c t i o n o r a f a b r i c a t e d
member, s h a l l be so sealed as t o prevent t h e ingress o f moisture.

5.3 ASSEMBLY
5.3.1 General. The component p a r t s s h a l l be so assembled t h a t
V t K w h o l e and a l l p a r t s o f t h e f i n i s h e d s t r u c t u r e a r e w i t h i n t h e tolerances spe-
c i f i e d i n Clause 6;
b ) no member i s bent, t w i s t e d o r otherwise damaged; and
c ) s p e c i f i e d cambers a r e obtained.
5.3.2 A l i nment o f Holes. A l l matching holes f o r fasteners o r f o r p i n s s h a l l so r e g i s t e r
E&# each o t h e r t h a t t h e fasteners can be i n s e r t e d f r e e l y through t h e assembled
members i n a d i r e c t i o n a t r i g h t angles t o t h e faces i n contact. D r i f t i n g t o a l i g n
holes, o t h e r than holes f o r f r i c t i o n - g r i p fasteners (see 5.2.4.8), s h a l l be so done
t h a t t h e metal i s n o t d i s t o r t e d and t h e holes a r e n o t enlarged. Holes t h a t cannot
be a1 igned w i t h o u t enlargement s h a l l be cause f o r r e j e c t i o n unless enlargement by
reaming i s s p e c i f i c a l l y approved.
5.3.3 Lvoidance of Excessive Stresses d u r - Construction. Structures, composite u n i t s ,
a n d ' m K m Z ; i i i b l i e s t h a t o @ r i S e component Fa743 s h a l l n o t be subjected t o
excessive stresses d u r i n g t h e assembly, f a b r i c a t i o n o r e r e c t i o n process.
5.3.4 We1 ding. We1 d i ng s h a l l be c a r r i e d o u t i n accordance w i t h t h e re1evant recommen-
daE5ns of SABS 044, SABS 0162 and AWS D 1 . l o r BS 5135. P a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n s h a l l
be p a i d t o t h e f o l l o w i n g :
a) Welding techniques s h a l l be such as t o prevent undue d i s t o r t i o n and minimize
shrinkage stresses.
b ) A l l s l a g and s p a t t e r s h a l l be removed.
5.3.5
5.3.5.1 w o t h e r than Friction- r i
--ij-f"
e p a r s - U 6 ' 6 T F i i G d 3 i a 1 1- e i r m l y drawn toqether. Grade 4.6 b o l t s and
Grade 8.8 b o l t s i n shear and bearing t y p e connections s h a l l be tensioned by hand t o
t h e l i m i t o f t h e torque t h a t can be a p p l i e d by t h e use o f a standard podger
spanner. High t e n s i l e b o l t s f o r major tension type o r moment type connections and
where f a t l g u e i s a consideration, s h a l l be t i g h t e n e d t o a t e n s i o n o f 75 % o f t h e
proof l o a d s t r e s s o f t h e b o l t .
5.3.5.2 Except i n t h e case o f f i t t e d b o l t s and unless othet-wi se r e q u i r e d i n terms o f t h e
p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n o r s p e c i f i c a l l y ordered, washers need n o t be used where sur-
faces a r e f l a t and flanges untapered, and holes have normal clearances (see 5.2.4).
On tapered flanges, tapered washers s h a l l be used t o g i v e b o l t heads and nuts a
s a t i s f a c t o r y bearing. Where holes have g r e a t e r than normal clearance, washers s h a l l
be used under b o l t heads and nuts.
The l e n g t h o f each b o l t s h a l l be such t h a t a f t e r t h e b o l t has been tightened, a t
l e a s t one thread p r o j e c t s through t h e n u t and a t l e a s t one f u l l t h r e a d ( i n a d d i t i o n
t o t h e thread runout) remains c l e a r between t h e nut and t h e unthreaded shank.
This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server. Under the copyright agreement
entered into, Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality may make five (5) printouts of the standard and must see to it
that no more than five persons have concurrent access to the standard.
9 SABS 1200 H-1990
S t r u c t u r a l steelwork

5.3.5.3 F i t t e d b o l t s s h a l l be long enough t o ensure t h a t no threaded p o r t i o n i s within t h e

thickness o f t h e connected p a r t s r e q u i r e d t o develop t h e bearing l o a d on t h e b o l t ,
and s h a l l b e p r o v i d e d w i t h a washer o r washers, under t h e nut, o f thickness such as
t o ensure t h a t a t l e a s t one f u l l thread ( i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e t h r e a d runout) remains
c l e a r between t h e n u t and t h e unthreaded shank. Where holes f o r f i t t e d b o l t s a r e
reamed a f t e r assembly, t h e p a r t s t o b e connected s h a l l be a c c u r a t e l y l i n e d up with
p a r a l l e l d r i f t s and a b o l t s h a l l be f i t t e d and t i g h t e n e d i n each reamed h o l e b e f o r e
t h e n e x t h o l e i s reamed. A l l t h e b o l t s i n each group s h a l l b e re-tightened a f t e r
t h e 1 a s t b o l t i n t h e group has been f i t t e d .
5.3.6 F r i c t i o n - g r i Fastenin . The use o f f r i c t i o n - g r i p b o l t s s h a l l b e i n accordance w i t h
t F m m i d r e s g i v e n i n SABS 094. Unless otherwise specified, t h e t u r n -
of-the-nut t i g h t e n i n g method s h a l l be used. Once f r i c t i o n - g r i p b o l t s o f Grade 10.9s
and galvanized f r i c t i o n - g r i p b o l t s o f Grade 8.8s have been tensioned, they s h a l l
n o t be re-used, but o t h e r Grade 8.85 f r i c t i o n - g r i p b o l t s may b e re-used s o l e l y a t
t h e d i s c r e t i o n o f t h e Engineer.
Where use i s made o f o t h e r types o f f r i c t i o n - g r i p fastener, t h e y s h a l l be assembled
and t i g h t e n e d t o a t l e a s t t h e t e n s i o n recommended i n SABS 094, i n accordance with
t h e recommendations o f t h e manufacturer and t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s o f t h e Engineer.
5.3.7
5.3.7.1 s h a l l b e c a r r i e d o u t b y t h e use o f pneumatic o r h y d r a u l i c equipment.
R i v e t e d members s h a l l have a l l p a r t s f i r m l y drawn and h e l d together b e f o r e and
d u r i n g r i v e t i n g , and special c a r e s h a l l be taken w i t h s i n g l e - r i v e t e d connections.
For m u l t i p l e - r i v e t e d connections, a temporary b o l t s h a l l be t i g h t e n e d i n a t l e a s t
every f o u r t h h o l e b e f o r e d r i v i n g t h e r i v e t s .
Every r i v e t s h a l l be heated u n i f o r m l y throughout i t s length, w i t h o u t burning o r
excessive scaling, and s h a l l be o f s u f f i c i e n t l e n g t h t o p r o v i d e a well-formed head.
It s h a l l , when driven, completely f i l l t h e h o l e and, i f countersunk, t h e counter-
s i n k i n g s h a l l be f u l l y f i l l e d , any proudness being dressed o f f f l u s h , i f so required.
A r i v e t s h a l l be f r e e from any adhering scale a f t e r heating and, when placed i n
p o s i t i o n f o r d r i v i n g , s h a l l be a t a c o n s i s t e n t b r i g h t r e d heat throughout. Special
c a r e s h a l l be taken i n heating and d r i v i n g l o n g r i v e t s .
5.3.7.2 A r i v e t t h a t i s found t o have one o r more o f t h e f o l l o w i n g d e f e c t s s h a l l b e cut o u t
and replaced b e f o r e t h e s t r u c t u r e i s loaded ( s p e c i a l care s h a l l be taken i n t h e
i n s p e c t i o n o f s i n g l e - r i v e t e d connections):
a) E c c e n t r i c i t y ( o f t h e r i v e t head) exceeding 0,l times t h e diameter o f t h e shank;
b) p i t t i n g ( i . e . burning) deeper than 1 mm over more than 10 % o f t h e surface o f
t h e r i v e t head;
c ) cracks v i s i b l e t o t h e unaided eye;
d) a gap between t h e surface o f t h e member and t h e r i v e t head such t h a t a f e e l e r
gauge o f thickness 0,15 mm o r more can be i n s e r t e d as f a r as t h e shank;
e) looseness such t h a t , when one side o f a r i v e t head i s s t r u c k with a hammer,
movement can be f e l t with a f i n g e r placed on t h e o t h e r side;
f ) a malformed head, i . e . a r i v e t w i t h a "jockey cap" head;
g) a head t h a t does n o t f i l l a countersunk h o l e f u l l y .
Not more than 5 % o f t h e r i v e t s i n a s i n g l e j o i n t o r member s h a l l c o n t a i n any
defect o f l e s s e r magnitude than, b u t o f t h e same type as, any o f those g i v e n i n
(a)-(d) above and, i n a d d i t i o n , no two such r i v e t s s h a l l b e c l o s e r together than 10
r i v e t pitches.
5.3.8 Marking. Each p i e c e o f steelwork s h a l l be d i s t i n c t l y marked b e f o r e d e l i v e r y , i n
-
accordance with a marking diagram, and may bear such o t h e r marks as w i 11 f a c i 1 it a t e
erection.
5.3.9 Pr~a.~-e-~ is.^
r o t e c t -i v e -- A l l steelwork surfaces t h a t a r e t o be painted, o r otherwise
Treatment.
, a e prepared and t r e a t e d i n accordance w i t h SABS 1200 HC.
5.4 SETTING-OUT. Before t h e Contractor commences e r e c t i o n o f steelwork on S i t e , he
s h a l l check t h a t t h e s e t t i n g - o u t and t h e l e v e l s o f holding-down b o l t s and o f
concrete foundations, beam faces, columns, etc., a r e i n accordance w i t h t h e
drawings p r o v i d e d and he s h a l l r e p o r t any discrepancies immediately t o t h e
Engineer.
5.5 ERECTION
5.5.1 Procedure. Where r e q u i r e d i n terms o f t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n and b e f o r e com-
me-rection o f steelwork on Site, t h e Contractor shal.1 submit t o t h e Engineer,
f o r h i s general s c r u t i n y and information, f u l l d e t a i l s o f t h e e r e c t i o n procedure
and methods o f e r e c t i o n .
5.5.2 Stora e and Handling. A l l s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l a t t h e S i t e s h a l l b e so s t o r e d and
fisii&GtT-- i s n o t subjected t o damage o r excessive s t r e s s and i s k e p t clean.
5.5.3 Safet d u r i n E r e c t i o n . While i t i s encumbent on t h e Engineer t o ensure t h a t t h e
-%
- - iu
Fx c u r e or e ements -thereof can be erected w i t h o u t l o s s o f s t a b i l i t y o r w i t h o u t
overstress, t h e Contractor i s responsible f o r t h e maintenance o f s a f e t y standards
during erection.
Adequate temporary b r a c i n g o r s t i f f e n i n g s h a l l b e provided by t h e Contractor during
e r e c t i o n t o p r o t e c t t h e s t r u c t u r e from
a) t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of l o s s of s t a b i l i t y o r o v e r s t r e s s i n g o f t h e s t r u c t u r e i n i t s
p a r t l y completed s t a t e , and
b ) t h e i m p o s i t i o n o f laadings ( i n p a r t i c u l a r those due t o e r e c t i o n equipment o r
This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server. Under the copyright agreement
entered into, Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality may make five (5) printouts of the standard and must see to it
that no more than five persons have concurrent access to the standard.
SABS 1200 H-1990 10
S t r u c t u r a l s t e e l work

procedures) t h a t a r e more severe than those t h a t t h e completed s t r u c t u r e i s

intended t o sustain.
A1 1 temporary works provided f o r t h i s purpose s h a l l be l e f t i n p o s i t i o n u n t i l such
t i m e as e r e c t i o n i s s u f f i c i e n t l y advanced f o r them t o be no loncrer reauired.
The Contractor s h a l l ensure t h a t connections f o r temporary bracjng, members o r
c l e a t s and a d d i t i o n a l holes used t o f a c i l i t a t e handling o r e r e c t i o n do n o t weaken
t h e permanent s t r u c t u r e o r i m p a i r i t s s e r v i c e a b i l i t y . I f he has any doubts, he
s h a l l ask t h e Engineer f o r i n s t r u c t i o n s .
5.5.4 _ _ A l l pockets t h a t a r e t o r e c e i v e holding-down b o l t s , f i t t i n g s o r
Alignment.
steelwork s h a l l b e cleaned o u t immediately b e f o r e e r e c t i o n i s commenced. Each p a r t
of a s t r u c t u r e s h a l l b e a l i g n e d as soon as p o s s i b l e a f t e r i t has been erected.
Members s h a l l n o t b e permanently connected u n t i l enough o f t h e s t r u c t u r e has been
aligned, l e v e l l e d , plumbed and t e m p o r a r i l y connected t o ensure t h a t they w i l l n o t
be displaced d u r i n g t h e e r e c t i o n o r alignment o f t h e remainder o f t h e s t r u c t u r e .
5.5.5 --
Corrections. D r i f t p i n s , j a c k i n g equipment and t h e l i k e s h a l l n o t b e used t o b r i n g
impropery-fabricated members i n t o place. A moderate degree o f reaming and c u t t i n g ,
however, may be employed t o c o r r e c t minor m i s f i t s o n l y i f , i n t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e
Engineer, t h i s w i l l n o t be detrimental t o t h e s t r e n g t h o r appearance o f t h e
steelwork. Except as allowed i n terms o f 5.2.4.3, no b u r n i n g o f holes i n steelwork
w i 11 be p e r m i t t e d w i t h o u t t h e w r i t t e n consent o f t h e Engineer.
5.6 GROUTING OF SUPPORTS
5.6.1 R e s p o n s i b i l i t y . Unless otherwise r e q u i r e d i n terms o f t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n ,
g r o u i i n g m e d d i n g w i l l be c a r r i e d o u t by o t h e r s t o t h e Engineer's s p e c i f i c a t i o n
and approval. The Contractor s h a l l ensure t h a t a l l g r o u t i n g has been completed
b e f o r e cladding and o t h e r l o a d i n g i s applied.
5.6.2 Preparation. The Contractor s h a l l ensure t h a t no bedding o r g r o u t i n g i s c a r r i e d o u t
Lj-o€hFrFuntil enough o f t h e s t r u c t u r e has been a l i g n e d or, f o r m u l t i s t o r e y
b u i l d i n g s , a s u f f i c i e n t number o f bottom lengths o f stanchions have been aligned,
l e v e l l e d and plumbed and adequately braced by t h e Contractor by means o f o t h e r
s t r u c t u r a l components t h a t have been l e v e l l e d and a r e securely h e l d by t h e i r per-
manent connections.
Steel wedges o r packings o r o t h e r l e v e l l i n g devices o f adequate s t r e n g t h and r i g i d -
i t y s h a l l be used t o support t h e steelwork. Immediately b e f o r e b e i n g grouted, t h e
space and a l l pockets under t h e s t e e l s h a l l be c l e a r e d o f a l l d e b r i s and f r e e
water.
5.6.3 Beddin of Stanchions i n Foundation Pockets. Before s t e e l sections a r e embedded i n
__-
c o n c r e ? C - € l T C 5 % p € e specifi-corrosion p r o t e c t i o n system s h a l l b e a p p l i e d t o
each member down t o a t l e a s t 100 mm below t h e l e v e l o f t h e concrete. I n t h e case o f
a p a i n t system, an a d d i t i o n a l f i n a l c o a t o f t h e s p e c i f i e d p r o t e c t i o n s h a l l be
a p p l i e d t o t h e surfaces o f each member and s h a l l extend t o a t l e a s t 100 mm above
and below t h e l e v e l o f t h e concrete. Where g r o u t i n g i s t o be c a r r i e d o u t by t h e
Contractor, stanchions i n pocket bases s h a l l be grouted w i t h dense concrete having
a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c cube s t r e n g t h a t 28 d o f n o t l e s s than t h a t o f t h e surrounding
concrete base, o r 20 MPa, whichever i s t h e greater, and w i t h a maximum aggregate
s i z e o f 10 mm . Rapid-hardening o r h i g h alumina cement may be used o n l y when speci-
f i c a l l y a u t h o r i z e d by t h e Engineer. A t l e a s t t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e depth o f t h e pocket
s h a l l b e f i l l e d i n i t i a l l y and t h e stanchions s h a l l then remain undisturbed f o r a t
l e a s t 48 h ( o r an e q u i v a l e n t p e r i o d where rapid-hardening o r h i g h alumina cement i s
used) a f t e r which t h e pocket s h a l l be f i l l e d .
5.6.4 Encasing o f Steelwork i n Foundations. A l l s t r u c t u r a l steelwork i n foundations s h a l l
b e s o - r i - ~ e n c a s ~ ~ n d e n s e - ~wni t ch ra~minimum ~ o f 100 mm .
5.7 SUNDRY ITEMS
5.7.1 Handrails. Handrails s h a l l b e o f t h e type and s h a l l be purpose made i n t h e s t y l e
-
a K T 3 a p 6 s g i v e n i n t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n and shown on t h e drawings. The
c o n t r a c t o r s h a l l ensure, by making i n - s i Lu measurements b e f o r e manufacture i s
s t a r t e d , t h a t t h e h a n d r a i l s s u i t t h e s i t u a t i o n i n which t h e y a r e t o be i n s t a l l e d .
Handrails s h a l l be supplied complete w i t h a l l t h e necessary f i x i n g b o l t s , nuts,
etc.
5.7.2 Ladders. Ladders s h a l l be manufactured i n accordance w i t h t h e d e t a i l s and general
Zr?X?ng6ments shown on the drawings. Ladders s h a l l be suppl i e d coinpl e t e w i t h a1 1 t h e
necessary b o l t s , nuts and washers f o r f i x i n g .
5.7.3 w e n G r i d F l o o r s . Open g r i d s t e e l covers and f l o o r panels s h a l l be manufactured by
a n ~ ~ s p eCc i a l i zd i n g ~i n such work. They s h a l l be pressure locked o r welded
( o r b o t h ) . A l l sparibars s h a l l have a thickness, depth and spacing such t h a t t h e
d e f l e c t i o n of any b a r under design l o a d c o n d i t i o n s does n o t exceed 1/200th o f t h e
c l e a r span, o r 10 mm. whichever i s t h e lesser. F l o o r i n g s h a l l be made i n panels o f
sizes t h a t conform t o t h e dimensions given on t h e drawings. The panels s h a l l be
s u p p l i e d p r e f a b r i c a t e d with cut-outs t h a t conform t o t h e d e t a i l s given. Unless
authorized t o do so, t h e Contractor s h a l l n o t c u t o r weld open g r i d f l o o r panels on
Site.
5.7.4 F l o o r p l a t e F l o o r s . F l o o r p l a t e s h a l l b e as s p e c i f i e d and s h a l l have an approved
raise?l-pa'C€ETil,l:ifting key holes s h a l l be provided as s p e c i f i e d .
This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server. Under the copyright agreement
entered into, Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality may make five (5) printouts of the standard and must see to it
that no more than five persons have concurrent access to the standard.
11 SABS 1200 H-1990
S t r u c t u r a l steelwork

6. TOL-ERANCES
6.1 GENERAL
6.1.1 V e r i f i c a t i o n o f Dimensions. V e r i f i c a t i o n of dimensions s h a l l be c a r r i e d o u t
-
aJ3n s t e e l t h a t i s a t normal temperature (see 2.3), measurements b e i n g made with a
tape t h a t i s a t normal temperature and tensioned t o 70 N;
b) f o r e r e c t i o n , within 3 h a f t e r t h e time of sunrise o r w i t h i n 3 h b e f o r e t h e time
o f sunset, o r a t such time when, i n t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e Engineer, t h e e f f e c t o f t h e
sun i s minimal. D i s t o r t i o n caused by t h e sun's rays s t r i k i n g one s i d e o f a member
o r s t r u c t u r e s h a l l be taken i n t o account, and measurements s h a l l be made o n l y a t
times when t h i s e f f e c t i s non-existent o r o f no consequence.
6.1.2 F a b r i c a t i o n and Assembl Tolerance. The p e r m i s s i b l e d e v i a t i o n on t h e dimensions o f
components (such as g E k s 3 5 X - b r a c i n g , etc.) and on t h e l o c a t i o n o f b o l t holes
i n components and elements o f a s t r u c t u r e s h a l l be a 2 mm .
(See a l s o 5.2.4.) Holes
f o r connections s h a l l be a l i q n e d as s p e c i f i e d i n 5.3.2.
6.1.3 Roundin U o f PDs. A l l c a l c i l a t e d p e r m i s s i b l e d e v i a t i o n s s h a l l be rounded up t o
€ h F n i i h T l imetre.
6.2 TOLERANCES ON DIMENSIONS, ACCURACY OF ERECTION, ETC.
6.2.1 R o l l e d Sections. The tolerances on cross-sectional dimensions o f r o l l e d sections
J l i a l l b e as s p e c i f i e d i n t h e l a t e s t issue o f t h e South A f r i c a n I n s t i t u t e o f Steel
C o n s t r u c t i o n ' s s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l tab1 es.
6.2.2 ___-
Other -Tolerances. The tolerances on a l l dimensions (other than o f r o l l e d sections),
accuracy o f e r e c t i o n , l o c a t i o n o f holding-down b o l t s , l o c a t i o n o f column bases,
l e v e l s , etc., s h a l l be as g i v e n below:

Permissible deviation, mm

I tem Degree o f Accuracy

-
I11
-
Cross-sections Width o f f l a n g e ( b )

b 5 400 mm *
b > 400 mm *
wJ f Depth ( h ) f
-__

h 5 1 000 mm *
h h > 1 000 mm *

3) Flatness o f web (A)

t, < h,/150 *
t *
t, 2 hw/150

LENGTH EQUAL TO

+ 4) Off-centre o f web ( e ) *

*
5 ) T____~-_.--
i l t o f flange (a)

T+* 6) Warpage o f f l a n g e (B) *

.-
rAs s t a t e d i n t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n o r schedule, i f required.
* A l l i n d i c a t e d p e r m i s s i b l e d e v i a t i o n s from t h e s p e c i f i e d depth (11) may occur
simultaneously and be cumulative.
This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server. Under the copyright agreement
entered into, Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality may make five (5) printouts of the standard and must see to it
that no more than five persons have concurrent access to the standard.
SABS 1200 H-1990 12
S t r u c t u r a l s t e e l work

-_

I tern Degree o f Accuracy

111

b) Length
1)TlG-mS o f t h e l e n g t h o f a member from desig-
nated l e n g t h ............................... *
2)For such members as trusses and l a t t i c e g i r d e r s
these tolerances apply t o t h e member as a
whole. The lengths o f component p a r t s s h a l l be
such t h a t t h e member can be p r o p e r l y assembled
with a PD o f .................................. *
c) Accuracy o f e r e c t i o n
l ) O i E 3 - @ l ' U j b T E F a n y v e r t i c a l h e i g h t ( H ) ..... *

t u r e s o f more than one s t o r e y i n h e i g h t from

designated p o s i t i o n ( t o t a l s t r u c t u r e height, W ) * Greater o f *
G o r H I 1 000

p u r l i n s and sheeting r a i l s ) o f l e n g t h L , betweer

p o i n t s t h a t a r e t o be l a t e r a l l y r e s t r a i n e d
................................................ * Greater o f *
3 o r L/1 000
2)For o t h e r members of l e n g t h L .................. * Lesser o f *
25 o r L/500
3)Handrails ...................................... * ++ *
e) Location- o f h o l d i n -down b o l t s
1 ) T T E - c ~ hol d d i ng-down b o l t from i t s
designated l o c a t i o n i n p l a n .................... * f 3 *
2)The t o p o f t h e b o l t from i t s designated e l e -
v a t i o n ......................................... * + 5 *
- 3
f) - __ Designated l e v e l and p l a n p o s i t i o n
Column bases.
o f column bases ................................ * 2 3 *
g) @. Each storey ............................. * f illstorey *
t o up t o f 30
h) Gantry crane rg&
l)ETa€En-ot'igauge f o r span S
i ) l e s s than o r equal t o 15 m .................... * f G *

................................
i i ) e x c e e d i n g 15 m *
iii)with a maximum o f ............................. *
NOTE: For r o l l e r - g u i d e d cranes, t h e PDs f o r (i)and
(ii) above w i 11 be doubled.
2)Maximum d i f f e r e n c e s i n l e v e l between r a i l s ,
measured a t r i g h t angles t o t h e gantry ........
3)Maximum d i f f e r e n c e i n l e v e l over any 2 m l e n g t h
* 10 I*
of r a i l ....................................... * 2 *
4)Maximum dev3ation i n p l a n from a s t r a i g h t l i n e * f 5 *
5)Maximum h o r i z o n t a l o f f s e t a t any p o i n t along
t h e r a i l from:
i a 2 m chord ................................... * 1 *
i i ] a 15 in chord .................................. * 5 *

*As s t a t e d i n t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n o r schedule, i f required.

++Handrails s h a l l , i n t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e Engineer, be v i s u a l l y s t r a i g h t
( o r o f s p e c i f i e d shape).
This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server. Under the copyright agreement
entered into, Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality may make five (5) printouts of the standard and must see to it
that no more than five persons have concurrent access to the standard.

13 SABS 1200 H-1990

S t r u c t u r a l steelwork

7. TESTING
7.1 TEST CERTIFICATES. Where r e q u i r e d i n terms o f t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n , t e s t cer-
t i f i c a t e s , o r c a s t a n a l y s i s c e r t i f i c a t e s ( o t both), p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e s t e e l t o be
used s h a l l be supplied t o t h e Engineer by t h e Contractor.

7.2 INSPECTION. The Engineer s h a l l have access a t a l l reasonable times t o a l l places

where t h e work i s being c a r r i e d o u t and s h a l l b e provided with a l l t h e necessary
f a c i l i t i e s f o r i n s p e c t i o n d u r i n g a l l stages o f construction.

7.3 INSPECTION AND TESTING OF WELDS. The Contractor s h a l l examine welds as f o l l o w s :

a ) Visual examination o f a l l welds t o check t h a t
1 ) t h e r e a r e no uneven l e g lengths and t h a t t h e r e i s no cracking o r unacceptable
u n d e r c u t t i n g o r p o r o s i t y , as recommended i n SABS 044: P a r t 111, and
2 ) f u l l f u s i o n i s being achieved w h i l e welding i s i n progress;
b) dimensional checks i n accordance w i t h BS 5135.
Only where so r e q u i r e d i n terms o f t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n s h a l l welders b e
t e s t e d o r d e s t r u c t i v e o r non-destructive t e s t s be c a r r i e d out.
Welds done i n t h e shop(s) s h a l l be t e s t e d and, i f necessary, r e c t i f i e d b e f o r e
despatch.

8. MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

8,l BASIC PRINCIPLES
8.1.1 Work i n v o l v i n g s t e e l members and platework w i l l be measured b y mass o f s t e e l .
Sundry items w i l l be measured by number, mass o r area, depending on t h e n a t u r e o f
t h e i t e m (see 8 . 1 . 2 ) .
8.1.2 Where t h e r e i s considerable r e p e t i t i o n o f a r t i c l e s o f t h e same d e s c r i p t i o n and mass
(e.g. ladders, foundation b o l t s , frames, loose c l e a t s , etc.) t h a t a r e measured by
mass, t h e number o f such a r t i c l e s and t h e mass o r length, as applicable, of each
w i l l be s t a t e d i n t h e schedule.
8.2 COMPUTATION OF QUANTITIES
8.2.1 The mass o f steelwork w i l l be c a l c u l a t e d on t h e b a s i s o f t h e nominal mass p e r u n i t
l e n g t h as s t a t e d i n t h e South A f r i c a n I n s t i t u t e o f Steel Construction's s t r u c t u r a l
s t e e l t a b l e s o r , where n o t so stated, t h e mass w i l l be c a l c u l a t e d from a s t e e l den-
s i t y o f 7 850 kg/m3 . The mass o f f i t t i n g s such as c l e a t s , gussets, battens and
s t i f f e n e r s w i l l be added t o t h e mass o f t h e members.
8.2.2 Tolerances f o r r o l l i n g margins and o t h e r p e r m i s s i b l e d e v i a t i o n s w i l l be neglected.
No deductions w i l l be made f o r holes f o r fasteners o r f o r m i l l i n g o r planing, and
no a d d i t i o n s w i l l be made f o r r o l l i n g margin, waste, weld metal o r shop fasteners.
8.2.3 Unless otherwise stated, gussets w i l l be measured on t h e b a s i s o f t h e minimum
encloslng rectangle. Each large, shaped p l a t e such as a roof, a bottom t o a c i r -
c u l a r tank o r a hopper bottom t o a bunker o r a s i l o , w i l l b e measured on t h e b a s i s
o f t h e n e t s i z e o f t h e element.

8.3 SCHEDULED ITEMS

8.3.1 Su 1 and-Fabrication
8.3.1.1 P r e p a r a t i o n o f shop d e t a i l drawings ...............................
The r a t e s h a l l cover t h e c o s t o f t h e p r e p a r a t i o n and submission t o
Unit: t o r Sum
t h e Engineer o f acceptable shop d e t a i l drawings and supporting c a l -
culations.
Payment under t h i s item w i l l o n l y be made where such drawings a r e
r e a u i r e d i n terms o f t h e D r o i e c t s D e c i f i c a t i o n .
8.3.1.2 Supply and f a b r i c a t i o n o f ' steelwot-k ............................... Unit: t
Separate items w i l l b3 scheduled Er each t y p e o f member and each
structural position.
Members w i l l be subdivided t o d i s t i n g u i s h between d i f f e r e n t methods
o f j o i n t i n g , e.g. welding and b o l t i n g . The t y p e o f fastener w i l l b e
stated, where necessary.
The r a t e s h a l l cover t h e c o s t o f supply, t r i a l assembly ( i f r e q u i r e d
i n terms o f t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n ) and f a b r i c a t i o n o f t h e s t e e l -
work complete w i t h a l l t h e necessary c l e a t s , brackets, gussets, shop
fasteners, packs, baseplates and t h e l i k e , and loading ready f o r
despatch t o S i t e .
8.3.2 Del i v e r v t o S i t e
8.3.2.1 NG7mETmivery................................................... Unit: t
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( d e l i v e r y ) o f steelwork t o S i t e w i l l be scheduled
separately.
8.3.2.2 Abnormal loads .................................................... Unit: t
Separate items w i l l be scheduled as extra-over 8 . 3 . 2 . 1 f o r t r a n s -
p o r t a t i o n o f members t h a t are so abnormal i n shape, s i z e o r mass as
t o warrant special arrangements f o r t h e i r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n terms o f
t h e Road T r a f f i c Ordinance.
8.3.2.3 Rates. The r a t e s f o r 8 . 3 . 2 . 1 and 8 . 3 . 2 . 2 s h a l l cover t h e c o s t o f
T r Z E p o r t a t i o n from t h e shop t o t h e S i t e o f t h e works, i n c l u d i n g
handling on and o f f r a i l w a y trucks, i f r e q u i r e d as p a r t o f t h e
t r a n s i t operation, and t h e c o s t o f any demurrage i n c u r r e d i n con-
n e c t i o n with t h e movement o f t h e steelwork from shop t o S i t e .
This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server. Under the copyright agreement
entered into, Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality may make five (5) printouts of the standard and must see to it
that no more than five persons have concurrent access to the standard.
SABS 1200 H-1990 14
S t r u c t u r a l s t e e l work

8.3.3 E r e c t i o n on S i t e ................................................. Unit: t o r No.

E E c T i o n - 5 F T E l w o r k on S i t e w i 11 be scheduled separately.
Separate items w i l l be provided f o r exDansion b o l t s arid o t h e r
anchorages f o r h a n d r a i l i n g and t h e l i k e .
The r a t e s h a l l cover' t h e c o s t o f o f f l o a d i n g t h z steelwork from
v e h i c l e s on S i t e , stacking i n a designated area. moving from such
area, assembly, e r e c t i o n , a l i g n i n g , p r o v i s i o n of e r e c t i o n equipment,
temporary supports, and s a f e t y measures.
8.3.4 Erection Bolts ................................................... Unit: t o r No.
Separate items w i l l be scheduled f o r each gradc and t y p e o f b o l t .
The r a t e s h a l l cover t h e c o s t o f supplying, d e l i v e r y and storage on
S i t e o f b o l t s , washers and nuts.
8.3.5 S i t e Welding ...................................................... Unit: m
Sp-FT5ems w i l l be scheduled d e s c r i b i n g t h e extent, n a t u r e and
p o s i t i o n o f S i t e welding.
The r a t e s h a l l cover t h e c o s t o f access, i n c l u d i n g s c a f f o l d i n g ,
p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e weld areas, welding, i n c l u d i n g t h e supply o f con-
sumables and equipment, and t h e cleaning up o f t h e weld, i n c l u d i n g
arindincl. i f necessary. and removal of weld s p a t t e r .
8.3.6 i o l d i n :down (HDL BolIS ........................................... Unit: t o r No.
S e p a k Z h e m s w i T T 6 F s c h e d u l e d f o r each diameter, s i z e and shape
of bolt.
The r a t e s h a l l cover t h e c o s t o f supplying and d e l i v e r i n g HD b o l t s
complete w i t h washers and nuts, and a l l threading, shaping, anchor
p l a t e s and frames, as shown on drawings, and stacking them on S i t e
ready f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n by others, as d i r e c t e d .
8.3.7 Handrai 1s
E'JTlaTdrail assembly-lete ............
(Drawing number s t a t e d ) Unit: Sum
-
Handrall XssembTy cornpm5 (Detai 1 s given)
HTirizon€a-;T- ............................................. Unit: m
Sloping (measured on slope) ................................... Unit: m
3) Shaped ends ................................................... Unit: No.
c ) Handrail (Type stated)
1 Rdilsnly .................................................... Unit: m
2) Stanchions o n l y ............................................... Unit: No.
3 Bends, end closures and accessories ........................... Unit: No.
41 HD b o l t s , nuts and washers f o r each stanchion ................. U n i t : Sets
The r a t e s f o r (a) and (b) above s h a l l cover t h e c o s t o f supplying
a l l m a t e r i a l s and f i x i n g b o l t s , assembling and g r o u t i n g in.
The r a t e s f o r ( c ) above s h a l l cover t h e c o s t of supplying t h e r a i l s ,
stanchions ( w i t h bases), bends, closures, accessories and HD b o l t s
( o r expansive b o l t s ) complete w i t h n u t s and washers, as necessary,
and assembling and i n s t a l l i n g t h e r a i l s and stanchions complete with
grouting i n .
8.3.8 Ladders, Complete and I n s t a l l e d (Drawing number o r t y p e and l e n g t h
stated) .......................................................... Unit: No. o r t
The r a t e s h a l l cover t h e c o s t o f supplying a l l m a t e r i a l s f o r each
ladder, i n c l u d i n g l u g s o r o t h e r means o f f i x i n g t o w a l l s , f l o o r s ,
etc., as shown on t h e drawing, and f a b r i c a t i n g , i n s t a l l i n g and

8.3.9 3il-dp.--
clroutincl i n .
F l o o r i n - Complete and I n s t a l l e d w i t h Frames (Drawing number
____I__-.----

........................................................ Unit: Sum o r m z

o r No.
a ) Open g r i d f l o o r s .............................................. U n i t : m2 o r Sum
b ) F l o o r p l a t e f l o o r s ............................................. U n i t : m2 o r t
The r a t e s h a l l cover t h e c o s t o f supplying t h e s p e c i f i e d o r sche-
duled t y p e o f f l o o r i n g complete w i t h frames as shown on t h e drawings
and t h e c o s t o f a l l f i x i n g s , i n s t a l l i n g , f i x i n g ( i n c l u d i n g welding,
where a p p l i c a b l e ) and g r o u t i n g i n .
8.3.10 Non-destructive T e s t i n .......................................... U n i t : h o r No.
R h % F € b G % ~ ~requi d reinents f o r t h e non-destructive
t e s t i n g o f welding, o r o t h e r elements, such items w i l l be measured
separate1 y .
The r a t e s h a l l cover t h e c o s t o f c a r r y i n g o u t t h e t e s t t h a t i s spe-
c i a l l y required, and o f supplying t h e necessary t e s t c e r t i f i c a t e s
8.3.11

8.3.12
t o t h e Engineer.
++-
Commissioning Turn-key Pro'ects) ................................
The sum s h a l l cover -heCO3 of a l l m a t e r i a l s and operations speci-
f i e d i n 8.3.1-8.3.10.
A d d i t i o n a l Items. Where and as r e q u i r e d i n terms o f t h e p r o j e c t
Unit: Sum

s p e c T i a T i T d d i t i o n a 1 iteins o r groups o f items may be provided

f o r operations such as
a) daywork r a t e s (see SABS 1200 AH o r SABS 1200 A o r SABS 1200 AA,
as applicable);
b ) t r i a l assembly ( o t h e r than t h a t covered by 8.3.1.2);
c) destructive tests;
d) machining;
This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server. Under the copyright agreement
entered into, Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality may make five (5) printouts of the standard and must see to it
that no more than five persons have concurrent access to the standard.
15 SABS 1200 H-1990
S t r u c t u r a l steelwork

e) dismantling;
f) re-erection;
g) tying-in t o existing building;
h coding o f welders ( i f required);
i ] independent t e s t i n g ;
j) radiographic o r u l t r a s o n i c t e s t i n g , o r both, t o be p a i d on a
d i r e c t c o s t b a s i s under daywork o r on a pre-agreed b a s i s o f a sum
f o r p r o v i s i o n o f equipment, etc., and u n i t r a t e ( s ) f o r testing.
8.3.13 Corrosion P r o t e c t i o n . Corrosion p r o t e c t i o n w i l l be measured and p a i d
extra-over Items 8.3.1 t o 8.3.9, as applicable, i n accordance w i t h
SABS 1200 HC.
This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server. Under the copyright agreement
entered into, Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality may make five (5) printouts of the standard and must see to it
that no more than five persons have concurrent access to the standard.
SABS 1200 H-1990 16
S t r u c t u r a l s t e e l work

APPENDIX A . APPLICABLE STANDARDS

Reference i s made t o t h e a p p l i c a b l e issues (see Subclause 2.2 o f SABS 1200 A, SABS 1200 AA o r
SABS 1200 AH, as a p p l i c a b l e ) o f t h e f o l l o w i n g standards:

AWS Dl.1 S t r u c t u r a l we1 d i ng code - Steel

BS 709 Methods of d e s t r u c t i v e t e s t i n g f u s i o n welded j o i n t s and weld metal i n s t e e l

BS 5135 Arc welding o f carbon and carbon manganese s t e e l s

BS 5531 Code o f p r a c t i c e f o r s a f e t y i n e r e c t i n g s t r u c t u r a l frames

SABS 135 IS0 m e t r i c b o l t s , screws, and nuts (hexagon and square) (coarse t h r e a d f r e e
f i t series)
SABS 136 IS0 m e t r i c p r e c i s i o n hexagon-head b o l t s and screws, and hexagon nuts (coarse
thread medium f i t s e r i e s )
SABS 435 M i l d steel r i v e t s

SABS 455 Covered electrodes f o r t h e manual arc welding o f carbon and carbon manganese
steels

SABS 657 Steel tubes f o r non-pressure purposes

P a r t I : Steel tubes f o r s c a f f o l d i n g and f o r s t r u c t u r a l and general
engineering purposes

SABS 1143 Mushroom- and countersunk-head b o l t s and nuts

SABS 1149 F l a t and taper s t e e l washers

SABS 1200 A C i v i l engineering c o n s t r u c t i o n : General

SABS 1200 AA C i v i l engineering c o n s t r u c t i o n : General (small works)

SABS 1200 AH C i v i l engineering c o n s t r u c t i o n : General ( s t r u c t u r a l )

SABS 1200 HA C i v i l engineering c o n s t r u c t i o n : S t r u c t u r a l steelwork (sundry items)

SABS 1200 HB C i v i 1 engi n e e r i rig construction: C1 add1ng and s h e e t i ng

SABS 1200 HC C i v i 1 engineering c o n s t r u c t i o n : Corrosion p r o t e c t i o n o f s t r u c t u r a l steelwork

SABS 1282 High-strength b o l t s , nuts, and washers f o r f r i c t i o n - g r i p j o i n t s

SABS 1431 Weldable s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l s

SABS 044 We1 d i ng

P a r t I : Glossary o f terms
P a r t 11: Symbols
P a r t 111: The f u s i o n welding o f s t e e l ( i n c l u d i n g s t a i n l e s s s t e e l ) :
Tests f o r t h e approval o f welding procedures and p r o d u c t i o n welds
P a r t I V : The f u s i o n welding o f s t e e l ( i n c l u d i n g s t a i n l e s s s t e e l ) :
Tests f o r t h e approval o f welders working t o approved welding procedures
P a r t V : The f u s i o n welding o f s t e e l ( i n c l u d i n g a u s t e n i t i c s t a i n l e s s s t e e l ) :
Tests f o r t h e approval o f welders where weld procedure approval i s n o t
required
SABS 094 The use of high-strength f r i c t i o n - g r i p b o l t s

SABS 0162 The s t r u c t u r a l use o f s t e e l

ISBN 0-626-08614-0 sabs pta