UNIT-I TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS

PART-A QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What are parameters and statistics in sampling?

Ans: Statistical measures calculated on the basis of population are called parameters.
Corresponding measures calculated on the basis of sample are called statistics.

2. What is meant by Standard Error?

Ans: The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic is called the
standard error of the statistic.

3. What are null and alternative hypothesis?

Ans: AssumIing there is no significant difference between the sample statistic and
the corresponding population parameter or between two sample statistics is
called a null hypothesis and is denoted by H0 .

The hypothesis complementary to the null hypothesis is called an alternative

hypothesis and is denoted by H1 .

4. What do you mean by the test of significance?

Ans: The procedure of testing whether the difference between a parameter of a
population and corresponding sample statistic is significant or not is called the test of
significance.

5. What do you mean by critical region and acceptance region?

Ans : If we are prepared to reject a null hypothesis , when the sample statistic lies in a
certain region, then that region is called the critical region or region of rejection.
The region complementary to the critical region is called the region of acceptance.

6. Define Level of significance.

Ans: The probability that a random value of the statistic lies in the critical region is
called the level of significance and usually expressed as a percentage.

7. Give the general form of a test statistic.

Ans: If ‘t’ is a statistic in large samples, then ' t ' follows a normal distribution with
mean E  t  , which is the corresponding population parameter, and S.D equal to S.E. t  .
𝑡−𝐸(𝑡)
Hence, test statistic is 𝑍 = .
𝑆.𝐸(𝑡)
8. Define Type I and Type II errors.
Ans: Type I Error : Rejecting H0 , when it is true
Type II Error: Accepting H0 , when it is false
9. Define critical value or significant value of a test statistic.

Ans: The value of the test statistic z for which the critical region and the
corresponding acceptance region are separated is called the critical value or the
significant value of z and denoted by z , when  is the level of significance (LOS).

10. Mention various steps involved in testing of hypothesis.

Ans: Step-1: Null Hypothesis H0 and alternative Hypothesis H1 are defined .
Step-2: LOS  is fixed and the critical value z is noted.
t  Et
Step-3: The test-statistic Z  is computed.
S.E.  t 
Step-4: Comparison is made between z and z .
Conclusion: If z  z , H 0 is accepted or H1 is rejected.

11. Write down the formula of test statistic to test the significance of the difference
between the means of two large samples.
̅̅̅̅−𝑥
𝑥1 ̅̅̅2̅
Ans: 𝑍 = 𝑠1 2 𝑠2 2
√ +
𝑛1 𝑛2

12. State any 2 uses of t-distribution.

Ans: The t-distribution is used to test the significance of the difference between

(i) The mean of a small sample and the mean of the population.
(ii) The means of two small samples

13. State the use of F-distribution.

Ans: F- distribution is used to test the equality of the vaiance o the population from
which two samples have been drawn.

14. State the uses of  2 - distribution.

Ans: (i)  2 - distribution is used to test the goodness of fit.
(ii) It is used to test the independence of attributes.

15. Write the condition for the application of  2 –test.

Ans: (i) The sample observations should be independent.
(ii) N, the total frequency, should be ≥ 50
(iii) No theoretical cell frequency should be < 5.
16. What is the assumption of t-test?
Ans: (i) The sample drawn from the parent population is normal.
(ii) The sample observation are independent are that is sample random.
(iii) The population standard deviation 𝜎 is unknown.
(iv) Sample size n < 30.

17. What are the expected frequencies of 2 x 2 a b contingency table ?

Ans: Expected frequencies are : c d
(𝑎+𝑏)(𝑎+𝑐)
𝐸 (𝑎) =
𝑁
(𝑎+𝑏)(𝑏+𝑑)
𝐸 (𝑏) =
𝑁
(𝑐+𝑑)(𝑎+𝑐)
𝐸 (𝑐 ) =
𝑁
(𝑐+𝑑)(𝑏+𝑑)
𝐸 (𝑑 ) = , where 𝑁 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑
𝑁

18. Give the formula for the  2 –test of independence for

a b
c d

N  ad  bc 
2

Ans:   2
, where N  a  b  c  d .
 a  c  b  d  a  b  c  d 

19. A random sample of 200 tins of count oil gave an average weight of 4.95 kg and
standard deviation of 0.21 kg. Do we accept that the net weight is 5 kg per tin at
5% level?

Ans: 𝜇 = 5, 𝑥̅ = 4.9, 𝑠 = 0.21 , 𝑛 = 200

𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 5, 𝐻1: 𝜇 ≠ 5 (𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡)
𝑥̅ −𝜇 4.9−5
𝑍=𝑠 = 0.21⁄ = - 6.72
⁄ 𝑛
√ √200
|𝑍| = 6.72 At 5% level, for two tailed test, Table value of Z = 1.96
Cal Z > 𝑇𝑎𝑏 𝑍 ⇒ 𝐻0 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑.

20. A sample of 900 members has a mean 3.4 cm and standard deviation 2.16 cm. Is
the sample from a large population of mean 3.25 cm and S.D of 2.16 cm?

Ans: 𝜇 = 3.25, 𝑥̅ = 3.4, 𝑠 = 2.16 , 𝑛 = 900

𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 2.16, 𝐻1: 𝜇 ≠ 2.16 (𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡)
𝑥̅ −𝜇 3.4−3.25
𝑍=𝑠 = 2.61⁄ = 1.73
⁄ 𝑛
√ √900
|𝑍| = 1.73 At 5% level, for two tailed test, Table value of Z = 1.96
Cal Z > 𝑇𝑎𝑏 𝑍 ⇒ 𝐻0 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑.
 UNIT-II DESIGNS OF EXPERIMENT

PART-A QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What do you understand by “Design of Experiment”?
Ans: The design of an experiment may be defined as “the logical constructions of the
experiment in which the degree of uncertainty with which the inference is drawn may be
well defined.
2. What is the aim of design of experiments?
Ans: The main aim of design of experiments is to control the extraneous variables and
hence to minimize the experimental error so that the result of the experiment will be
influenced by the experimental variables only.

3. What are the basic principles of Experimental Design?

Ans: The basic principles of experimental design are
(i) Randomization (ii) Replication (iii) Local control

4. Name three basic designs of experiment.

Ans: The three basic designs of experiments are
(i) Completely randomized design (CRD)
(ii) Randomized block design (RBD)
(iii) Latin Square design (LSD)

5. Define the term Completely Randomized design?

Ans: The completely randomized design is the simplest of all the designs, based on
principles of randomization and replication. In this design treatments are allocated at
random to the experimental units over the entire experimental material.

6. What are the advantages of completely randomized design?

Ans: The Advantages of completely randomized experimental design are as follows.
(i) Easy layout
(ii) Allows Flexibility
(iii) Simple Statistical Analysis.
(iv) The lots of information due to missing data is smaller than with any other
design.
7. What is Randomized Block Design?
Ans: Let us consider an agricultural experiment using which we wish to test the effect of
‘k’ fertilizing treatments on the yield of crops. We assume that we know some
information about the soil fertility of the plots. Then we divide the plots in to
‘h’bloks according to the soil fertility each block containing ‘k’ blocks. Thus, the
plots in each block the ‘k’ treatments are given to the ‘k’plots in a perfectively
random manner. Such that each treatment occurs only once in a block. But the
same k treatments are repeated from block to block. This design is called
Randomized block design.
8. State any two advantages of RBD.
Ans: The Advantages of Randomizedblock design are as follows.
(i) It is easily adoptable.
(ii) The statistical analysis for this design is simple and rapid.
(iii) In this design there is no restriction placed on the number of treatments or the
number of replications.
(iv) This design is more efficient and it has less experimental error.

9. Compare RBD and CRD.

Ans: (i) RBD is more accurate than CRD for most of the experiments.
(ii) RBD is more flexible than CRD Since no restrictions are placed on the
number of treatments or the number of replications.

10. Compare LSD and RBD.

Ans:
LSD RBD
Experimental area must be a square Experimental area may be rectangle or
square
The number of rows and columns are equal There is no restriction. It can have any
and hence, the number of replications is number of replications and treatments.
equal to the number of treatments.
It is suitable for small number of treatments, No such restrictions suitable for upto 24
between 5 and 12. treatments.

11. What is the main advantage of LSD over RBD?

Ans: LSD controls the variations between the rows and columns, whereas RBD controls
the variations ine one direction (either row or column). Hence in LSD the experimental
error is lesser.

12. Construct 4 x 4 Latin square design.

Ans: Each symbol appears one and only once in each row and column.
A B C D
B A D C
C D A B
D C B A

13. Is a 2 x2 Latin Square possible? Why?

Ans: Consider n x n Latin Square Design.
The d.f of SSE = (n-1) (n-2).
𝑆𝑆𝐸
For n=2, d.f of SSE = 0 and hence 𝑀𝑆𝐸 = is not defined.
𝑑.𝑓
Comparisons are not possible. Hence 2 x 2 LSD is possible.
14. What is meant by analysis of variance (ANOVA) ?
Ans: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a technique that will enable us to test for the
significance of the difference among more than two sample means.

15. Define “Analysis of Variance” or What is ANOVA?

Ans: ANOVA is the ‘separation of variance ascribable to one group of causes from the
variance ascribable to other groups”.

16. What are the uses of ANOVA?

Ans: The uses of ANOVA are
(i) To test the homogeneity of several means.
(ii) The ANOVA technique is now frequently applied in testing the linearity of the
Fittedregression line.(iii) It helps to find out the F-test.
17. State the assumptions involved in ANOVA.
Ans: The assumptions are
(i) The observations are independent
(ii) Parent population is normal.
(iii) Treatments and environment effects are additive in nature.
(iv) Samples are taken from the population at random.
18. Write the ANOVA table for One Way Classification?
Ans:
Sourceof Sum of Degrees of Mean square F- Ratio
Variation squares Freedom
Between SSC C -1 𝑆𝑆𝐶
MSC = 𝐶−1 𝑀𝑆𝐶 𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝐹𝐶 = (𝑂𝑅)
Columns 𝑀𝑆𝐸 𝑀𝑆𝐶

Error SSE N- C 𝑆𝑆𝐸

MSE = 𝑁−𝐶

19. State identity for sum of squares for one-way analysis of variance.
Ans: The identities for sum of squares for one-way analysis of variance are
𝑇2
TSS = ∑ 𝑋1 2 + ∑ 𝑋2 2 + ∑ 𝑋3 2 + ⋯ − 𝑁
𝑇2
SSC = (∑ 𝑋1 )2 + (∑ 𝑋2 )2 + (∑ 𝑋2 )2 + ⋯ − 𝑁
SSE = TSS – SSC
20. Define 22 – factorial design.
Ans: In 22 – factorial design there are 2 factors at 2 levels and 4 treatment combinations
given by
a0b0 or 1: Both factors at first level.
a1b0 or a: First factor at second level and second at first level
a0b1 or b: First factorat first level and second factor at second level.
a1b1 or ab: Both at second level. These 4 treatment combinations are compared by laying
out the experiment in RBD or LSD.
VELAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI-66
STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL METHODS
UNIT-III (SQC), PART-A QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. What are the two different kinds of variation in Statistical Quality Control?
ANS: (i) Chance Variation: This is the variation in the quality of the product which occurs
due to random causes such as slight changes in temperature, pressure and metal
hardness.
(ii) Assignable Variation: This is due to poorly trained operators, quality raw
materials, faulty machine settings, worn parts and the like.
2. What do you mean by Statistical Quality Control ( SQC) ?
ANS: SQC is a statistical method for finding whether the variation in the quality of the
product due to random causes or assignable causes.
3. What is the meaning of process control?
ANS: Process control means control of the quality of goods while they are in the process of
production.
4. Define control chart.
ANS: It is a graphical method mainly used for the study and control of the manufacturing
process. It is simple to construct and easy to interpret. It is useful to find whether a
process is in statistical quality control.
5. Name the types of control charts.
ANS: Types of control charts
(i) Control charts for measurements ( 𝑋̅ − 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 − 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡).
(ii) Control charts for attributes ( p-chart, np-chart, c- chart).
6. What are the components of a control chart?
ANS: The components of a control chart are
(i) Central Line (CL)
(ii) The Upper Control Limit (UCL)
(iii) The Lower Control Limit (LCL)
7. What are the advantages of SQC?
ANS: The advantages of SQC are 1) Cost reduction 2) More efficiency 3) Early detection
of faulty in quality 4) Effect of change in process can be studied 5) Easy to apply.
8. Define c-chart model.
ANS: This chart is used to control the number of defects per unit denoted by “c”. Step in
constructing the c-chart:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠
(i) Find the mean of the defect 𝑐̅, 𝑐̅ = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠
(ii) Central line corresponding to 𝑐̅
(iii) Set up control limits: UCL = 𝑐̅ + 3 √𝑐̅ LCL = 𝑐̅ − 3 √𝑐̅
9. Define p & np charts.
ANS: p-chart is the control chart for fraction of defective per sample.
np- chart is the control chart for the number of defective per sample.

10. What are the control chart values for a p-chart?

ANS: CL = 𝑝̅
𝑝̅ (1−𝑝̅ ) 𝑝̅ (1−𝑝̅ )
UCL = 𝑝̅ + 3 √ , LCL = 𝑝̅ − 3 √
𝑛 𝑛
11. What are the control chart values for a np-chart?
ANS: CL = n 𝑝̅
𝑝̅ (1−𝑝̅ ) 𝑝̅ (1−𝑝̅)
UCL = 𝑛 (𝑝̅ + 3 √ ) , LCL = 𝑛 (𝑝̅ − 3 √ )
𝑛 𝑛

12. What are the control chart values for a c-chart?

ANS: CL = 𝑐̅ , UCL = 𝑐̅ + 3√𝑐̅ , LCL = 𝑐̅ − 3√𝑐̅

13. Find LCL and UCL for the c-chart, when 𝒄̅ = 𝟔.

ANS: LCL = 𝑐̅ − 3√𝑐̅ = 6 − 3√6 = 6 − 7.35 = −1.35 = 0
UCL = 𝑐̅ + 3√𝑐̅ = 6 + 3√6 = 6 + 7.35 = 13.35

14. ̅ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟓.
Find LCL and UCL of p-chart and np-chart when n= 100 and 𝒑
𝑝̅ (1−𝑝̅ )
ANS: For p- chart, LCL = (𝑝̅ − 3 √ ) = 0.085 - 0.084 = 0.001
𝑛

𝑝̅ (1−𝑝̅)
UCL = (𝑝̅ + 3 √ ) = 0.085 + 0.084= 0.169
𝑛

𝑝̅ (1−𝑝̅)
For np-chart, LCL = 𝑛 (𝑝̅ − 3 √ ) = 100 ( 0.001)= 0.1
𝑛

𝑝̅ (1−𝑝̅)
UCL = 𝑛 (𝑝̅ + 3 √ ) = 100(0.169) = 16.9
𝑛

15. The total number of defects in 20 pieces is 220. What is the UCL and LCL?
∑𝑐 220
ANS: 𝑐̅ = = = 11
𝑛 20
UCL = 𝑐̅ + 3√𝑐̅ = 11 + 3 √11 = 20.95
LCL = 𝑐̅ − 3√𝑐̅ = 11 − 3 √11 = 1.05

16. What is meant by tolerance limits?

ANS: Tolerance limits of a quality characteristic are defined as those values between which
almost all values of the manufactured items will lie.