Bootstrap

(framework front-
end)

Bootstrap (anciennement Twitter Bootstrap ) est un framework CSS gratuit et open source
destiné au développement Web frontal réactif et axé sur les mobiles . Il contient des modèles
de conception basés sur HTML , CSS et (éventuellement) JavaScript pour la typographie , les
formulaires , les boutons , la navigation et d'autres composants d'interface.
 Amorcer

Auteur(s) original(s) Mark Otto, Jacob

Thornton

Développeur(s) Équipe principale

d'amorçage (https://g
etbootstrap.com/doc
s/5.3/about/team/)

Première version 19 août 2011

Version stable 5.3.3 [1] / 20 février

2024

Dépôt Référentiel
d'amorçage (https://g
ithub.com/twbs/boot
strap)

Écrit en HTML , CSS , Less

 (v3), Sass (v4) et
JavaScript
Plate-forme Plateforme Internet

Licence Licence MIT [2] (

Licence Apache 2.0
antérieure à 3.1.0) [3]

Site web getbootstrap.com​(h

ttps://getbootstrap.c
om)

En mai 2023 , Bootstrap est le 17e projet le plus étoilé (4e bibliothèque la plus étoilée) sur
GitHub , avec plus de 164 000 étoiles. [4] Selon W3Techs, Bootstrap est utilisé par 19,2 % de
tous les sites Web. [5]

Caractéristiques
Bootstrap est une bibliothèque HTML, CSS et JS qui vise à simplifier le développement de
pages Web informatives (par opposition aux applications Web ). L'objectif principal de son
ajout à un projet Web est d'appliquer les choix de couleur, de taille, de police et de mise en
page de Bootstrap à ce projet. En tant que tel, le principal facteur est de savoir si les
développeurs en charge trouvent ces choix à leur goût. Une fois ajouté à un projet, Bootstrap
fournit des définitions de style de base pour tous les éléments HTML . Le résultat est une
apparence uniforme pour la prose, les tableaux et les éléments de formulaire dans tous les
navigateurs Web . De plus, les développeurs peuvent profiter des classes CSS définies dans
Bootstrap pour personnaliser davantage l'apparence de leur contenu. Par exemple, Bootstrap
a prévu des tableaux de couleurs claires et foncées, des en-têtes de page, des citations plus
visibles et du texte surligné.

Bootstrap also comes with several JavaScript components which do not require other libraries
like jQuery. They provide additional user interface elements such as dialog boxes, tooltips,
progress bars, navigation drop-downs, and carousels. Each Bootstrap component consists of
an HTML structure, CSS declarations, and in some cases accompanying JavaScript code.
They also extend the functionality of some existing interface elements, including for example
an auto-complete function for input fields.

Example of a webpage using Bootstrap

framework rendered in Firefox

The most prominent components of Bootstrap are its layout components, as they affect an
entire web page. The basic layout component is called "Container", as every other element in
the page is placed in it. Developers can choose between a fixed-width container and a fluid-
width container. While the latter always fills the width with the web page, the former uses one
of the five predefined fixed widths, depending on the size of the screen showing the page:

Smaller than 576 pixels

576–768 pixels
768–992 pixels
992–1200 pixels
Larger than 1200 pixels
Once a container is in place, other Bootstrap layout components implement a CSS Flexbox
layout through defining rows and columns.
A precompiled version of Bootstrap is available in the form of one CSS file and three
JavaScript files that can be readily added to any project. The raw form of Bootstrap, however,
enables developers to implement further customization and size optimizations. This raw form
is modular, meaning that the developer can remove unneeded components, apply a theme
and modify the uncompiled Sass files.

History

Early beginnings
Bootstrap, originally named Twitter Blueprint, was developed by Mark Otto and Jacob
Thornton at Twitter as a framework to encourage consistency across internal tools. Before
Bootstrap, various libraries were used for interface development, which led to inconsistencies
and a high maintenance burden. According to Otto:

A super small group of developers and I got together to design and build a new
internal tool and saw an opportunity to do something more. Through that
process, we saw ourselves build something much more substantial than another
internal tool. Months later, we ended up with an early version of Bootstrap as a
way to document and share common design patterns and assets within the
company.[6]

After a few months of development by a small group, many developers at Twitter began to
contribute to the project as a part of Hack Week, a hackathon-style week for the Twitter
development team. It was renamed from Twitter Blueprint to Twitter Bootstrap and released
as an open-source project on August 19, 2011.[7] It has continued to be maintained by Otto,
Thornton, a small group of core developers, and a large community of contributors.[8]

Bootstrap 2
On January 31, 2012, Bootstrap 2 was released, which added built-in support for Glyphicons,
several new components, as well as changes to many of the existing components. This
version supports responsive web design, meaning the layout of web pages adjusts
dynamically, taking into account the characteristics of the device used (whether desktop,
tablet, mobile phone).[9] Shortly before the release of Bootstrap 2.1.2, Otto and Thornton left
Twitter, but committed to continue to work on Bootstrap as an independent project.[10]

Bootstrap 3
On August 19, 2013, Bootstrap 3 was released. It redesigned components to use flat design
and a mobile first approach. Bootstrap 3 features new plugin system with namespaced
events. Bootstrap 3 dropped Internet Explorer 7 and Firefox 3.6 support, but there is an
optional polyfill for these browsers.[11] Bootstrap 3 was also the first version released under
the twbs organization on GitHub instead of the Twitter one.[12]

Bootstrap 4
Otto announced Bootstrap 4 on October 29, 2014.[13] The first alpha version of Bootstrap 4
was released on August 19, 2015.[14] The first beta version was released on August 10,
2017.[15] Otto suspended work on Bootstrap 3 on September 6, 2016, to free up time to work
on Bootstrap 4. Bootstrap 4 was finalized on January 18, 2018.[16]

Significant changes include:

Major rewrite of the code

Replacing Less with Sass
Addition of Reboot , a collection of
element-specific CSS changes in a
single file, based on Normalize
Dropping support for IE8, IE9, and iOS
6
CSS Flexible Box support
Adding navigation customization
options
Adding responsive spacing and sizing
utilities
Switching from the pixels unit in CSS
to root ems
Increasing global font size from 14px
to 16px for enhanced readability
 Dropping the panel , thumbnail ,
pager , and well components
Dropping the Glyphicons icon
font
Huge number of utility classes
Improved form styling, buttons, drop-
down menus, media objects and
image classes
Bootstrap 4 supports the latest versions of Google Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Opera,
and Safari (except on Windows). It additionally supports back to IE10 and the latest Firefox
Extended Support Release (ESR).[17]

Bootstrap 5
Bootstrap 5 was officially released on May 5, 2021.[18][19]

Major changes include: [20]

New offcanvas menu component

Removing dependence on jQuery in
favor of vanilla JavaScript
Rewriting the grid to support
responsive gutters and columns
placed outside of rows
Migrating the documentation from
Jekyll to Hugo
Dropping support for Internet
Explorer[21]
Moving testing infrastructure from
QUnit to Jasmine
Adding custom set of SVG icons[22]
Adding CSS custom properties
Improved API
Enhanced grid system
 Improved customizing docs
Updated forms
RTL support
Built in darkmode support

See also

Free and
open-
source
software
portal

CSS framework
jQuery Mobile
JavaScript framework
JavaScript library
Tailwind CSS
Also, several web frameworks support rendering in Bootstrap.[23][24]
References

1. "Release 5.3.3" (https://github.com/twb

s/bootstrap/releases/tag/v5.3.3) .
February 20, 2024. Retrieved
February 20, 2024.
2. "bootstrap/LICENSE" (https://github.co
m/twbs/bootstrap/blob/main/LICENS
E) . Github.
3. "bootstrap/LICENSE (v3.0.3)" (https://git
hub.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/v3.0.3/LI
CENSE) . Github.
4. "Search · stars:>100000" (https://github.
com/search?q=stars:%3E100000&type=r
epositories) . GitHub. Retrieved
December 4, 2022.
5. "Usage statistics and market share of
Bootstrap for websites" (https://w3tech
s.com/technologies/details/cs-bootstra
p) . w3techs.com. Retrieved January 24,
2023.
6. Otto, Mark (January 17, 2012).
"Bootstrap in A List Apart No. 342" (htt
p://markdotto.com/2012/01/17/bootstr
ap-in-a-list-apart-342/) . Mark Otto's
blog. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20161028153404/http://markdotto.
com/2012/01/17/bootstrap-in-a-list-apa
rt-342/) from the original on October 28,
2016. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
7. Otto, Mark (August 19, 2011). "Bootstrap
from Twitter" (https://blog.twitter.com/2
011/bootstrap-twitter) . Developer Blog.
Twitter. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20170223125113/https://blog.tw
itter.com/2011/bootstrap-twitter) from
the original on February 23, 2017.
Retrieved February 23, 2017.
8. "About" (https://getbootstrap.com/abou
t/) . Bootstrap. August 19, 2011.
Retrieved February 23, 2017.
 9. Otto, Mark (January 31, 2012). "Say hello
to Bootstrap 2.0" (https://blog.twitter.co
m/2012/say-hello-to-bootstrap-2) .
Developer Blog. Twitter. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/201702231257
01/https://blog.twitter.com/2012/say-he
llo-to-bootstrap-2) from the original on
February 23, 2017. Retrieved
February 23, 2017.
10. Otto, Mark (September 29, 2012).
"Onward" (https://blog.getbootstrap.co
m/2012/09/29/onward/) .
blog.getbootstrap.com.
11. Otto, Mark (August 19, 2013). "Bootstrap
3 released" (https://blog.getbootstrap.co
m/2013/08/19/bootstrap-3-released/) .
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0161021202024/http://blog.getbootstra
p.com/2013/08/19/bootstrap-3-release
d/) from the original on October 21,
2016. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
12. "Bootstrap 3 plans" (https://blog.getboot
strap.com/2012/12/10/bootstrap-3-pla
ns/) . December 10, 2012.
13. Otto, Mark (October 29, 2014).
"Bootstrap 3.3.0 released" (https://blog.g
etbootstrap.com/2014/10/29/bootstrap-
3-3-0-released/) . Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20160724153923/htt
p://blog.getbootstrap.com/2014/10/29/
bootstrap-3-3-0-released/) from the
original on July 24, 2016. Retrieved
February 23, 2017.
14. Otto, Mark (August 19, 2015). "Bootstrap
4 alpha" (https://blog.getbootstrap.com/
2015/08/19/bootstrap-4-alpha/) .
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0170123145832/http://blog.getbootstra
p.com/2015/08/19/bootstrap-4-alpha/)
from the original on January 23, 2017.
Retrieved February 23, 2017.
15. Otto, Mark; Thornton, Jacob (August 10,
2017). "Bootstrap 4 Beta" (https://blog.g
etbootstrap.com/2017/08/10/bootstrap-
4-beta/) . Retrieved August 16, 2017.
16. "Bootstrap 4" (https://blog.getbootstrap.
com/2018/01/18/bootstrap-4/) .
blog.getbootstrap.com. January 18,
2018. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
17. "Supported browsers" (https://getbootstr
ap.com/getting-started/#support-brow
sers) . Bootstrap. Retrieved February 23,
2017.
18. "Release Release v5.0.0 (#33647) ·
twbs/bootstrap" (https://github.com/twb
s/bootstrap/releases/tag/v5.0.0) .
GitHub. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
19. "Bootstrap 5" (https://blog.getbootstrap.
com/2021/05/05/bootstrap-5/) .
blog.getbootstrap.com. May 5, 2021.
20. "Bootstrap 5 grid by MartijnCuppens ·
Pull Request #28517 · twbs/bootstrap"
(https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/pul
l/28517) . GitHub. Retrieved
September 29, 2019.
21. "v5: drop Internet Explorer support by
XhmikosR · Pull Request #30377 ·
twbs/bootstrap" (https://github.com/twb
s/bootstrap/pull/30377) . GitHub.
Retrieved April 7, 2020.
22. "Bootstrap Icons" (https://icons.getboots
trap.com/) . Retrieved November 7,
2022.
23. "Bootstrap-Flask" (https://github.com/he
lloflask/bootstrap-flask) . HelloFlask.
Retrieved November 7, 2022.
24. "Bootstrap-Django" (https://github.com/z
elenij/django-bootstrap-v5) . Zélénij .
Récupéré le 7 novembre 2022 . (https://g
ithub.com/zelenij/django-bootstrap-v5)

Liens externes

Wikimedia Commons propose des

médias liés à Bootstrap (framework) .
Site officiel (https://getbootstrap.co
m)
Bootstrap (https://github.com/twbs/B
ootstrap) sur GitHub
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Bootstrap_(front-
end_framework)&oldid=1220382138"

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