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PART A

1. How do you find the type of a system?


The number of poles at the origin of a loop transfer function decides the type number
of the system. Hence, by looking at denominator polynomial of the system we can find
the type of a system.
2. What is damping ratio?
The damping ratio is defined as the ratio of the actual damping to critical damping.

3. What are the frequency domain specifications?


(i) Resonant peak (ii) Resonant frequency (iii) Bandwidth
(iv) Cut-off rate (v) Gain margin (vi) Phase margin

4. Differentiate between gain margin and phase margin


The gain margin, Kg is defined as the value by which gain of the system has to
be increased to drive system to be verge of instability.
The phase margin, γ is that amount of additional phase lag at the gain cross-
over frequency, ωgc required to bring the system to the verge of instability.

5. Define stability of a system.


A system is stable if for a bounded disturbing input signal, the output vanishes
ultimately as time approaches infinity.

6. State the effect of PI and PD controller on system performance


The PI controller increases the order of the system by one, which results in reducing,
the steady state error. But the system becomes less stable than the original system.

7. Define the terms: ‘resonant peak’, and ‘resonant frequency’


The maximum value of the magnitude of closed loop transfer function is called
resonant peak.
The frequency at which the resonant peak occurs is called resonant frequency.

8. Define Bode plot. What are the advantages of Bode plot?


It is the frequency response plot of the sinusoidal transfer function of the system. It
consists of two plots namely Magnitude plot and Phase plot.
Magnitude plot is the graph between magnitude of system transfer function in db and
frequency ω in rad/sec.
Phase plot is the graph between phase angle of system transfer function in degrees and
frequency ω in rad/sec.
9. Outline the approximate polar plot for a Type 0 second order system.

10. State the necessary and sufficient condition for stability.


The necessary condition for stability is that all the roots of the characteristic polynomial
must lie on the left half of S-plane, that is all the elements in the first column of the
Routh array should be positive.

PART B
1. A unity feedback control system has an open loop transfer function (𝑠)= 10/𝑠(𝑠+5).
Determine its closed loop transfer function, damping ratio and natural frequency of
oscillations. Also evaluate the rise time, peak overshoot, peak time and settling time for a
step input of 12 units.
2. Sketch the Bode plot for the transfer function of a system represented by (𝑠)=100/𝑠(𝑠+1)
(𝑠+2) and determine (i) Gain margin (ii) Phase margin and closed loop stability.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRrWwBngmuM

3. Specify the stability of the system whose characteristics equation is given by


𝑠7+9𝑠6+24𝑠5+24𝑠3+24𝑠2+23𝑠+15=0.

4. Draw Bode plot for the transfer function 𝐻(𝑠)=100(𝑠+1)/(𝑠+10)(𝑠+100)


Refer any problem from book with this model

PART C
1. Find the stability of the system with characteristic equation 2𝑠4+𝑠3+8𝑠2+𝑠+1=0,
using Routh-Hurwitz Stability criterion, state its advantages and limitations
Model Problem Available in Book s4+8s3+18s2+16s+5=0
Advantages:

1. It offers an easy method of predicting the system’s stability without completely solving the
characteristic equation.
2. In case, the system is unstable then we can easily get the number of roots of the
characteristic equation that has a positive real part.
3. The time to calculate determinants is saved by the Routh-Hurwitz criterion.
4. By using this we can get the range of values of K.
5. It provides ease of determining the relative stability of the system.

Limitations:

The Routh-Hurwitz criterion is a mathematical test used to determine the stability of a linear
time-invariant (LTI) system based on the coefficients of its characteristic polynomial. While it is
a powerful tool, it has several limitations
1. Only for Linear Systems: The criterion is applicable only to linear systems. It cannot
be used for nonlinear systems or systems with time-varying dynamics.
2. Real Coefficients Required: The Routh-Hurwitz criterion requires the coefficients of
the characteristic polynomial to be real numbers. If the coefficients are complex, the
criterion cannot be directly applied.
3. Higher-Order Polynomials: As the order of the polynomial increases, the Routh array
becomes larger and more complex, making manual calculations prone to errors. While
computational tools can help, they may not always be readily accessible.
4. Inability to Provide Stability Margins: The Routh-Hurwitz criterion can only determine
the stability of the system (i.e., whether all poles have negative real parts). It does not
provide information about the degree of stability or how close the system is to
instability.
5. Sensitivity to Coefficient Variations: The criterion can be sensitive to small changes in
the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial, which may lead to different stability
conclusions.
6. Not Informative for Marginal Stability: If the system has poles on the imaginary axis
(marginally stable), the Routh-Hurwitz criterion does not provide sufficient
information to assess the stability in a practical sense.
7. Limited to Continuous Systems: The criterion is primarily designed for continuous-
time systems. While it can be adapted for discrete-time systems, it may not be
straightforward.

Phase cross over frequency, Gain margin and Phase margin for, 𝐺(𝑠)= 400/𝑠(𝑠+2)
2. Sketch the polar plot for the following transfer function and find Gain cross over frequency,

(𝑠+10)

Refer any problem from book with this model

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