Course Outline
► Introduction to Signals and Systems: Signals- classification, basic operation on signals, elementary signals,
representation of signal using impulse function; systems- classification.
► Properties of Linear Time Invariant (LTI) Systems: Linearity, causality, time invariance, memory, stability,
invertibility.
► Time Domain Analysis of LTI Systems: Differential equations- system representation, order of the system, solution
techniques, zero state and zero input response, System properties: impulse response – convolution integral,
determination of system properties; state variable- basic concept, static equation and time domain solution.
► Frequency Domain Analysis of LTI Systems: Fourier series- properties, harmonic representation, system response,
frequency response of LTI systems; Fourier transformation- properties, inverse transform, system transfer function,
system response and distortion less systems. Laplace Transformation: Properties, inverse transform, solution of
system equations, system transfer function, system stability and frequency response and application.
► Applications of Time and Frequency Domain Analysis: Solution of analog electrical and mechanical systems,
amplitude modulation and demodulation, time division and frequency-division multiplexing.
► Analogous Systems: Electrical, Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical systems.
Signals
A signal is a single valued function of one or more variables that conveys
some information. Signals are represented mathematically as the
functions of one or more independent variables. A signal may be a
function of time, temperature, position, pressure, distance etc. In
electrical sense, the signal can be voltage or current. The voltage or
current is the function of time as an independent variable.
Classification of Signals
Based upon their nature and characteristics in the time domain, the signals may be broadly classified
as given below:
• Continuous-Time Signals: This function is defined continuously in the time domain. A continuous-time
signal is represented by x(t) where x represents the shape of the signal and t shows that the variable is
time. This signal will have some value at every instant of time. Figure shows a continuous-time signal.
Classification of Signals
Discrete-Time Signals: A discrete-time
signal is defined only at certain time-instants.
For discrete-time signals, the amplitude
between two time instants is not defined. It is
represented by x(n), here time n is the
independent variable. Figure 22.5 shows a
discrete-time signal. Mathematically, a
discrete-time signal is denoted as under:
Classification of Signals
Real and Complex Signals: A signal x(t) is a real signal if its value is a
real number. Similarly, a signal x(t) is a complex signal if its value is a
complex number.
Classification of Signals
Deterministic and Non-Deterministic (Random) Signals: Deterministic
signals are those signals which can be completely specified in time. The
pattern of this type of classification of signals is regular and can be
characterized mathematically. Also, the nature and amplitude of such a
signal at any time can be predicted. So these signals are
called deterministic signals.
A non-deterministic signal is one whose occurrence is always random in
nature. The pattern of such a signal is quite irregular so these signals are
also called random signals. For example, a thermal noise generated in an
electric circuit is a non-deterministic signal.
Classification of Signals
Periodic and Non-Periodic Signals:
• Periodic Signal: A signal which repeats itself after a fixed time period is called a periodic signal. It can be
defined mathematically as
► x(t) = x(t + T0). It is a condition of periodicity.
Here T0 is called as the period of signal x(t). Example of these signals are sine wave, cosine wave, square wave
etc.
• Periodic Discrete-Time Signal: For the discrete-time signal, the condition of periodicity is
► x(n) = x(n + N)
Here, N is the period of signal and its smallest value is called as fundamental period.
• Non-Periodic Signal: A signal which does not repeat itself after a fixed time period or does not repeat at all
is called as non-periodic or aperiodic signal. Mathematical expression for this signal is
► x(t) ≠ x(t + T0)
Classification
of Signals
Symmetrical (Even)
or Anti symmetrical
(Odd) Signals:
• Symmetrical
Continuous Time
Signal: A signal x(t)
is symmetrical or
even if it satisfies the
following condition:
x(t) = x(-t)
Classification of Signals
• Antisymmetrical Continuous Time Signal: A signal x(t) is antisymmetrical or odd
if it satisfies the following condition:
► x(t) = -x(-t)
Sine wave is an example of antisymmetrical continuous time signal.
Classification of Signals
Energy and Power Signals: Signals may be classified as energy and power signals. However, there are
some signals which can neither be classified as energy signals nor power signals.
The energy signal is one which has finite energy and zero average power.
x(t) is an energy signal if it satisfies following condition:
► 0 < E < ∞ and P = 0
Here, E is the energy and P is the power of signal x(t). The power signal is one which has finite average
power and infinite energy.
x(t) is a power signal if it satisfies following condition:
► 0 < P < ∞ and E = ∞
Classification
of Signals
Classification
of Signals
Classification
of Signals
Classification
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Classification
of Signals
Thank You
