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Basic Terminologies in Control System

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Basic Terminologies in Control System

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tampisjustine704
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Basic terminologies in control system

System: A combination or arrangement of a number of different physical components to form a whole


unit such that that combining unit performs to achieve a certain goal.

Control: The action to command, direct or regulate a system. Plant or process: The part or component
of a system that is required to be controlled.

Input: It is the signal or excitation supplied to a control system.

Output: It is the actual response obtained from the control system.

Controller: The part or component of a system that controls the plant.

Disturbances: The signal that has adverse effect on the performance of a control system.

Control system: A system that can command, direct or regulate itself or another system to achieve a
certain goal.

Automation: The control of a process by automatic means.

Control System: An interconnection of components forming a system configuration that will provide a
desired response.

Actuator: It is the device that causes the process to provide the output. It is the device that provides the
motive power to the process.

Design: The process of conceiving or inventing the forms, parts, and details of system to achieve a
specified purpose.

Simulation: A model of a system that is used to investigate the behavior of a system by utilizing actual
input signals.

Optimization: The adjustment of the parameters to achieve the most favorable or advantageous design.

Feedback Signal: A measure of the output of the system used for feedback to control the system.

Negative feedback: The output signal is feedback so that it subtracts from the input signal.

Block diagrams: Unidirectional, operational blocks that represent the transfer functions of the elements
of the system.

Signal Flow Graph (SFG): A diagram that consists of nodes connected by several directed branches and
that is a graphical representation of a set of linear relations.

Specifications: Statements that explicitly state what the device or product is to be and to do. It is also
defined as a set of prescribed performance criteria.

Open-loop control system: A system that utilizes a device to control the process without using feedback.
Thus the output has no effect upon the signal to the process.

Closed-loop feedback control system: A system that uses a measurement of the output and compares it
with the desired output.
Regulator: The control system where the desired values of the controlled outputs are more or less fixed
and the main problem is to reject disturbance effects.

Servo system: The control system where the outputs are mechanical quantities like acceleration,
velocity or position.

Stability: It is a notion that describes whether the system will be able to follow the input command. In a
non-rigorous sense, a system is said to be unstable if its output is out of control or increases without
bound.

Multivariable Control System: A system with more than one input variable or more than one output
variable.

Trade-off: The result of making a judgment about how much compromise must be made between
conflicting criteria.

Classification of control system:

Natural control system: It is a control system that is created by nature, i.e. solar

Man-made control system: It is a control system that is created by humans, i.e. automobile, power
plants etc.

Automatic control system: It is a control system that is made by using basic theories from mathematics
and engineering. This system mainly has sensors, actuators and responders.

Combinational control system: It is a control system that is a combination of natural and man-made
control systems, i.e. driving a car etc.

Time-variant control system: It is a control system where any one or more parameters of the control
system vary with time i.e. driving a vehicle.

Time-invariant control system: It is a control system where none of its parameters vary with time i.e.
control system made up of inductors, capacitors and resistors only.

Linear control system: It is a control system that satisfies properties of homogeneity and additive.

• Homogeneous property: ( ) + = + f x y f x f y ( ) ( )

• Additive property: ( ) f x   = f x ( )

Non-linear control system: It is a control system that does not satisfy properties of homogeneity and
additive, i.e. ( ) 3 f x x = 1.2.5.

Continuous-Time control system: It is a control system where performances of all of its parameters are
function of time, i.e. armature type speed control of motor.

Discrete -Time control system: It is a control system where performances of all of its parameters are
function of discrete time i.e. microprocessor type speed control of motor.
Deterministic control system: It is a control system where its output is predictable or repetitive for
certain input signal or disturbance signal.

Stochastic control system: It is a control system where its output is unpredictable or non-repetitive for
certain input signal or disturbance signal.

Lumped-parameter control system: It is a control system where its mathematical model is represented
by ordinary differential equations.

Distributed-parameter control system: It is a control system where its mathematical model is


represented by an electrical network that is a combination of resistors, inductors and capacitors.

Single-input-single-output [SISO] control system: It is a control system that has only one input and one
output.

Multi-input-multi-output [MIMO] control system: It is a control system that has only more than one
input and more than one output.

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