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CSC111
Introduction to Computing
Sciences
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A
COMPUTER
COURSE OUTLINE 2
Description of hardware components (CPU, memory,
storage)
Overview of computing devices (desktops, laptops,
tablets)
Introduction to Hardware Components
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Hardware components are the physical parts of a computer system
or any digital device that enable the computer to perform tasks.
Each component has a specific function and works in coordination
with others to run applications, process data, and perform user
commands.
Types of hardware components are often classified into input,
output, processing, storage, and communication devices.
Core Hardware Components
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Known as the brain of the computer, the CPU is responsible for executing
instructions and processing data.
Main components:
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logic
operations.
Control Unit (CU): Directs operations within the CPU and interprets
instructions.
Registers: Temporary storage within the CPU for fast access to
frequently used data.
Examples of CPUs: Intel Core, AMD Ryzen.
Memory (RAM & ROM)
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Random Access Memory (RAM): Temporary memory used to
store data currently in use, allowing for quick access and processing.
More RAM increases a system's multitasking capability.
Read-Only Memory (ROM): Non-volatile memory that stores
essential firmware required for booting up the device, which remains
even when the computer is off.
Motherboard
The main printed circuit board (PCB) that connects all hardware 6
components.
Houses the CPU, RAM, and other essential components and provides
connectors for additional hardware, such as storage and peripheral devices.
Power Supply Unit (PSU)
Supplies electrical power to the entire computer system by converting
alternating current (AC) from the power outlet into direct current (DC)
needed by the components.
Storage Devices
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Hard Disk Drive (HDD) and Solid State Drive (SSD)
HDDs are traditional storage devices using magnetic platters for long-term
storage.
SSDs are faster, flash-based storage with no moving parts, offering quicker
data access and greater durability than HDDs.
Optical Drives
Used to read/write data from optical discs like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-rays,
though less common in modern systems.
External and Portable Storage
USB flash drives, external HDDs, and SSDs provide additional or portable
storage options for data transfer and backup.
Input Devices 8
Devices that allow users to enter data or commands into a computer.
Keyboard: Used for text input and command execution.
Mouse: A pointing device for navigating and selecting on the screen.
Scanners and Cameras: Convert physical images and documents into
digital formats.
Output Devices
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Components that provide information to the user from the computer.
Monitor: Displays visual output from the computer's graphical
processing unit (GPU).
Printers: Provide physical output of digital documents and images.
Speakers and Headphones: Convert audio signals into sound for
the user.
Peripheral Devices and Expansion Cards
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Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
Responsible for rendering images and videos; essential for
graphics-intensive applications like gaming and video editing.
Can be integrated (built into the CPU) or dedicated (separate
card).
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Allows a computer to connect to a network, facilitating internet
access.
Peripheral Devices and Expansion Cards
(Cont.) 11
Sound Card
Processes audio data and outputs it through speakers or
headphones, improving audio quality compared to onboard audio
solutions.
Communication Components
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• Modem: Converts digital data to analog signals for transmission
over phone lines and vice versa, primarily for internet access.
• Router: Manages traffic between different networks, commonly
used in home and business networks to direct internet traffic.
• Wireless Adapter: Allows a device to connect to Wi-Fi
networks, essential in mobile computing.
Overview of computing devices
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(desktops, laptops, tablets)
computing devices refer to electronic devices capable of processing,
storing, and displaying information.
These devices have evolved to support various forms, including
desktops, laptops, and tablets.
Each type is suited to different environments and use cases, impacting
user experience, portability, and functionality.
Desktop Computers
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Definition: Stationary computers designed for use at a single
location, usually on a desk, with separate components like a monitor,
keyboard, and CPU.
Key Components:
Central Processing Unit (CPU): Typically high-powered for
intensive computing tasks.
Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Often dedicated for
graphical applications (e.g., gaming, 3D rendering).
Memory and Storage: Usually larger RAM and storage (SSD or
HDD) options than mobile devices.
Laptop Computers 15
Definition: Portable computers with all components integrated into a
single unit that can be easily transported.
Key Components:
Integrated Components: Built-in screen, keyboard, and
trackpad.
Battery: Provides power for use without constant access to an
electrical outlet.
Cooling System: Compact cooling systems to manage heat within
a limited space.
Tablets 16
Portable, touchscreen-based devices with no physical
keyboard, designed for mobility and ease of use in various
environments.
Key Components:
Touchscreen Interface: Allows for direct interaction without a
physical keyboard or mouse.
Mobile Processor (often ARM-based): Optimized for battery
life and low power consumption.
Battery Life: Often exceeds that of laptops due to efficient mobile
processors.
