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CSC111 - Basic Components of A Computer

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CSC111 - Basic Components of A Computer

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addisondre6
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

CSC111
Introduction to Computing
Sciences
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A
COMPUTER
COURSE OUTLINE 2

 Description of hardware components (CPU, memory,


storage)
 Overview of computing devices (desktops, laptops,
tablets)
Introduction to Hardware Components
3
Hardware components are the physical parts of a computer system
or any digital device that enable the computer to perform tasks.
 Each component has a specific function and works in coordination
with others to run applications, process data, and perform user
commands.
Types of hardware components are often classified into input,
output, processing, storage, and communication devices.
Core Hardware Components
4
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Known as the brain of the computer, the CPU is responsible for executing
instructions and processing data.
Main components:
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logic
operations.
Control Unit (CU): Directs operations within the CPU and interprets
instructions.
Registers: Temporary storage within the CPU for fast access to
frequently used data.
Examples of CPUs: Intel Core, AMD Ryzen.
Memory (RAM & ROM)
5

 Random Access Memory (RAM): Temporary memory used to

store data currently in use, allowing for quick access and processing.
More RAM increases a system's multitasking capability.

 Read-Only Memory (ROM): Non-volatile memory that stores

essential firmware required for booting up the device, which remains


even when the computer is off.
Motherboard
The main printed circuit board (PCB) that connects all hardware 6
components.
Houses the CPU, RAM, and other essential components and provides
connectors for additional hardware, such as storage and peripheral devices.
Power Supply Unit (PSU)
Supplies electrical power to the entire computer system by converting
alternating current (AC) from the power outlet into direct current (DC)
needed by the components.
Storage Devices
7
 Hard Disk Drive (HDD) and Solid State Drive (SSD)
HDDs are traditional storage devices using magnetic platters for long-term
storage.
SSDs are faster, flash-based storage with no moving parts, offering quicker
data access and greater durability than HDDs.
 Optical Drives
Used to read/write data from optical discs like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-rays,
though less common in modern systems.
 External and Portable Storage
USB flash drives, external HDDs, and SSDs provide additional or portable
storage options for data transfer and backup.
Input Devices 8

 Devices that allow users to enter data or commands into a computer.

 Keyboard: Used for text input and command execution.

 Mouse: A pointing device for navigating and selecting on the screen.

 Scanners and Cameras: Convert physical images and documents into

digital formats.
Output Devices
9

 Components that provide information to the user from the computer.

 Monitor: Displays visual output from the computer's graphical

processing unit (GPU).

 Printers: Provide physical output of digital documents and images.

 Speakers and Headphones: Convert audio signals into sound for

the user.
Peripheral Devices and Expansion Cards
10

 Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)


Responsible for rendering images and videos; essential for
graphics-intensive applications like gaming and video editing.
Can be integrated (built into the CPU) or dedicated (separate
card).
 Network Interface Card (NIC)
Allows a computer to connect to a network, facilitating internet
access.
Peripheral Devices and Expansion Cards
(Cont.) 11

 Sound Card
Processes audio data and outputs it through speakers or
headphones, improving audio quality compared to onboard audio
solutions.
Communication Components
12
• Modem: Converts digital data to analog signals for transmission
over phone lines and vice versa, primarily for internet access.

• Router: Manages traffic between different networks, commonly


used in home and business networks to direct internet traffic.

• Wireless Adapter: Allows a device to connect to Wi-Fi


networks, essential in mobile computing.
Overview of computing devices
13
(desktops, laptops, tablets)
computing devices refer to electronic devices capable of processing,
storing, and displaying information.
These devices have evolved to support various forms, including
desktops, laptops, and tablets.
Each type is suited to different environments and use cases, impacting
user experience, portability, and functionality.
Desktop Computers
14
 Definition: Stationary computers designed for use at a single
location, usually on a desk, with separate components like a monitor,
keyboard, and CPU.
 Key Components:
Central Processing Unit (CPU): Typically high-powered for
intensive computing tasks.
Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Often dedicated for
graphical applications (e.g., gaming, 3D rendering).
Memory and Storage: Usually larger RAM and storage (SSD or
HDD) options than mobile devices.
Laptop Computers 15
 Definition: Portable computers with all components integrated into a
single unit that can be easily transported.
 Key Components:
Integrated Components: Built-in screen, keyboard, and
trackpad.
Battery: Provides power for use without constant access to an
electrical outlet.
Cooling System: Compact cooling systems to manage heat within
a limited space.
Tablets 16
Portable, touchscreen-based devices with no physical
keyboard, designed for mobility and ease of use in various
environments.
Key Components:
Touchscreen Interface: Allows for direct interaction without a
physical keyboard or mouse.
Mobile Processor (often ARM-based): Optimized for battery
life and low power consumption.
Battery Life: Often exceeds that of laptops due to efficient mobile
processors.

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