Programming:

1. Write a program to remove duplicates in list?

l=[11,22,44,55,66,11,11,45,45,78,99,45]
l2=[]
for i in l:
if i not in l2:
l2.append(i)
print(l2)

Output :-

[11,22,44,55,66,45,78,99]

2. Write a program to remove duplicates in string?

s='hi hello how'

s1=''
for i in s:
if i not in s1:
s1+=i
print(s1)

Output:-

hai elow

3. Write a program to print most repeated character in string?

s='hai python'
d={}
for i in s:
if i not in d:
d[i]=1
else:
d[i]+=1
A=max(d.values())
for s in d:
if d[s]==A:
print(s)
Output:-

4. Write a program to print most repeated word in sentence?

s='hai python hai hello hai hello'

l=s.split()
d={}
for i in l:
if i not in d:
d[i]=1
else:
d[i]+=1
A=max(d.values())
for s in d:
if d[s]==A:
print(s)

Output:-

hai

5. Write a program to print most repeated element in list?

l=[11,22,33,44,11,55,66]
d={}
for i in l:
if i not in d:
d[i]=1
else:
d[i]+=1
A=max(d.values())
for s in d:
if d[s]==A:
print(s)
Output:-
11

6. Write a program to print lengthiest word in sentence?

s='hai python hai hello hai hello '

l=s.split()
d={}
for i in l:
if i not in d:
d[i]=len(i)
A=max(d.values())
for s in d:
if d[s]==A:
print(s)

Output:-

python

Another way

s='hai hello how python'

l=s.split()
max=l[0]
for i in l:
len(i)>len(max)
max=i
print(max)

Output :-
python

Another way
s='hai hello python'
a=s.split()
print(max(a,key=len))

Output:-
python

7. Prime number program

using for loop

n=int(input('enter a number'))
if n>1:
for i in range(2,n):
if n%i==0:
print('not prime')
break
else:
print('prime')
else:
print('not prime')

Output:-
Enter a number 11
prime

using while loop

n=int(input('enter a number'))
a=2
if n>1:
while a<n:
if n%a==0:
print('not prime')
break
a+=1
 else:
print('prime')
else:
print('not prime')

Output:-
Enter a number 5
prime

8. Program to swap two values

swapping the second and the last value

l=[11,22,33,44,55]
l[1],l[-1]=l[-1],l[1]
print(l)

Output:-

[11, 55, 33, 44, 22]

swapping the first and the last value

l=[11,22,33,44,55]
l[0],l[-1]=l[-1],l[0]
print(l)

Output:-

[55, 22, 33, 44, 11]

swapping the fourth and the first value

l=[11,22,33,44,55]
l[3],l[-5]=l[-5],l[3]
print(l)
Output:-

[44, 22, 33, 11, 55]

9. Factorial and Fibonacci with recursion and without recursion

Factorial program using without recursion

using for loop

n=int(input('enter a number'))
fact=1
for i in range(1,n+1):
fact*=i
print(fact)
Output:-
Enter a number 5
120

using while loop

n=int(input('enter a number'))
fact=1
a=1
while a<n+1:
fact*=a
a+=1
print(fact)

Output:-
Enter a number 5
120

Fibonacci program using without recursion

def fibo(n,a,b):
if n==1:
 print(a)
elif n==2:
print(a,b)
else:
print(a,b)
for i in range(2,n):
c=a+b
print(c)
a,b=b,c
fibo(10,2,3)

Output:-

23
5
8
13
21
34
55
89
144

using for loop

n=int(input('enter a number'))
a=int(input('enter a number'))
b=int(input('enter a number'))
for i in range(2,n):
if n==1:
print(a)
elif n==2:
print(a,b)
else:
print(a,b)
c=a+b
print(c)
 a,b=b,c
Output:-

enter a number10
enter a number2
enter a number3
23
5
35
8
58
13
8 13
21
13 21
34
21 34
55
34 55
89
55 89
144

Factorial program using with recursion

def fact(n):
if n==0:
return 1
else:
return n*fact(n-1)
num=5
for i in range(1,num+1):
x=fact(i)
print(x)

Output:-
1
2
6
24
120

For single factorial number

def fact(n):
if n==0:
return 1
else:
return n*fact(n-1)
num=5
x=fact(num)
print(x)

Output:-

120

Fibonacci with recursion

def fibo(n):
if n==1 or n==2:
return n-1
else:
return fibo(n-1)+fibo(n-2)
num=10
for i in range(1,num+1):
x=fibo(i)
print(x)

Output:-

0
1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34

Fibonacci number using single fibonacci number

def fibo(n):
if n==1 or n==2:
return n-1
else:
return fibo(n-1)+fibo(n-2)
num=10
x=fibo(num)
print(x)

Output:-

34

10.Input:- we are the programmers Output:-programmers the are we

s='we are the programers'

l=s.split( )
for i in range(-1,-len(l)-1,-1):
print(l[i],end=' ')

Output:-

programers the are we

Another method
s='we are the programmers'
l=s.split( )
rev=l[::-1]
print(' '.join(rev))

Output:-

programers the are we

11. Input:- we are the programmers Output:-ew era eht sremmargorp

s='we are the programmers'

l=s.split( )
l1=[ ]
for i in l:
rev=i[::-1]
l1.append(rev)
print(' '.join(l1))

Output:-

ew era eht sremmargorp

12. Write a program to check whether the given number is palindrome or

not?

using while loop

n=int(input('enter a number'))
rev=0
num=n
while n>0:
rem=n%10
rev=rev*10+rem
n=n//10
if num==rev:
print('palindrome number')
else:
print('not palindrome number')

Output:-

Enter a number 11

palindrome

Another method

using type casting

n=int(input('enter a number'))
l=str(n)
if l==l[::-1]:
print('palindrome number')
else:
print('not palindrome number')

Output:-

Enter a number 11

palindrome

13. Write a program to check whether the given string is palindrome or

not?

s=input('enter a string')
rev=s[::-1]
if rev==s:
print('palindrome')
else:
print('not palindrome')

Output:-
enter a string malayalam
palindrome

enter a string man

not palindrome

14. Write a program to print highest value in list?

l=[11,22,66,99,88,77]
max=l[0]
for i in l:
if i>max:
max=i
print(max)

Output:-

99

Another method

l=[11,88,55,98,78,54]
l.sort()
print(l[-1])

Output:-

98

By using bubble sorting technique

l=[10,55,18,9,2,5,12]
n=len(l)
for i in range(0,n-1):
for j in range(0,n-1-i):
if l[j]>l[j+1]:
 l[j],l[j+1]=l[j+1],l[j]
print(l[-1])

Output:-

55

15. Write a program to print second highest value in list?

l=[11,88,99,55,98,78,54]
l.sort()
print(l[-2])

Output:-
98
Another method

l=[11,88,99,55,98,78,54]
n=len(l)
for i in range(0,n-1):
for j in range(0,n-1-i):
if l[j]>l[j+1]:
l[j],l[j+1]=l[j+1],l[j]
print(l[-2])

Output:-
98

16. Write a program to print least value in list?

l=[11,88,99,55,98,78,54]
l.sort()
print(l[0])

Output:-
11
Another method
l=[11,22,66,99,88,77]
min=l[0]
for i in l:
if i<min:
min=i
print(min)

Output:-

11

17. Sort the given array without using built-in methods?

l=[10,55,18,9,2,5,12]
n=len(l)
for i in range(0,n-1):
for j in range(0,n-1-i):
if l[j]>l[j+1]:
l[j],l[j+1]=l[j+1],l[j]
print(l)

Output:-

[2, 5, 9, 10, 12, 18, 55]

18. Write a program to swap first and last element in given list?

l=[11,22,66,99,88,77]
l[0],l[-1]=l[-1],l[0]
print(l)

Output:-

[77, 22, 66, 99, 88, 11]

19. Input:- aaabbcccdaabbb Output:-3a2b3c1d2a3b

s='aaabbcccdaabbb'
new=''
c=1
for i in range(1,len(s)):
if s[i]==s[i-1]:
c+=1
else:
new=new+str(c)+s[i-1]
c=1
if i==len(s)-1:
new=new+str(c)+s[i-1]
print(new)

Output:-

3a2b3c1d2a3b

20. Input:- ['kumar', 'somu', 'sonu', 'ram', 'raju'], Output:- {'k': 1, 's': 2,
'r': 2}

l=['kumar', 'somu', 'sonu', 'ram', 'raju']

l1=[]
for i in l:
l1.append(i[0])
d={}
for i in l1:
if i not in d:
d[i]=1
else:
d[i]+=1
print(d)

Output:-

{'k': 1, 's': 2, 'r': 2}

21. Write a program to sort numbers in list without using built-in methods?

l=[10,55,18,9,2,5,12]
n=len(l)
for i in range(0,n-1):
for j in range(0,n-1-i):
if l[j]>l[j+1]:
l[j],l[j+1]=l[j+1],l[j]
print(l)

Output:-

[2, 5, 9, 10, 12, 18, 55]

Theory:

1. What are features of python?

● Python is a high level interpreted and scripting language

● Python is case sensitive language
● Python supports both functional and object oriented for solving
programming problems
● Python has more built-in support for libraries
● Python is very easy to learn and write
● Python is dynamically typed language because there is no declaration of
variable

Or

● Python is a high-level language.

● Python is an interpreted language.
● Python supports both functional and object oriented approach.
● Python is a dynamically typed language.
● Python is a case sensitive language.
2. What is variable and Identifiers?

Variable:-

● Variable is a name which stores a value.

● The value stored in a variable might get varied.

Identifiers:-

● Identifier is a name, which identifies variables, classes and functions

3. What are rules of identifiers?

● First letter should not be a number.

● We should not use keywords as identifiers.

● Except underscore remaining special characters are not allowed.

4. What is difference between .py and .pyc files?

● .py It is a file with .py extension, which stores the actual code

● .pyc It is a file with .pyc, which stores the compiled code or bytecode
5. What is the difference between list and tuple ?

List & tuple

1. Elements in list is enclosed in a pair of square brackets ( [ ] ) whereas
elements in tuple is enclosed in a pair of parenthesis ( ( ) )

2. List is a mutable data types whereas tuple is an immutable data type

3. List is a variable length data types whereas tuple is a fixed length data
type
 4. We can initialize a single value in list (,) is not mandatory whereas we can
initialize a single in tuple (,) is mandatory.

5. For empty list we use square brackets where empty tuple we use tuple ()
(tuple function)

List Tuple
List is declared in a pair of square Tuple is declared in a pair of
brackets([ ]) parentheses or round brackets( ( ) ).

List is a mutable data type Tuple is a immutable data type

comma( , ) is not mandatory for comma( , ) is mandatory for creating

creating a empty list a empty tuple

6. What is difference between list and set?

List & set

1. Elements in list is enclosed in a pair of square brackets ( [ ]) whereas set
is enclosed in a pair of curly brackets ( { } )

2. List is an ordered collection data type. So, we can perform indexing and
slicing whereas set is an unordered collection data type. So, we cannot
perform indexing and slicing

3. List allows duplicate values where as set is does not allows duplicate
values
4. For empty list we use square brackets whereas empty set we use set
function

5. List is a homogeneous/heterogeneous data type whereas set is a

homogeneous/heterogeneous data type but we can store only immutable
data type.
 List Set
List is declared in a pair of square Set is declared in a pair of curly
brackets ( [ ] ) brackets ( { } )

List is a ordered collection data Set is a unordered collection data

type.So,we can perform indexing and type.So, we cannot perform indexing
slicing and slicing

List is a homogeneous and Set is a homogenous and

heterogeneous data type heterogenous data type but we can
store only immutable data types.

List can store duplicate values Set cannot store duplicate values.

7. Explain about set data type?

● Set is declared in a pair of curly braces ( { } ).

● Set is a mutable data type.
● Set is a random ordered collection data type.So, we cannot perform
indexing and slicing.
● Set cannot store duplicate values
● Set is a homogenous and heterogenous data type but we can store only
immutable data types.

8. Explain about dictionary data type?

● Dictionary is a pair of keys and values declared inside a curly brackets( {

} ).
● Dictionary is a mutable data type.
● In the Dictionary data is in the form of pairs. So, we cannot perform
indexing and slicing.
● Each and every keys and values are separated by colon ( : ).
● Each and every key value pairs are separated by comma ( , ).
 Properties of keys
● We can store only immutable data types but we are advised to use string
because string are defining as keys
● If we try to add duplicate values in dictionary, it will delete the old value
and the new value will be assigned to that key
Properties of values
● We can store any type of data as values in dictionary
● We can give duplicate values as values in dictionary

9. How to remove last element in list?

● Syntax is pop(index position)

● Pop method is used to removes the element based on specified index
position
● If we give an empty pop () it will delete or remove the last element in the
list.

10. How to add value in a tuple?

We can single value in tuple by using type casting.

t=(10,20,30,40,50)
print(t)
l=list(t)
print(l)
l.append(80)
print(l)
print(tuple(l))

Output:-

(10, 20, 30, 40, 50)

[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 80]
(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 80)
11. How to add multiple values in tuple?

We cannot add multiple values in tuple. By using type casting we can add
elements in tuple.

12. How to convert tuple to list?

Using type casting method we can convert list to tuple

Example:-

t= (10,55,66,88,99)

t= list((10,55,6,88,99))

t= [10, 55, 6, 88, 99]

13. Swap first and last element in list?

Example :-

l=[11,55,66,77]

l[0],l[-1]=l[-1],l[0]

Output:-

[77, 55, 66, 11]

14. Explain the difference between ShallowCopy and DeepCopy?

Shallow Copy Deep Copy

1. We can define the shallow 1. We can define the deep copy by
copy by using slicing using importing copy method
operator
2. In shallow copy both the 2. In deep copy both the objects are
objects are pointing to pointing to different memory address but
different memory address the elements are pointing to different
but the elements are memory address.
pointing to same memory
address

3. If we try to modify one 3. If we try to modify one object other

object other objects will not objects will get affected.
get affected but if we try to
modify elements inside the 4. Ex:-
object then the other objects
will get affected from copy import deepcopy
l=[[1,2,3,4],['x','y','z','a']]
4. Ex:- l1=deepcopy(l)
print(l)
l=[11,22,55,66,77] print(l1)
l1=l[::] print(l is l1)
print(l) print(l[0] is l1[0])
print(l1) l1[0][1]=50
print(l is l1) print(l)
print(l[0] is l1[0]) print(l1)
l1[0]=50
print(l) Output
print(l1)
[[1, 2, 3, 4], ['x', 'y', 'z', 'a']]
Output [[1, 2, 3, 4], ['x', 'y', 'z', 'a']]
False
[11, 22, 55, 66, 77] False
[11, 22, 55, 66, 77] [[1, 2, 3, 4], ['x', 'y', 'z', 'a']]
False [[1, 50, 3, 4], ['x', 'y', 'z', 'a']]
True
[11, 22, 55, 66, 77]
[50, 22, 55, 66, 77]
15. What is difference between get method and set-default method?

1. If the specified key is present it 1. If the specified key is present it

will display the value will display the value
2. If the specified key is not 2. If the specified key is not present it
present it will take the default will update the dictionary key and
value values
3. Syntax :- get(keyname,[default 3. Syntax :-set
value]) default(keyname,[default value])
4. If the default value is not 4. If the default value is not present it
present it will give None as an will update the actual dictionary
output
Ex:-
Ex:- d={'name':'mahesh','address':'hyderab
d={'name':'hari','age':5} ad','state':'telangana'}
d
{'name': 'hari', 'age': 5} d
{'name': 'mahesh', 'address':
d.get('name') 'hyderabad', 'state': 'telangana'}
'hari'
d.setdefault('name')
d.get(‘age’) 'mahesh'
5
d.setdefault('age',55)
d.get(‘AGE’,15) 55
15
d
{'name': 'mahesh', 'address':
'hyderabad', 'state': 'telangana', 'age':
55}

16.What is difference between remove and pop?

Pop Remove
Pop method is used for removing the Remove method is used for removing
element based on index position the element based on value
Pop method will return the value Remove method will not return the
value
Pop method will take one argument Remove method will take one
mandatory argument
Syntax for pop:- Syntax for remove:-
pop(index position) remove(value)

17. What is difference between remove and discard?

pop remove discard

Pop method will delete Remove method is used Remove method is used
random element for delete the element for delete the element
based on value based on value
In pop method if we If the specified element If the specified element
give index position it is present it will delete is present it will delete
will throws a key error the value the value
If the specified element If the specified element
is not present it will is not present it will not
throws a key error perform any operation
Syntax for remove:- Syntax for discard:-
remove(value) discard(value)

18. Explain if, elif and else?

if condition:-

It is used to control the flow of statements for one condition

Ex:-

a=int(input('enter a value'))

if a>10:

print('enter into the block')

print(a)
 print('come out of the block')

Output:-

enter a value15

enter into the block

15

come out of the block

Here the a value is greater than 10.so,that it will enter into the if block and it
will execute the output

a=int(input('enter a value'))

if a>10:

print('enter into the block')

print(a)

print('come out of the block')

Output:-

enter a value5

Here the value (a) is not greater than 10. So,that it will not enter into the if block

If-else block:-

It is used to control the flow of statements for two condition

In if else block only one block will get executed

If block is not get executed then else block will get executed

Ex:-

a=int(input('enter a value'))

if a%2==0:
 print('even number')

else:

print('odd number')

Output:-

enter a value6

even number

Here the given condition is satisfied. So,that if block is executed

a=int(input('enter a value'))

if a%2==0:

print('even number')

else:

print('odd number')

Output:-

enter a value5

odd number

Here the given condition is not satisfied. So,that else block is executed

if-elif block:-

It is used to control the flow of statements for multiple conditions

In if elif block only one block will get executed

Ex:-

a=int(input('enter a value'))

b=int(input('enter b value'))

c=int(input('enter c block'))
if a>b:

print('a is maximum')

elif b>c:

print('b is maximum')

else:

print('c is maximum')

Output:-

enter a value10

enter b value15

enter c block25

c is maximum

Here the a,b values are not maximum.So, that else is executed

a=int(input('enter a value'))

b=int(input('enter b value'))

c=int(input('enter c block'))

if a>b:

print('a is maximum')

elif b>c:

print('b is maximum')

else:

print('c is maximum')

Output:-

enter a value10
enter b value36

enter c block25

b is maximum

Here the a is not maximum. So,that elif block is executed

a=int(input('enter a value'))

b=int(input('enter b value'))

c=int(input('enter c block'))

if a>b:

print('a is maximum')

elif b>c:

print('b is maximum')

else:

print('c is maximum')

Output:-

enter a value95

enter b value25

enter c block45

a is maximum

Here a value is maximum. So,that if block is executed

Note: If we write any condition, that should end with a block(:) after give one
tab indentation and then write the statements or code of a program.
19. Explain about break, continue and pass?

Break
It is used for terminating the loop
Ex:
for i in range(1,10):
print(i)
if i==5:
break
Output
12345

Continue
Continue is used for skipping the current iteration
Ex:
For i in range(1,11)
print(i)
if i==3:
continue

Output
1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Pass

Pass is used for creating the empty blocks

Ex :-

For i in range(1,10)

pass

If a>10:

Pass

def sum ():

Pass
20. What is difference between for loop and while loop?

For loop While loop

For loop is used for when we know While loop is used for when we don’t
how times we have to run the loop know how many times we have to run
the loop
If we want to run the loop n times it While loop will run infinity times
will run for that many times until unless we give a condition
In for loop if the condition is not true In the while loop if the condition is
it will not enter into the loop true the loop will get iterated(iterate
means repeating the execution).until
unless the condition is satisfied.
Ex:- Ex:-
s=’hello’ a=5
for i in s: while a<10:
print(i) print(a)
a+=1
Output:- Ex:-
h 5
e 6
l 7
l 8
o 9

21. What is a function?

1. Function is an independent block of instructions which is used to perform
specific task
2. Function is used for decreasing the code redundancy and increasing the
code reusability
3. Syntax for getting the address of function is Function name
4. Syntax for call the function is Function name ( )

● Until and unless we call the function, the statements will not get executed
● We can call the function anyplace and anywhere check before it has been
declared or not
 Types of functions
1. Built-in function
2. User defined function
Built-in function
These are already developed by the python developers
EX:-
Print, type, id, Len, input.
User defined function
User defined functions are defined by using def keyword
Advantages:-
1. Reusability
2. Debugging
Ex:-
def sum ( ): # functionname ex:- sum
print(‘hello’)
print(‘hai’)
sum( )
Output:-
hello
hai
Ex:-
def details(name,age):
print(f'Name = {name}')
print(f'Age ={age}')
details('hari',25)
Output:-
Name = hari
Age =25
22. What is difference between positional and keyword arguments?

Positional arguments Keyword arguments

Positional arguments are defined by Keyword arguments are defined by
using proper position using no proper position
No.of arguments in function call is No.of arguments in function call is
equal to the no.of arguments in equal to the no.of arguments in
function declaration function declaration

Ex:- Ex:-
def add(a,b): def add(a,b):
print(a) print(b)
print(b) print(a)

add(10,50) add(10,50)

Output:- Output:-
10 50
50 10

Ex:- Ex:-

def details(name,age,mobile): def details(age,name,mobile):

print(f'Name = {name}') print(f'Name = {name}')
print(f'Age ={age}') print(f'Age ={age}')
print(f'Mobile ={mobile}') print(f'Mobile ={mobile}')
details(15,'loki',9673154863)
details('hari',25,6352417485)
Output:-
Output:-
Name = loki
Name = hari Age =15
Age =25 Mobile =9673154863
Mobile =6352417485

23. Explain about default arguments?

In default arguments the default values are provided in function declaration

If we not provide any values in function call it will take the default values

No.of arguments in function call less than or equal to the no.of arguments in
function declaration

Ex:-

def hai(a=44,b=88):

print(a)

print(b)

hai(10)

Output :-

10

88

Ex:-

def details(name='raju',age=20,mobile=9674124596):

print(f'Name = {name}')

print(f'Age ={age}')

print(f'Mobile ={mobile}')

details('anand',30,9673154863)

Output:-

Name = anand

Age =30

Mobile =9673154863
24. What is return keyword in python?
● Return is used for returning some values from function space to main
space
● In Return we any data type
● Return is the final block of statement
● After return we cannot write single line of statement
● In return if we give multiple elements the output format is in tuple
● We can call the return function in three ways
1. Assign the value to a variable.
2. Call the function inside a print function
3. We can call using conditional statements
Ex:-

def add(a,b):
print(a)
print(b)
return 50
a=add(10,20)
print(a)

Output:-
10
20
50

def add(a,b):
print(a)
print(b)
return 50

print(add(10,20))

Output:-
10
20
50
def add(a,b):
print(a)
print(b)
return 50,40,80

print(add(10,20))

Output:-
10
20
(50, 40, 80)

25. Explain Variable length arguments and Variable length keyword

arguments?

Variable length arguments Variable length keyword argument

1. *args defines the variable 1. **args defines the variable
length arguments or *prefix to length keyword argument or
the variable defines the **prefix to the variable defines
variable length arguments the variable length keyword
arguments
2. We can define a function with 2. We can define 0 to n number of key
o to any n number of values value pairs
3. *args will pack the individual 3. **args will pack the individual
elements into a tuple elements into a dictionary
4. If we do not provide any values 4. If we do not provide any values in
in function call it will give an function call it will give empty
empty tuple. dictionary.
Ex:- Ex:-
def hello(*args): def hello(**kwargs):
print(args) print(kwargs)

hello(10,50,66,88) hello(a=10,b='hello',c='hai')

Output:- Output:-
(10, 50, 66, 88) {'a': 10, 'b': 'hello', 'c': 'hai'}
26. What is recursion and advantages of using recursion?

● Recursive function is a process of calling a function within itself until the

terminating condition is satisfied
● Recursive function is used when we want to execute the same set of
statements repeatedly
● Advantages of recursive function is to avoid loops.

Ex:-

Print the sum of n natural numbers by using recursion

def sum(n):

if n==0:

return 0

return n+sum(n-1)

print(sum(5))

Output:- 15

Print the factorial numbers by using recursion

def fact(n):

if n==0:

return 0

return n*fact(n-1)

print(fact(5))

Output:-

120
27. What is lambda function?

● We can define the lambda function using lambda keyword

● Lambda functions are used for simple expressions
● Lambda functions are anonymous single line statements
● We can give n number of input but we can get only one expression
● By default lambda function will return output of the given expression

(Optional)

● Syntax lambda arguments : expression

● We want to define a lambda function we have to define it to a variable
● variablename= lambda arguments : Expression

28. What is difference between map function and filter function?

Map function Filter function

1. Map function are built in 1. Filter function are the built in
function.It will process and function will take one value at
access all the elements to the a time and it will pass the
iterable data type function as a parameter if the
function returns true it will add
the element in the filter object
and if the function return false
it will not add the element in
the filter object
2. Map function will take two 2. Filter function will take two
arguments one is function arguments one is function name and
name and another one is another one is iterable data type.
iterable data type.
Syntax:-
Syntax:-
filter(function name, iterable)
map(function name, iterable data
type) 3. Filter function will return the filter
object
3. Map function returns the map
object
 4. Map object is an iterator 4. Filter object is an iterator
Ex:- Ex:-
In one way In one way

def sum(n): def is_hai(n):

return n*2 if n%2==0:
print(list(map(sum,[11,22,88,99,77]) return True
)) else:
return False
Output:- print(list(filter(is_hai,[11,22,88,99,77]
[22, 44, 176, 198, 154] )))

If we want to write in single line we Output:-

use lambda function [22, 88]

print(list(map(lambda If we want to write in single line we

n:n*2,[11,22,88,99,77]))) use lambda function

Output:- print(list(filter(lambda
[22, 44, 176, 198, 154] n:n%2==0,[11,22,88,99,77])))

Output:-
[22, 88]

29. What is _name_?

● __name__ is a special method.

● It is used to evaluate the current module.
● If we won’t import any module ten the value of __name__ is __main__.
● If we import any module then the value of __main__ is that current
imported module

30. What are Global, Local and Non local variables?

Global variables

Global variables are defined in main space and modified,accessing in the

function space.
We cannot directly modify or access. Using global keyword we can modify or
access the variable

global var1,var2,......varN

Ex:-

a,b=10,50

def hello( ):

global a,b

print(a,b)

a-=8

b+=5

print(a,b)

hello()

Output:-

10 50

2 55

Local variables

Local variables are defined in function space and accessed,modified in function

space itself.

Ex:-

def hai( ):

a=10

print(a)

hai()

Output:-
10

Non-Local variables

Non-local variables are defined outside the function space and

accessed,modified in inner function space

We cannot directly modify or access. Using non-local keyword we can modify

or access the variable

non-local var1,var2,......varN

Ex:-

def add( ):

a,b=40,50

print(a,b)

def sum():

nonlocal a,b

print(a,b)

a+=100

b-=20

print(a,b)

sum()

print(a,b)

add()

Output:-

40 50

40 50

140 30
140 30

31. What is class?

Class is a blueprint that is used to create an object

Class can be created by using class keyword.

32.What is object?

Object is a real time entity that has states and behaviours

33. How to create a class?

If we create a class a dictionary will be created.

Here the states and methods are considered as keys and their respective values
are considered as values

Syntax for creating a class

Class classname( ):

( ) are optional

Ex:-

class A:

x=10

y=20

def hai(self):

Code

Here x,y,hai are keys and 10,20,code are values

Ex:-
class A:
x=10
 y=20
def hai(self):
pass

obj=A( )
print(obj.x)
print(obj.y)

Output:-
10
20

34. How to create a object?

● Object is a real time entity

● Syntax for creating an object
● objectname=classname(arguments)
● arguments are optional
● If we create a object a dictionary will be created under object name
● It will take all the properties of class dictionary to object dictionary
● It will checks for the constructor if it is present it will be called
automatically

35. What is constructor?

● Constructor is special method which will be called automatically when

we create an object
● __init__ is a constructor for the creation of object
● Self is a mandatory arguments which is used while we create an object
● Self will take the instance address of an object

36. What is self?

● Self is a mandatory arguments used when we create an object or

constructor.
● Self will give the instance address of an object
● Self is a mandatory argument we have to pass for the __init__
37. Explain the difference between class variables and instance variables?

Class variable Instance variable or object variable

Class variable is defined inside a class Object variable is defined inside a
and outside the method class and inside the method
Class variables are used for generic Object variables are used for specific
properties properties

41. Access modifiers in python

● Python uses _(underscore) symbol to determine the access modifiers

● Access modifiers have an important role to secure the data from
unauthorised users.
Access modifiers are of three types:-
1. public
2. protected
3. private
1. Public

● The members that are declared public can be accessible any part of the
program

● By default every variable is public

2. Protected

● The members that are declared protected can be accessible within a

class,outside the class and within the package

● To indicate variable protected we use single underscore(_) before the

variable

3. Private

● The members that are declared private can be accessible within a class
 ● To indicate variable protected we use double underscore(__) before the
variable

Ex:-
class C:
def __init__(self):
self.x=10
self._y=20
self.__z=30
def get(self):
return self.__z
def set(self,m):
self.__z=m
obj=C()
print(obj.x)
print(obj._y)
print(obj.get())
obj.set(50)
print(obj.get())
Output:-
10
20
30
50

Note:-

Public can be accessed from one module to another module

Protected can be accessed from within the class,outside the class or within the
package.

Private can be accessed within the class

Public and protected can be easily accessible .

Private can be accessible by using getter method and setter method.

38. Explain the difference between object method and class method?

Object method Classmethod

1. Object method is called called 1. Class method can be created by

by using object name using @classmethod decorator
2. By using object we can access 2. Class method will be called by
and modify the specific using both class name and
properties object name
3. It carries one mandatory 3. Class method can be access and
argument that is self modify the generic properties
4. Self carries the address of 4. Class method will one
instance object mandatory argument cls
5. Cls carries the class address

39. Explain the difference between class method and static method?

Classmethod Static method

1. Class method can be created by 1. Static method can be

using @classmethod decorator decorated by using @static
2. Class method will be called by method decorator
using both class name and 2. Static method can be called by
object name using class name and object
3. Class method can be access and name
modify the generic properties 3. Static method cannot access
4. Class method will one and modify the class
mandatory argument cls members(generic properties)
5. Cls carries the class address or object members(specific
properties)
4. Static method doesn’t take any
argument
40. What is Encapsulation?

It is used for binding the states and behaviours of an object under one roof

42. What is inheritance and explain types of inheritance?

Inheritance is the process of creating a class from another class

Types of inheritance

1.single level inheritance

2.multiple inheritance

3.hierarical inheritance

4.multilevel inheritance

5.hybrid inheritance

1. Single level inheritance

It is process of inheriting the properties from single parent class to single child
class

Ex:

class A:

def __init__(self):

print('init of a')

class B(A):

pass

ob=B()

Output

init of a
 2. Multiple inheritance

It is a process of inheriting the properties of multiple parent class to single

child class.

Ex:

class A:

def __init__(self):

print('init of a')

class B():

def __init__(self):

print('init of b')

class C(A,B):

pass

ob=C()

Output:

init of a

3. Hierarical inheritance

It is the process of inheriting the properties from single parent class to multiple
child class.

Ex:

class A:

def __init__(self):

print('init of a')

class B(A):

def __init__(self):
 print('init of b')

class C(A):

pass

ob=C()

Output

init of a

4. Multilevel inheritance

It is a process of inheriting the properties from one child class to another child
class.

Ex:

class A:

def __init__(self):

print('init of a')

class B(A):

def __init__(self):

print('init of b')

class C(B):

pass

ob=C()

Output

init of b

5. Hybrid inheritance

It is the combination of more than one type of inheritance or It is a process of

acquiring level of inheritance
class A:

def __init__(self):

print('init of a')

class B(A):

def __init__(self):

print('init of b')

class C(A):

def __init__(self):

print('init of c')

class D(B,C):

def __init__(self):

print('init of d')

obj=D()

Output:-

init of d

43. Explain Super method?

Super method is a method which is used in case of inheritance only

Syntax

super().methodname(arguments) or super(). __init__(arguments)

44. How to implement parent class method along with child class method in
case of multilevel inheritance?

class A:

def __init__(self):
 print('init of a')

class B(A):

def __init__(self):

print('init of b')

class C(B):

pass

ob=C()

Output

init of b

45. What is polymorphism and how to achieve it in python? Is overloading

possible in python and why?

Polymorphism is process of using one method with different functionalities

We can achieve the polymorphism by using method overriding

Method overriding

It is a process of changing the implementation of superclass(parent class) in

subclass(child class)

When we use method overriding the code redundancy is more using chaining
process along with method overriding we can achieve that.

Ex:-

Class BankV1( ) :
bank_name=’sbi’
bank_ifsc=1234
def __init__(self,n,a,bal):
self.name=n
self.age=a
self.balance=bal
Class Bank_v2( ) :
 def __init__(self,n,a,bal,ac,mo):
self.name=n
self.age=a
self.balance=bal
self.account=ac
self.mobile=mo

Method overloading

It is process of creating a method multiple times in a single class with different

arguments

Method overloading is not possible in python

Method overloading is not possible because it will take the latest defined
method

Ex:-

Class Bank( ) :
def __init__(self,n,a,bal):
self.name=n
self.age=a
self.balance=bal
def __init__(self,n,a,bal,ac,mo):
self.name=n
self.age=a
self.balance=bal
self.account=ac
self.mobile=mo

If we use method overriding the code redundancy is more by using chaining

process along with method overriding we can achieve the method overriding.