CLASS 9th NOTES
PHYSICS
WORK AND ENERGY
PRASHANT KIRAD
PRASHANT KIRAD
Work and energy
Work
For doing work, energy is required.
In animals, energy is supplied by the food they eat.
In machines, energy is supplied by fuel.
Reading, writing, drawing, thinking, and analyzing are all energy-
consuming, but scientifically, no work is done in all these tasks.
Example- A man is completely exhausted in trying to push a wall, but
work done is zero as the wall is stationary.
A man standing still with a heavy suitcase may be tired soon but he
does not work in this situation as he is stationary.
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Work is said to be done when:
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i. a moving object comes to rest
ii. an object at rest starts moving
iii. the velocity of an object changes
iv. the shape of an object changes
Scientific conception of work is done when force is applied on a body
and when that force produces motion under its influence.
Condition of work done Moving
i. Force should be applied on the body.
ii. Body should ne displaced.
PRASHANT KIRAD
Work is done when:
A cyclist is pedaling the cycle.
A man is lifting a load in an upward or downward direction
Work is not done when:
A coolie carrying some load on his head stands stationary.
A man is applying force on a big rock.
Work is done by a fixed force
Work done in the moving of a body is equal to the product of force and
displacement of the body in the direction of force.
Work = Force x Displacement
W=FxS
Work is a scalar quantity.
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The unit of Work is Newton metre or Joule.
When a force of 1 Newton moves a body through a distance of 1
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metre in its direction, then the work done is known as 1 Joule.
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1 Joule = 1 newton x 1 metre
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1 J = 1 Nm
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Whenever work is done against gravity, the amount of work done is equal
to the product of the weight of the body and the vertical distance
through which the body is lifted.
W = Weight of the body x vertical distance
W = m x g x h
where m = mass of the body
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = height through which the body is lifted
The amount of work done depends on the following factors:
i. Magnitude of force: Greater the displacement, the greater the
amount of work, and vice-versa
ii. Displacement: The greater the displacement, the greater the amount
of work and vice-versa.
PRASHANT KIRAD
Negative, Positive, and Zero work
i. Work done is positive when a force acts in the direction of motion of
the body. E.g., A child pulls a toy car with string horizontally on the
ground.
ii. Work done is negative when a force acts opposite to the direction
of the body. E.g., When a moving football slows due to friction acting in
a direction opposite to the motion of the football.
iii. Work done is zero when a force acts at right angles to the
direction of motion. E.g., The moon moves around the earth in a circular
path, here the force of gravitation acts on the moon at right angles to
the direction of the moon, so work done is zero.
Energy
The capacity to do work is known as energy.
The sun is the biggest source of energy.
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Most of the energy sources are derived from the Sun.
Some energy is received from the nucleus of atoms, the interior of
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the earth, and the tides.
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The amount of energy possessed by a body is equal to the amount of
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work it can do.
The working body loses energy, body on which work is done gains
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energy.
Forms of energy
Mechanical energy - The energy possessed by a body on account of its
motion or position.
Kinetic energy - The energy of a body due to its motion is called
kinetic energy. Examples-
A moving cricket ball
Running water
A moving bullet
Flowing wind
A moving car
A running athlete
A rolling stone
Flying craft
PRASHANT KIRAD
Kinetic energy formula derivation
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Potential energy - The energy of the body due to its position or change
in shape is known as potential energy.
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Examples:
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i. Water kept in damn: It can rotate the turbine to generate
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electricity due to its position above the ground.
ii. Wound-up spring of a toy car: It possesses potential energy which
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is released during the unwinding of spring. So the toy car moves.
iii. Bent string of low: Potential energy due to change of its shape
(deformation) released in the form of kinetic energy while shootigmg an
arrow.
Factors affecting Potential energy
i. Mass: P.E.∝ m
ii. Height above the ground: P.E. ∝ h
iii. Change in shaping: The Greater the stretching, twisting, or bending,
the more the potential energy.
The potential energy of an object at a height
If a body of mass ‘m’ is raised to a height ‘h’ above the surface of the
earth, the gravitational pull of the earth (mxg) acts in downward
direction.
PRASHANT KIRAD
To lift the body, we have to work against the force of gravity.
Thus, Work done (W) = Force x displacement
W=mxgxh
This work is stored in the body as gravitational potential energy.
Ep = m x g x h
Transformation of Energy
The change of one form of energy to another form of energy is known as
the transformation of energy. 10
Example:
A stone at a certain height has entire energy. But when it starts
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moving downward, the potential energy of the stone decreases as
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height decreases but its kinetic energy goes on increasing as the
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velocity of the stone goes on increasing. At the time the stone
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reaches the ground, potential energy becomes zero and kinetic
energy is maximum. Thus, its entire potential energy is transformed
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into kinetic energy.
At a hydroelectric powerhouse, the potential energy of water is
transformed into kinetic energy and then into electrical energy.
At thermal powerhouses, the chemical energy of coal is changed into
heat energy, which is further converted into kinetic energy and
electrical energy.
Plants use solar energy to make chemical energy in food by the
process of photosynthesis.
Laws of Conservation of Energy
Whenever energy changes from one form to another form, the total
amount of energy remains constant.
“Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed”.
Although some energy may be wasted during conversion, but the total
energy of the system remains the same.
PRASHANT KIRAD
Conservation of energy during free fall of a body
A ball of mass ‘m’ at a height ‘h’ has potential energy = mgh
As the ball falls downwards, height ‘h’ decreases, so the potential energy
also decreases.
Kinetic energy at ‘h’ is zero but it increases during the falling of the ball.
The sum of the potential energy & kinetic energy of the ball remains the
same at every point during its fall.
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Rate of doing Work - Power
“Power is defined as the rate of energy consumption”.
where, P = Power, W = Work done, T = Time taken
Unit of Power
SI unit of Power is Watt (W) = 1 J/s
PRASHANT KIRAD
Average Power = Total work done
Total time taken
Power of Electrical gadget
The power of an electrical appliance tells us the rate at which
electrical energy is consumed by it. Here, when work is done, an equal
amount of energy is consumed.
Bigger unit of Power: Kilowatt or KW.
Commercial unit of energy: Joule is a very small unit of energy and it
is inconvenient to use it where a large quantity of energy is involved.
For commercial purposes, a bigger unit of energy is Kilowatt hour
(KWh).
1KWh: 1 KWh is the amount of energy consumed when an electric
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appliance having a power rating of 1 Kilowatt is used for 1 hour.
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