General

Chemistry 1 11
General Chemistry 1 – Grade 11
Quarter 1 – Module 17: Stoichiometry: Limiting and Excess Reagent
First Edition, 2020

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 General
Chemistry 1 11
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module 17
Stoichiometry: Limiting and Excess
Reagent
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Chemistry 1 Self-Learning Module 17 on Stoichiometry:

Limiting and Excess Reagent

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and

independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims
to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Chemistry 1 Self-Learning Module 17 on Stoichiometry:

Limiting and Excess Reagent

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an
active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS
This module is developed and designed for Senior High School Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) students. This module tackles
the topic about limiting and excess reagent in a chemical reaction.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. explain the concept of limiting and excess reagent in a chemical reaction;
2. identify the limiting reagent(s) and the excess reagent(s); and
3. appreciate the essence of limiting reagent in production of compounds.

PRE–TEST

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. In a reaction between two reactants to form products, the reactant that is fully
consumed is called the________.
A. Excess reagent
B. Percentage yield
C. Stoichiometric factor
D. Limiting reagent
2. In order to determine the limiting reactant in a chemical reaction involving two
reactants, one must ____________.
A. calculate the bond energies
B. calculate the mass of a single product formed from each reactant
C. determine the molar masses of the products
D. determine the respective masses of 1000 mol of each reactant
3. Which of the following is an indicator that a chemical reaction has stopped?
A. Loss of mass
B. Formation of precipitate
C. Unchanged number of moles
D. Loss of energy
4. Study the experimental setup below as shown by the picture. Two different
colors represent two kinds of reagent. If the reaction is successfully completed,
which of these is the limiting reagent?

A B C
5. In the industry, the cheaper reactant is usually used as _________.

A. Catalyst C. Enzymes
B. Excess Reagent D. Limiting Reagent
 RECAP

Let us try to review the concepts about your previous lesson on chemical
reaction. This will further guide us to have a smooth discussion on the next lesson.
Give your best shot in answering this crossword puzzle below. Write your answer in
a sheet of paper.
2A

6M

1D 4S

7R

8P

5E

3C

Across

1. It is a type of chemical reaction that involves breaking down of the reactant to

form two or more products.
3. It is a type of chemical reaction which usually involves a hydrocarbon reacting
with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
5. This type of formula can be obtained by calculating the percent composition of a
particular compound.
7. In writing a chemical reaction, this is place on the left side before the arrow
which is also known as starting substances.

Down

2. Amadeo ________ is responsible for this experimentally defined value that is used
in stoichiometric calculation.
4. It is a type of chemical reaction that involves the formation of a product from two
or more reactants.
6. It is the SI unit for amount of substance used to measure large quantities of very
small entities such as atoms, molecules, etc.
8. This is usually produce after a successful chemical reaction.
 LESSON

Pandesal is a well-known part of every Filipino’s

breakfast. It could be eaten with or without a spread
or even by just partnering it with a hot coffee in the
morning A few pieces could make your tummy full
and you are good to start a whole day of activities.
Now let’s trace our Pasigueno roots in relation to this
food.
Figure 1. Pandesal

You are a full blooded Pasigu

eno if you tasted the famous
pandesal from the 101 years old
Dimas-Alang. This Kapasigan-based
bakery is known in keeping the
traditional way of baking using
pugon (wood-fired oven)

Now try to imagine that you

are a baker working on their famous
pandesal. Suppose you wish to bake
pandesal using eggs and flour.
Figure 2. Dimas-Alang Bakery

The recipe for making the pandesal can be represented just like a chemical
equation:

Two eggs would require 1 cup of flour to produce 1 big pandesal. If you have 10
eggs and seven cups of flour, you can only make five pieces of big pandesal and you
will have an excess of two cups of flour. Therefore we could infer that the number
of eggs limits the number of pandesal that could be baked.

Likewise, modern day chemists carry different chemical reaction producing

different products for the needs of the society. The reactants in these reactions are
not present in exact stoichiometric amounts rather in proportions that are based
on its balanced equation. Keep in mind that the only goal of a certain reaction is to
produce the maximum quantity of a compound from the given starting reagents or
materials.

Let us study the reaction below:

2A + B → A2B

A = 500 pesos/mole
B = 10 pesos/mole
A2B = desired product or compound

In this reaction, large excess of one reactant is supplied to ensure that the
more costly reactant is completely converted to the desired product. Consequently
the other reactant will be left over at the end of reaction. So, which reagent should
be consumed first? It should be the reagent that is expensive, substance A, or in
other case is the one which the supply is limited. There is a need to maximize this
reagent since this would be the responsible in maximizing the production of the
target product.

This concept is applied in the industry of production wherein the least

expensive reactant is usually used as the excess reagent. In this case, the more
expensive reactant is completely used or maximized for the production of the target
product.

So, in a stoichiometric reaction, there are two types of reagents namely limiting
reagent and excess reagent.

Limiting reagent refers to a reactant that is first used or consumed in the reaction
since the maximum amount of the target product depends on how much amount of
this reactant was originally present. By the time that this reactant is used up, no
more products can be possibly formed.

Excess reagent refers to a reactant present in amounts greater than what is

required to react with the quantity of the limiting reagent

Sample Problem 1. Isopentyl acetate is the banana flavoured ester used particularly
in giving a banana taste and smell of a particular food. The synthesis of isopentyl
acetate is shown in this reaction:
C2H4O2 + C5H12O → C7H14O2 + H 2O
(Acetic acid) (Isopentyl alcohol) (Isopentyl acetate) (Water)

Let us try to determine how much isopentyl acetate could be made if we only have
1 mole of isopentyl alcohol and 10 moles of acetic acid.

Solution: In this equation, for every one mole of acetic acid, one mole of isopentyl
alcohol is required. If we carry out this particular reaction, after the one mole of
isopentyl alcohol is used up by reacting with one mole of acetic acid, none is
available to react with the other 9 moles of acetic acid left. Therefore the reaction
will stop and will be limited in producing one mole of isopentyl acetate even though
there are 10 mole of acetic acid from the start. That makes the acetic acid as the
excess reagent since there is an excess after the isopentyl alcohol is fully consumed
which is the limiting reagent.

Sample Problem 2. Consider the reaction below:

3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3

If 6.60 moles H2 are made to react with 4.42 moles N2,

a. what is the limiting reagent?
b. How many moles NH3 will be produced?
c. What reagent is in excess and by how much?

Solution:

Step 1 is to check if you are working on a balanced reaction.

3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3 (Balanced reaction)

Step 2 is to calculate the number of moles of the product (in this case is NH 3) based
on the initial concentrations of H2 and N2 (reactants). The limiting reagent will yield
the smaller amount of the product thus the other reactant is the excess reagent.

2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝐻3
6.60 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐻2 × = 4.40 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝐻3
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐻2
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝐻3
4.42 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁2 × = 8.84 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝐻3
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑁2

Therefore H2 is the limiting reagent since it yields a smaller amount of NH 3 while N2

is the excess reagent.

Sample Problem 3. The production of Urea (NH2)2CO is possible by reacting

ammonia with carbon dioxide. In a sample attempt to synthesize urea, 643.2 g of
NH3 are treated with1014 g of CO2. Molar mass: NH3 =17.03 g/mol CO2 =44.01
g/mol
a. Determine which of the two reactants is the limiting reagent?
b. Calculate the mass of (NH2)2CO formed?
c. How much excess reagent (in grams) is left at the end of the reaction?

Solution:

We need to perform two separate calculations for NH3 and CO2 following
stoichiometric relationship below:

grams of NH3→ moles of NH3 → moles of (NH2)2CO

grams of CO2→ moles of CO2 → moles of (NH2)2CO

For NH3
1 mole NH3 1 mole (𝑁𝐻2 )2𝐶𝑂
643.2 g NH3 × 17.03 g NH3
× 2 moles NH3
= 18.88 mol(NH2)2CO
For CO2
1 mole CO2 1 mole (𝑁𝐻2 )2𝐶𝑂
1014 g CO2 × × =23.04 mol (NH2)2CO
44.01 g CO2 1 mole CO2

Comparing the two calculated values, the limiting reagent is NH 3 since it produces
smaller amount of (NH2)2CO.

Recall that we determine the moles of (NH 2)2CO formed using NH3. But how do we
convert moles to grams?

Solution:

The molar mass of (NH2)2CO is 60.06 g. We use this information as a conversion

factor
60.06 𝑔 (𝑁𝐻2 )2 𝐶𝑂
18.88 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝑁𝐻2 )2 𝐶𝑂 × = 1134 g (𝑁𝐻2 )2 𝐶𝑂
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝑁𝐻2 )2 𝐶𝑂

If we would try to work backward, we can calculate the amount of CO2 that reacted
with 18.8 mol (NH2)2CO. With that, we could determine the excess CO 2 by getting
the difference between the amount reacted and the initial amount of CO 2.

moles of (NH2)2→ moles of CO2 → grams of CO2

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 44.01 𝑔 𝐶𝑂2

18.88 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝑁𝐻2 )2 𝐶𝑂 × × = 830.9 g 𝐶𝑂2
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝑁𝐻2 )2 𝐶𝑂 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2

Mass of excess CO2 = Initial amount CO2 –Amount CO2 reacted

= (1014 – 830.9) g CO2

= 183 g CO2

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1 Direction: Answer the following questions for each reaction in a clean
sheet of paper.

Reaction I.

1. Write the balanced equation for the reaction below:

H2(g) +O2(g) →H2O(g)
2. In an experimental set up, there are five moles of hydrogen gas (H2) and 3
moles of oxygen gas (O2) to form water.
a. How many water molecules are formed?
b. Which reactant is in excess? How many moles of it are there?
c. Which reactant determines how much product can be produced from
the reaction?
Reaction II.

1. Write the balanced equation for the formation of ammonia from nitrogen gas
and hydrogen gas:
___________________________________________________________________________
2. If 3 molecules of nitrogen gas is reacted with 8 molecules of hydrogen gas.
How many ammonia molecules can be formed?

a. Which reactant is in excess? How many molecules of it are there?

b. Which reactant determines how much product can be produced from
the reaction?

Activity 2 Directions: Perform the needed calculations for these problems. Show
your complete calculations in a clean sheet of paper. Encircle your final answer

1. The production of Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is carried out in reacting Nitric

oxide (NO) with oxygen gas (O2). An experiment is carried out by reacting
79.7 g NO to 32.19 g of O2. Determine the limiting reactant in this reaction
by calculating the moles of NO2 produced for each reactant. (Molar mass:
NO=30.01g/mol O2=32 g/mol)

2. The production of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is usually found present in

cosmetics is possible with the reaction between aluminum and Iron (III)
oxide (Fe2O3). Determine the limiting reactant in this reaction by calculating
the moles of Al2O3 produced for each reactant if 250 g of Al are reacted with
801 g of Fe2O3. (Molar mass: Al=26.98 g/mol Fe2O3=159.69 g/mol

Activity 3 Perform the needed calculations for these problems. Show your
complete calculations in a clean sheet of paper. Encircle your final answer.

1. Sodium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide as shown by the reaction

below:
2NaOH(s) + CO2(g)→2Na2CO3(s)+H2O(l)

(a) If 2.85 mol of NaOH and 1.09 mol of CO2 are allowed to react,
determine the limiting reactant.
(b) How many moles of Na2CO3(s) can be produced?
(c) How many moles of the excess reactant are remain after the
completion of the reaction? (Molar mass of NaOH:39.997 g/mol)

2. Bromobenzene (C6H5Br) is obtained with the reaction between benzene

(C6H6) and bromine gas (Br2).

(a) Identify the limiting reagent.

(b) Determine the moles of the product that can be produced when 40.0 g of
C6H6 is reacted with 70.0 g Br2
(c) How many grams of the excess reagent are left after the reaction? (Molar
mass: C6H6=78.11g/mol and Br2=79.90g/mol)
 WRAP–UP

Directions: Supply the needed terms on the concepts below to summarize our
lesson for today.

In a chemical reaction, a (1)____________ is completely consumed that results for a

certain reaction to stop, thus limiting the amount of products formed.(2)________ is
usually present in greater amount just to ensure that all of the limiting reagent is
completely reacted.

(3)________ reagent dictates the amount of product that could be synthesize with a
given amount of that reagent. Once it is fully consumed and even if there is still a
good amount of an excess reagent, reaction will (4)_______. In the industry, the cost
and availability of a particular reactant serves as the basis to be the limiting
reagent. There is a need to (5) __________ the use of the limiting reactant to be able
to produce the target product efficiently.

VALUING

Let us try to appreciate the essence of the concepts about limiting reagent.
Imagine yourself cooking food right on the comfort of your home. A lot of dishes
require an exact amount of ingredients and spices for it to be tasty as advertised.
Usually we are guided by a recipe that provides us the detailed information how to
cook a desired dish properly.
Imagine you failed to make the right estimate of what you are putting on a dish.
You failed to estimate the amount of baking powder while baking bread. What do
you think will happen?
 POSTTEST

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. In a chemical reaction, the reactant that runs out first completely compare to the
other reactant is the ______________.
A. limiting reactant B. theoretical yield
C. percentage yield D. actual yield

2. The limiting reagent in a chemical reaction is one that:

A. has the smallest coefficient
B. has the smallest molar mass
C. is consumed completely
D. has the largest coefficient

3. In the reaction between 8.0 of H 2 with 9.0 g of O2 which of the following

statements is true?
A. The H2 is the limiting reactant B. The O2 is the limiting reactant
C. 2.0 moles of H2O is produced D. 36 grams of H2 is produced

4. This type of reagent determines the amount of the target product formed.
A. Limiting Reactant B. Stoichiometric Coefficients
C. Percentage Yield D. Molecular weight of product

5. Reagent X was used in a reaction. At the end of the reaction, no amount of

reagent X remained. What is reagent X?
A. Limiting reagent B. Excess reagent
C. Catalytic reagent D. Percentage yield
 KEY TO CORRECTION

REFERENCES

Brown, Theodore L., H. Eugene LeMay Jr., Bruce E. Bursten, and Catherine J.
Murphy. 2015. CHEMISTRY:THE CENTRAL SCIENCE. New Jersey: Pearson
Education Inc.
Chang, Raymond. 2008. Chemistry. 9th. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Kotz, John C., Paul M. Trelchel, and John R. Townsend. 2012. Chemistry and
Chemical Reactivity. 8th. Belmont, California: Mary Finch.