EXCEL 365

FOR BEGINNERS AND ADVANCED

LEARNERS
A STEP-BY-STEP PRACTICAL GUIDE TO MASTER EXCEL

PETER JOHN

LEGAL NOTICE
The information contained in this book is for information and educational
purposes. No part of this book may be duplicated, transmitted, or
distributed in any form or by any means, including photocopying,
recording, and other mechanical or electronic methods, without the prior
written permission of the publisher and the author, except in the case of
brief quotations embodied in reviews and other non-commercial uses
permitted by copyright law.
Copyright © 2021 Peter John
 All Rights Reserved

TABLE OF CONTENT
LEGAL NOTICE
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION TO OFFICE 365
Why Should You Use Office 365?
Versions of Microsoft Office 365
CHAPTER TWO
INTRODUCTION TO MICROSOFT EXCEL 365
What is Excel 365?
Features of Excel 365
Importance of Using Excel 365
CHAPTER THREE
GETTING FAMILIAR WITH EXCEL SCREEN INTERFACE
Excel’s Start Screen
Excel’s Workbook User Interface
Navigating Through the Excel Ribbon
Components of Excel Ribbons
Customizing the Quick Access Toolbar
CHAPTER FOUR
UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS OF EXCEL
What is a workbook
What is a Worksheet
Understanding Columns, Rows, and Cell Address.
The Kinds of Data a Worksheet Accepts
Hints to Observe Before Entering Data
Entering Data into the Cells
Editing Your Worksheet Data
Copying and Moving Data in a Worksheet Cells
Moving Around in a Worksheet
Applying Formatting to Numbers
 Displaying Numbers with a Thousand Separator (Comma)
Displaying Numbers with Currency Symbols
Displaying Numbers as Percentage
Changing the Date Format in your Cell
Changing the Time Format in your Cell
The Flash Fill Command
Combining Data Using the Flash Fill
Extracting Data with Flash Fill
The AutoFill Command
Entering a Series of Value Using AutoFill
Copying Data Using the AutoFill
Saving a File
Saving a File for the First Time
The Document Auto Recovery Command
Learning Data Validation
Applying the Data Validation to Cells
Transferring the Data Validation to Other Cells in the Worksheet
Removing the Data Validation From your Cells
Filtering Data in Excel
Grouping of Data in Excel
CHAPTER FIVE
FORMATTING AND MANAGING THE WORKSHEET
Numbers and Text Alignment in Rows and Columns
The Vertical Alignment
The Horizontal Alignment
Changing Text and Number Orientation
Wrapping Text in Your Worksheet
Merging Cells
Inserting Rows and Columns
Inserting a Row
Inserting a Column
Deleting Rows and Columns
Adjusting Rows and Columns Size
Adjusting the Height of the Row
Adjusting the Column Width
Changing the Column Width to Automatically Fit the Contents
Changing the Row Height to Automatically Fit the Contents
Resizing All Columns and Rows to Fit the Data or Content
Freezing and Splitting Rows and Columns
Freezing Your Rows and Columns
Unfreezing Panes Rows and Columns
Splitting in Worksheet
Hiding and Unhiding the Rows and Columns
Hiding the Columns
Unhiding the Columns
Hiding the Rows
 Unhiding the Rows
Managing Your Worksheet
Renaming Your Worksheet
Selecting Worksheets.
Rearranging Worksheets
Inserting a New Worksheet
Copying a Worksheet
Deleting a Worksheet
Adding Color to the Worksheet Tab
Using the Comments in Your Worksheet
Adding Comment to Your Worksheet
Viewing the Comment on the Your Worksheet
Editing a Comment in Your Worksheet
Deleting a Comment
Showing or Hiding All Comments
Showing or Hiding Comments Individually
Hiding Your Worksheet
Protecting Your Worksheet
CHAPTER SIX
CUSTOMIZING THE WORKSHEET
Changing the Worksheet Theme
Changing the Theme Color
Changing the Theme Fonts
Changing the Theme Effects of Your Worksheet
Changing the Font, Font Style, and Font Size
Changing the Font of Your Worksheet
Changing the Font Style of Your worksheet
Changing the Font Size of Your Worksheet
Changing the Font Color of Your Worksheet
Changing the Cell Background Color of Your Worksheet
Applying Borders to Your Worksheet
Removing Border from Your Worksheet
Removing Gridlines From Your Worksheet
Changing the Color of Gridlines in a Worksheet
Using the Cell Styles in Your Worksheet
Applying Cell Styles to Your Worksheet
Creating a Custom Cell Style
Creating a Cell style by Modifying an Existing cell Style
Duplicating an Existing Cell Style
Removing Cell Styles from a Worksheet
Deleting a Cell Style from a Worksheet
CHAPTER SEVEN
THE EXCEL FORMULA AND FUNCTIONS
What is a Formula
What is a Function
 Getting Familiar with The Formula Tab
Categories of Data Excel’s Formula Accepts
Inserting Formulas into your Worksheet
Editing the Formula
Understanding the Formula Operators
The Order of Operator Precedence in Excel Formulas
Manipulating the Order of Precedence Using the Parentheses
Cell Referencing
Types of Cell References
Relative References
Absolute Cell Reference and Multiple cell Reference
REFERENCING OTHER WORKSHEETS IN A WORKBOOK
How to Copy Formula from One Cell to Another
Copying Formula Down a Column
Copying a Formula Down a Column Without Copying the Formatting
Copying Formula to the Entire Column
Copying Formula to Non-adjacent Cells/Range
Entering a Formula into Multiple Cells with a Single Key Stroke
Copying Excel Formula Without the Formatting Using the Copy & Paste Features
Dealing with Errors in Your Formula
Excel Formula Error Messages
Using the Error Checker Button
Tracing Cell References
Tracing Precedents
Tracing Dependents
Working with a Function
UNDERSTANDING THE FUNCTIONS ARGUMENTS
Locating the Arguments in a Function
Taking a Look at Commonly Used Functions in Excel
SUM for Adding Up Data
AVERAGE for Averaging Data
Deriving the function of a Cell Using FORMULATEXTS
Counting the number of Data Items Using COUNT
Counting All Data Type Using the COUNTA
Counting Blank Spaces Using COUNTBLANK
CONCATENATE for Combining Values
Finding the Lowest Number Using MIN
Finding the Highest Number Using MAX
Counting Text Characters with LEN Function
Changing the Orientation of the Cells With TRANSPOSE
Capitalizing the First Letter of your Text String with PROPER
Removing Spaces With TRIM
Finding the Position of a Substring in a Text String Using the SEARCH Function
Finding the Position of a Substring in a Text String Using the FIND Function
Making Logical Comparison with Values Using the IF Functions
Checking the Current Date and Time with TODAY and NOW
CHAPTER EIGHT
TABLES AND CHARTS IN EXCEL
Creating a Table
Changing Your Table Style
Removing the Table
Renaming a Table
Filtering the Data in Your Table
Grouping of Data in Your Table
Sorting Out Data in Your Table
Adding Slicer in Your Table
Creating Pivot Table
Inserting Recommended PivotTable in Your Data
Working with Charts in Excel
Types of Charts
Creating a Chart with Your Data
Changing the Chart Styles
Changing the Chart Layout
Changing the Chart Types
Switching the Rows and Columns in Your Chart
Moving Your Charts from One Worksheet to Another
Creating Pivot Chart
CHAPTER NINE
SOLVING COMMON PRINTING PROBLEMS IN EXCEL
Changing the Excel Worksheet Orientation Before Printing
Printing One or Several Worksheets
Printing an Entire Workbook
Printing a Selection
Printing Excel Tables
Printing Charts Without Worksheet Data in Excel
Printing Formula in Excel
Printing Gridlines in Excel Worksheet
Printing Out Comment in Excel
Setting the Print Area Before Printing
Inserting the Page Break Before Printing Excel Worksheet
Using the Preview Option Before Printing Your Worksheet
Scaling to Fit Before Printing Your Worksheet
CHAPTER TEN
EXCEL SHORTCUTS
Editing Shortcut
Navigation shortcuts
File shortcuts
Formula shortcuts
Paste special shortcuts
Ribbon Navigation shortcuts
Clear shortcuts
Selection shortcuts
 Data editing shortcut
Data editing (inside a cell) shortcuts
Other shortcuts
CHAPTER ELEVEN
TIPS AND TRICKS
Removing Duplicates Values from Your Worksheet
Deleting Error Cells
Changing Negative Values to Positive Values in Your Worksheet
Disabling the Excel Start Screen
How to Make Excel Show leading Zero?
Changing the Screen Background of Your Excel Environment
Locking a File with a Password
Saving Excel File as a PDF
CONCLUSION
INDEX

INTRODUCTION
Microsoft Excel 365 is an offshoot of Office 365, which in no small way
exceed the traditional Excel in term of features and capabilities.
It is no doubt that Excel is the leading spreadsheet program among every
other spreadsheet program, and it is widely used by small and large scale
business.
Excel 365 offers multiples features that allow users to carry out various
operations such as calculations, graphs, and charts, tables, statistics,
finance, data management, forecasting, track inventory, macro
programming, etc.
With the use of Excel 365, you get to access your documents anytime
anywhere provided you have a strong internet connection.
However, if you are posed with the problems on how to use Excel
proficiently, this book is a must for you. This book contains the
foundational knowledge of Excel with practical instructions to follow.
As you lay your hands on this book, I can assure you that you have just
made a good decision to learning and acquiring quality skills in Excel.
Without wasting any time, let’s dive into this book fully.
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION TO OFFICE 365

Before we begin to dive into Excel 365 fully, we must have in-depth knowledge
about Office 365.
Office 365 is a subscription-based version of the Microsoft Office Suite, which
contains the same applications as the traditional versions of Office such as
Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, OneNote, and depending on the plan
subscribed to, you may get to use other applications and services such as
Publisher, Planner, OneDrive, Exchange, SharePoint, Access, Skype, Yammer,
and Microsoft Teams.
Office 365 which was launched in 2001, was the first cloud application of
Microsoft Office and generates applications, services, and data hosted in
Microsoft’s servers.
Unlike the traditional Office Suite, Office 365 does not need to be installed for
it to run. Also, Office 365 does not need any physical storage to store its
information because it has an email hosting and a cloud storage space that
allow the users to host their files online, and gain access to them, anytime and
anywhere in as much they have an internet connection.

Why Should You Use Office 365?

There is no doubt that Office 365 and the traditional Office Suite have so many
similarities. Despite all these similarities, Office 365 has some exclusive
features that make it different from the traditional Office suite. However, these
features are the major factors that will intrigue you to use Office 365. Now let
us highlight them.
Easy Access from Anywhere: Office 365 allows you to access your
file anytime and anywhere using an internet connection, from any
device. The Office 365 runs in a Microsoft data center, which allows
the users to connect to the internet to access the software.
SharePoint : One of the advantages of using Office 365 is that it
allows you to use SharePoint Online. Using this service allows you to
share and collaborate with others. To view the document by anyone in
the organization, this service set up security permission.
Software Update: Another advantage to the use of Office 365 is that it
allows the users to get frequent software updates. These updates allow
access to the latest features such as security updates, and bug fixes.
Secured Cloud Storage: Office 365 has a secure working environment
with high-security measures set in place such as two-factor
authentication, which obstructs any authorized people to gain access to
your files even while on your devices. With this in place, your
confidential files are secured without any security threat or breach.
Improved Communication: Office 365 comes with tools such as
Skype, Yammer, Microsoft Teams, and Outlook, which help to enhance
communication. For instance, Skype for Business allows you to hold
conference calls and meetings with staff and external agencies
anywhere in the world, regardless of the distance or location. Yammer,
another tool for communication in Office 365 which serves as another
form of social network used in an organization is used to post news
feeds, email notifications, and create different channels for different
purposes.
Automatic Upgrades : Applications such as Word, Excel, Outlook,
etc. are upgraded from time to time automatically at scheduled
intervals. With this in place, the stress and cost involved in buying new
software are removed as updates are included in the subscription for
the Office 365 licenses.
 Business Continuity: Threats such as disasters and thefts cannot affect
the flow of your business no matter what happens to your physical
devices, emails, files, and data. This is because all files and data needed
for workflow are saved and regularly backed up in Office 365 cloud.
Mix and Match Plans : There are several different Office 365
subscription plans with different plans and features. Because of this,
not everyone is going to need the same plan. Therefore, you can mix
and match plans so that you will not need to pay above or below what
you need.

Versions of Microsoft Office 365

There are several versions of Microsoft Office 365 of which you can choose to
meet your demand and specifications.
Microsoft 365 Family: This version of Microsoft Office 365 allows
for 6 users at a time across unlimited PCs/Macs, tablets, and phones.
The following are the features of the Microsoft 365 Family:
 1TB cloud storage per user for 6 users (6TB in total)
 60 minutes monthly Skype calls to mobile and landlines
 Ongoing access to updates.
 Includes Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote, Outlook,
Publisher (PC only), Access (PC only) OneDrive, Skype,
Microsoft Teams.
 Access to smart assistance features, with over hundreds of
premium templates, photos, icons, and fonts in Word, Excel,
and PowerPoint.
 Contact Support via chat or phone at no extra cost during the
subscription.
 Save and share files across devices with OneDrive
 Experience advanced security protection in OneDrive and
Outlook.
 1-month free trial.
 Charges $ 99.99 per year and $9.99 per month
Microsoft 365 Personal: This uses 1 PC/Mac across unlimited
PCs/Macs, tablets, and phones and advanced security for all your
devices. The following are the features of Microsoft 365 Personal
  1TB cloud storage per user for 1 user
 60 minutes monthly Skype calls for one user
 Ongoing access to updates
 Includes Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote, Outlook,
Publisher (PC only), Access (PC only) OneDrive, Skype,
Microsoft Teams, Family Safety.
 Saves and shares files across devices with OneDrive
 Experience advanced security protection in OneDrive and
Outlook.
 Charges $ 69.99 per year and $6.99 per month
Microsoft Office 365 Education: This version of Microsoft 365 is
designed for students, teachers, university faculty, or staff. It has the
following features
 Sign up for free web access to Word, Excel, PowerPoint,
OneNote, and Teams.
 For students, it charges $2.50 and for teachers, it charges
$2.85.
Microsoft 365 Business Standard: The following are the features of
Microsoft 365 Business Standard
 Desktop versions of Offices apps such as Outlook, Word,
Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote
 Web versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint.
 Host email with a 50 GB mailbox and custom email domain.
 Creates a hub for teamwork with Microsoft Teams.
 1TB cloud storage per user to store and share file
 Access to OneDrive, Exchange, Microsoft Teams,
SharePoint, Yammer, Skype for Business.
 Uses one license to cover fully installed Office apps on five
mobile devices, five tablets, and five PCs or Macs per user.
 Get help anytime and anywhere around the clock phone and
web support from Microsoft.
 Charges 12.50 per month.
Microsoft 365 Business Premium: The following are the features of
Microsoft 365 Business Premium.
  Desktop versions of Word, Excel. PowerPoint, OneNote,
Outlook, Publisher, Access.
 Web versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook
 Allows up to 300 users
 Access to OneDrive, Exchange, Microsoft Teams,
SharePoint, Yammer, Skype for Business.
 Stay up to date with the latest versions of Word, Excel,
PowerPoint, and many more
 Email hosting with 50GB mailbox and custom domain
address.
 Manages files from anywhere with 1TB of cloud storage on
OneDrive per user.
 Defends your business against advanced cyber threats with
sophisticating phishing and ransomware protection.
 Controls access to sensitive information making use of
encryption to help keep data from being accidentally shared.
 Secures or protects devices that connect your data and help
keep iOS, Android, Windows, and Mac devices safe and up to
date.
 Charges $20 per month for each user
Microsoft 365 Business Basic: The following are the features of
Microsoft 365 Business Basis
 Host email with a 50GB mailbox and custom email domain
address.
 A web version of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook,
OneNote, Access, and Publisher.
 Stores and shares files with 1TB of OneDrive cloud storage
per user.
 Host online meetings and video conferencing for up to 300
users.
 Get help anytime and anywhere around the clock phone and
web support from Microsoft.
 Creates a hub for teamwork to connect your teams with
Microsoft Teams.
  Video conferencing with up to 250 people.
 Charges $ 5 per month for each user.
Microsoft 365 Apps for Business: The following are the features that
coke with Microsoft 365 Apps for Business.
 Web versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook,
OneNote, and OneDrive.
 Stores and shares files with 1TB of OneDrive cloud storage
per user.
 Allows up to 300 users
 Automatically updates your apps with new features and
capabilities every month.
 Get help anytime and anywhere around the clock phone and
web support from Microsoft.
 Uses one license to cover fully installed Office apps on five
mobile devices, five tablets, and five PCs or Macs per user.
 Get help anytime and anywhere around the clock phone
 Charges 8.25 per month for each user.
Microsoft 365 Apps for Enterprise (Office 365 ProPlan): The
following are the features of Office 365 ProPlus
 Desktop versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote,
Access, and Publisher
 Web versions of Word, Excel, and PowerPoint.
 1TB of OneDrive for file storage and sharing.
 Over 1,000 security and privacy controls, including custom
permissions, password policies, and security groups.
 New features upgrades, quality patches, and security
 5 PCs or Macs, 5 tablets and phones.
 Charges $19.14 per month
Office 365 Enterprise E1 : The following are the features of Office
365 Enterprise E1
 Web versions of Word, Excel, and PowerPoint.
 1 TB of OneDrive file storage and sharing
 24/7 phone and web support.
  50 GB mailbox and custom email domain address.
 Charges $8 per month for each user.
 5 PCs or Macs, 5 tablets and phones.
Office 365 Enterprise E3 : The following are the features of Office
365 Enterprise E3
 Desktop versions of Word, Excel., PowerPoint, OneNote,
Access, and Publisher.
 Web versions of Word, Excel, and PowerPoint.
 Unlimited personal cloud storage.
 24/7 phone and web support.
 100 GB mailbox and custom email domain address.
 5 PCs or Macs, 5 tablets and phones.
 Charges $20.00 per month for each user.
Office 365 Enterprise E5: The following are the features of Office
365 Enterprise E5
 Desktop versions of Word, Excel., PowerPoint, OneNote,
Access, and Publisher.
 Web versions of Word, Excel, and PowerPoint.
 Unlimited personal cloud storage.
 100 GB mailbox and custom email domain address.
 5 PCs or Macs, 5 tablets and phones.
 24/7 phone and web support.
 Charges $35.00 per month for each user.
 CHAPTER TWO

INTRODUCTION TO MICROSOFT EXCEL 365

Before we go deep into the basic operations of Excel 365, we must first learn
what Excel 365 is all about, its features, and its importance.

What is Excel 365?

Excel 365 is a spreadsheet program in Office 365 online of the subscription
provided by Microsoft to record and analyze numerical and statistical data.
Excel 365, being a spreadsheet program uses spreadsheets to organize numbers
and data with formulas and functions. Excel contains features that allow you to
carry out several operations such as calculation, graph tools, pivot tables,
macro programming, and many more.
Excel 365 is different from the traditional Excel because it requires an online
subscription to work, uses cloud storage to save its file, and can be accessed
from a web browser on the computer system.

Features of Excel 365

Excel and traditional Excel have some features in common. Right now, I will
be listing out some features that make Excel different from the traditional Excel
 Online Subscription : Excel 365 is the subscription-based version of
Excel designed to regularly release updates and features that will
enhance the productivity of its users. The subscription payment can be
done monthly, semi-annually, or annually.
Custom Visuals : One of the features available in Excel 365 is custom
visuals such as bullet charts, speedometer, and word cloud which were
available only available in Power B1.
Custom Functions : This feature allows you to create custom
functions by using JavaScript which permits for better interconnection.
Full SVG Graphics: Excel 365 comes with SVG graphics support and
500 built-in icons which look great on infographics and dashboards.
3D Models with Full Rotation: Excel 365 has many 3D models that
are for free on the internet, with extensions such as. fbx., obj., ply., stl.,
and gbl.
XLOOKUP Function : Another feature in Excel 365 is the XLOKUP
function. This function allows you to find the value that is located
within a spreadsheet range or table.
More Images, Icons, Backgrounds, and Templates : Excel 365
comes thousands of new designs such as images, icons. Backgrounds
and templates.
Ideas : Another feature in Excel 365 is the Idea function. The Idea
function offers help on how to express data or put them into
visualization.
Black Theme : The black theme in Excel 365 makes late-night work
editing with ease.
Split Columns to Rows : This is a new feature in Power Query where
each delimiter generates a new row.
Funnel Chart: This is a chart type that comes in handy for illustrating
a sales funnel
Co-authoring Features: This feature in Excel 365 allows two or more
users to simultaneously edit a workbook when stored on OneDrive or
SharePoint.

Importance of Using Excel 365

Now let’s talk about the importance of using Excel 365 compare to traditional
Excel.
Preparation of Financial data : One of the reasons to use Excel 365 is
that it allows you to prepare financial data such as budgets, account
balance information, taxes, payrolls, receipts, and a lot more.
Mathematical Formulas : With Excel 365, you can solve complex
mathematical problems by making use of the mathematical formulas in
Excel.
Online Storage and Access : Excel 365 which is a part of Office 365
allows you to access their files online, without the need to move around
with their computers. In a nutshell, you can access your files anytime
and anywhere using any device compatible with the use of Excel 365
Easy and Effective Comparison : With Excel 365, you can analyze a
large amount of data which can be used to get trends and patterns that
can influence or affect decisions.
Co-authoring: Excel 365 allows you to work on the spreadsheet at the
same time with other users.
Improved Security: In contrast to the traditional Excel, Excel 365
offers an advanced security system to the files on it. This denies
intruders access to the files by either using a password using the Visual
Basic Programming or directly within the Excel files.
Creating Forms : With Excel 365, you can create form templates that
can be used for handling inventories, performance, evaluation.
Questionnaire, reviews
 CHAPTER THREE

GETTING FAMILIAR WITH EXCEL SCREEN INTERFACE

In this chapter, you will be learning about Excel’s screen interface which
includes the Start Screen, Ribbon Interface, and how to customize the ribbons
on Excel’s interface.

Excel’s Start Screen

When you open an Excel application for the first time, the first thing that pops
up is the start screen, which is divided into two parts.
The Left Navigation Pane
The Right Pane

The Left Navigation Pane

The Left Navigation pane comprises a list of recently opened Excel files and a
link which is “Open Other Workbooks”. When you click on “ Open Other
Workbooks”, this takes you to the backstage view of Excel where you can
access options such as New, Open, Save, Save As, etc.
The Right Pane
The Right Pane displays a list of thumbnails that includes templates that can be
used to create a new workbook. To view more templates to create a new
workbook, click on the Find More in New link on the right side of the Home
screen. To open a new blank Excel workbook, you can click on Blank
workbook
Excel’s Workbook User Interface
From the Excel Home Screen, you open a new, blank workbook by clicking on
the New Workbook thumbnail. When a new, blank workbook is opened, the
following options are displayed on the user interface
File Menu Button: The File Button takes you to the Backstage View
of Excel, and this contains several options such as New, Open, Save
As, Print, etc. to work with the Excel file.

Quick Access Toolbar: This tool is located above the Excel ribbon and by
default, it contains commonly used commands such as Save, Undo, and, Redo.
This Quick Access Toolbar can be customized by adding any other commonly
used command to it, by clicking on Customize Quick Access Toolbar button
located beside the Quick Access Toolbox button

Ribbon: This contains most of the commonly used commands in

Excel. They are displayed on the Excel interface in tabs ranging from
the Home tab to the View tab

Formula Bar: The Formula bar is located at the top of the Excel
worksheet window. The Formula bar has three parts; the cell name, the
Formula bar button, and the contents of the currently selected cell.
 Worksheet Area: This is the area that contains all the cells in the
current worksheet. The worksheet is identified by column headings
with letters at the top, and rows headings with numbers at the left edge,
with tabs for making selections.

Status Bar: The Status bar keeps you abreast of the current mode of the Excel
worksheet you are engaged with. The Status bar also contains the worksheet
views and the Zoom tool for zooming in and out of the worksheet.

Windows Controls: The Window controls are used to control the main Excel
window. The Window controls contain three buttons; maximizing the window,
restoring the window, and closing the window.

Ribbon Display Options : The Ribbon Display Options button is

located at the top of the Excel window, and when clicked on, the three
options are displayed; Auto-hide Ribbon, Show tabs, Show Tabs, and
Commands.
 Horizontal Scrollbar and Vertical Scrollbar: The Horizontal
scrollbar and Vertical scrollbar are used to scroll the content in the
worksheet horizontally or vertically.

Navigating Through the Excel Ribbon

The Excel ribbon is a row of tabs, buttons, and icons located at the top of the
Excel window. These tabs, icons, and buttons are categorized based on their
functions or categories.
 Components of Excel Ribbons
The Excel ribbons are divided into four components; Tabs, Groups, Buttons,
and Dialog Box launcher.
Tabs
Tabs are a group of commonly used commands brought and displayed to
perform an essential task. The following are the tabs in Excel
File Tab: This is the first tab in Excel which is used to open the Excel
Backstage View. The Excel Backstage View has several options for
customizing, editing, and managing Excel files.
Home Tab: The Home tab contains commands that are commonly
used in Excel, and some of these commands are copy, paste, format,
find, replace, etc. The Home tab is arranged into the following groups;
Clipboard, Font, Alignment, Number, Styles, Cell, and Editing.
Insert Tab: The Insert tab contains objects or elements that can be
inserted into the worksheet. The elements include graphics, pivot
tables, charts, hyperlinks, shapes, 3D models, pictures, etc. The Insert
table is arranged into the following groups; Table, Illustration, Apps,
Charts, Reports, Sparkline, Filter, links, Text, and Symbols.
Page Layout: The Page Layout tab contains options for Excel page
setup and print. The Page Layout tab is arranged in the following
group; Themes, Page Setup, Scale to Fit, Sheet Options, and Arrange.
Formulas Tab: This tab contains options for adding formulas and
functions in a worksheet, and troubleshoot the functions for errors. The
Function tab is arranged in the following group; Function Library,
Defined Names, Formula Auditing, and Calculation.
Data Tab: The Data tab contains options for filtering, sorting, and
manipulating data. The Data tab is arranged in the following groups;
Get External Data, Connections, Sort & Filter, Data Tools, and outline.
Review Tab: The Review tab contains options for spell checking,
thesaurus, sharing, protecting, and tracking changes in the worksheet.
The Review tab is arranged in the following groups; Proofing,
Language, Comments, and Changes.
 View Tab: The View tab contains options for changing the display of
the worksheet and its contents. The view tab is arranged in the
following groups; Workbook View, Show, Zoom, Windows, and
Macros groups.
Developer Tab : The Developer tab contains options for creating,
playing, and editing macros. It can also be used to import and map
XML files. The Developer tab is arranged in the following group;
Code, Add-ins, Controls, and XML.
Help Tab: The Help tab is where you get online help and training, and
feedback on Excel.

Groups
The groups contain related commands buttons which are arranged into
subtasks. Each contains buttons, sub-menu, and dialog launchers.

Command Buttons
These are tools in the group that are used to execute an action in the worksheet.
The command buttons in the tab are organized into mini-toolbars.

Dialog Box Launcher

The Dialog Box Launcher is located at the right bottom corner of each group.
When you click on it, the Dialog Box launcher opens a dialog box that displays
additional options that can be selected from.
Customizing the Quick Access Toolbar
The Quick Access Toolbar is located above Excel Ribbon, and by default
contains the following four buttons:
AutoSave : This option automatically saves all the future edits made in
the Worksheet.
Save : This option allows you to manually save the changes made to
the worksheet you are currently working on.
Undo : This option undoes the last editing action made on the
worksheet you are currently working on.
Redo : This option repeats the previous editing action recently
removed using the Undo bottom.

You can add more commands to the Quick Access Toolbar by clicking on the
Customize Access Toolbar button located beside the Quick Access Toolbox
button.
By default, the Quick Access Toolbar is located at the top left corner of the
Excel application, and it can also be moved under the Ribbon area by clicking
on the Customize Access Toolbar and then click on Show Below
 CHAPTER FOUR

UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS OF EXCEL

In this chapter, you will be learning the basics of Excel such as the workbook,
worksheet, rows and columns, cell address, active cells, creating and opening a
new Excel workbook, creating a new worksheet, entering data into the
worksheet, and lots more
What is a workbook
A workbook is a file that contains one or more collections of worksheets.
To open a new workbook, follow the steps given below
Open the Excel program
Select Blank workbook

What is a Worksheet
A worksheet is a collection of organized cells in rows and columns, where data
are stored, updated, and manipulated. A worksheet contains 1048576 rows and
16384 columns. The worksheets are also known as spreadsheets.
To create a new worksheet, click on the plus sign at the bottom of the document
window.
Understanding Columns, Rows, and Cell Address.
Rows: Rows are part of the Excel worksheet identified by numbers ranging
from 1 to 1048576. The total number of rows in Excel is 1048576.
Columns: Columns are part of the Excel worksheet identified by letters from A
to XFD. The total number of columns in Excel is 16384.
Cell Address: The Cell address otherwise known as the cell reference is an
alphanumeric value used in identifying a specific cell in the worksheet. Each
cell address contains one or more letters followed by a number.

The Kinds of Data a Worksheet Accepts

The worksheet contains the three types of data; labels, values, and formulas
Labels : Labels are otherwise known as texts.
Values: These are numbers be it whole o decimal numbers. Values also
include the date
 Formulas: These are commands on Excel to execute calculations e.g.
SUM, MAX, LOOKUP, etc.

Hints to Observe Before Entering Data

Before entering data into the worksheet, take note of the following rules:
Select the cell you want to enter the data into
Any new entry makes into a cell replaces the original data already
contained in it.
Data entered in a cell must be completed by clicking on the Enter
button on the Formula bar, pressing the Enter key, or selecting a new
cell before the entry is officially entered in the cell.

Entering Data into the Cells

There are three major ways to enter data into the cells in the worksheet and
they are as follow
Double-clicking: To enter data into the cell, double click on the cell
and start typing inside of it. This is the most commonly used method to
enter data into the cell.

Clicking on the Formula Bar: One of the ways to enter the data into
the cell is to click on the formula bar.

You can also put the cell in the edit mode by pressing F2

Editing Your Worksheet Data

You can edit your worksheet data by either replacing the cell’s content, delete
the characters in the cell entry, or insert new characters in the cell entry. Now
let’s quickly learn how these can be done.
Replacing a Cell’s Content
To replace the content of a cell, do the following:
Place the cell pointer in the cell

Start typing the new entry over it and the new entry will replace the
original entry.

Deleting Characters in a Cell Entry

To delete characters in a cell entry, follow the steps given below
Place the insertion point in the cell entry using the Formula bar ,
double-clicking in the cell, or pressing F2
 Move the insertion point using the Home , End , or ← and → keys
Then use the Backspace and Delete keys to delete the characters you
want.

Inserting New Character in the Cell Entry

Inserting a new character in the cell entry implies that you want to add a new
character to the already existing data in the worksheet. To do this, follow the
steps given below:
Place the insertion point in the cell entry using the Formula bar ,
double-clicking in the cell, or pressing F2
Move the insertion point using the Home , End , or ← and → keys to
where the new characters are needed.

Start typing the new characters and then click on Enter button to
complete the editing changes
Copying and Moving Data in a Worksheet Cells
While working on the worksheet, there may be the need to copy or move the
content of a cell to another location. Briefly, let’s learn how to copy and move
the content of a cell.
Copying Data in a Worksheet Cells
There are several ways to copy the content of a cell, but we will be using the
Copy and Paste command by following the steps provided below
Select the cell or range of cells you wish to copy.
Go to the Home tab and click on Copy in the Clipboard group

Move the cell pointer to where you wish to paste the content of the
cells, and then click on the Paste command in the Home tab or use the
Ctrl V to paste
Moving Data in a Worksheet Cells Using the Cut Command
To move data from one cell to another, use the cut command following the
steps provided below:
Select the cell or range of cells you wish to move
Go to the Home tab and click on Cut in the Clipboard group.

Move the cell pointer to where you wish to paste the content of the
cells, and then click on the Paste command in the Home tab or use the
Ctrl V to paste
Moving Data in a Worksheet Cells by Dragging and Dropping
You can also move the content of a cell by dragging and dropping. To use this
technique, follow the steps given below
Select the cell or range of cells you wish to move
Point to the border of the selected cells
When the pointer becomes a move pointer, drag the selected cells to the
desired location.

Moving Around in a Worksheet

As the worksheet becomes larger, the harder it is to move around the
worksheet. Because of this, Excel provides some shortcut keys for navigating
around the worksheet with ease, and they are listed in the table below:
Shortcut Keys Functions
Home To column A
Ctrl + Home To cell A1; the first
 cell of the worksheet.
Ctrl + End To the last cell in the
last row with data in it.
←, →, ↑, ↓ To move to the next
cell.
Ctrl + ←, To move in one
direction toward the
nearest.
→, ↑, ↓ To move to a cell with
data in it or the first or
last cell in the column
or row.
Page Up or Page To move up or down
Down one
Alt +Page Up or Alt To move to the left or
+ Page Down right one screen’s
worth of columns.
Ctrl + Page Up or To move backward or
Ctrl + Page Down forward from one
worksheet to another
within the workbook.
Apart from the shortcut keys, you can use the techniques below to navigate
from one worksheet to another within the workbook
Scroll Bars : Use the vertical and horizontal scroll bars to move to
different areas within the worksheet. To cover long distances, drag the
scroll bar and to cover a long distance quickly, hold down the Shift
keys as you drag the scroll box on the vertical scroll bar.
Scroll Wheel on the Mouse : If your mouse has a scroll wheel
attached to it, turn the wheel to quickly scroll up and down.
The Go-To Command : One of the techniques to navigate around the
worksheet is the Go-To command. To locate the Go To command, go
to the Home tab, click on the Find & Select button, and then select Go
To in the drop-down list. Enter a cell address in the reference box and
click on Ok.
 The Find Command: To locate the Find command, go to the Home
tab, click on the Find & Select button, and then select Find in the
drop-down list. Enter the data you wish to find in the Find What box
and then click on the Find Next button.

Applying Formatting to Numbers

Applying formatting to numbers involves displaying numbers with thousand
separators, displaying numbers with a currency symbol, displaying numbers
with percentages, etc.
The number format applied on data tells the Excel worksheet the type of data
you are using. In few minutes, let’s check how to apply a format to numbers.

Displaying Numbers with a Thousand Separator (Comma)

You can display a number with a thousand separators using the following steps
Right-click on the cell you wish to add a thousand separators to, and
then click on Format Cell.

In the Format Cell dialog box, click on the Number tab, and then
select Number under Categories
 In the right-hand side of the Format Cell dialog box, mark Use 1,000
separator , and change the decimal place to 0 in the Decimal Place
button.
Then click on Ok for the changes to occur in the worksheet.

Displaying Numbers with Currency Symbols

To display numbers using the currency symbols, follow the steps given below:
Right-click on the cell you wish to add a currency symbol to, and then
click on Format Cell.
In the Format Cell dialog box, click on the Number tab, and then
select Currency under Categories
In the left-hand side of the Format cell dialog box, go to the Symbo l
button and click on the Symbol drop-down menu to select the currency
you wish to add.
Then click on Ok for the changes to occur in the worksheet.
Displaying Numbers as Percentage
You can display numbers as percentages by following the steps given below:
Right-click on the cell you wish to add a percentage to, and then click
on Format Cell.
In the Format Cell dialog box, click on the Number tab, and then
select Percentage under Categories
Then click on Ok for the changes to occur in the worksheet.
Changing the Date Format in your Cell
You can change the way dates are displayed in your worksheet by following the
steps given below;
Right-click on the cell you wish to change the date format, and then
click on Format Cell.
In the Format Cell dialog box, click on the Number tab, and then
select Date under Categories .
Select any of the date formats you want
Then click on Ok for the changes to occur in the worksheet.
Changing the Time Format in your Cell
To change the time format in your cell, follow the steps provided below
Right-click on the cell you wish to change the time format, and then
click on Format Cell.
In the Format Cell dialog box, click on the Time tab, and then select
Date under Categories .
Select any of the date formats you want
Then click on Ok for the changes to occur in the worksheet.
The Flash Fill Command
The Flash Fill is a tool that analyses the information entered in a cell and
automatically fills the data when a pattern is set. To locate the Flash Fill
command, go to the Data tab and click on Flash Fill in the Data Tools group.

The Flash Fill command can be used to combine and extract data.

Combining Data Using the Flash Fill

To join data together using the Flash Fill command, follow the steps given
below by making use of the table provided
Click into cell C1 and type “ Mike John”

Go to the Data tab and click on Flash Fill in the Data Tools group.

Once this is done, Excel will replicate the pattern on the worksheet
Extracting Data with Flash Fill
The Flash Fill does not only combine data, it can also extract data too. To
extract data, follow the steps given below by making use of the table provided.

Click into cell B1 and type “ 123/58”

Go to the Data tab and click on Flash Fill in the Data Tools group.

Once this is done, Excel will replicate the pattern on the worksheet
The AutoFill Command
The AutoFill command is a feature that allows you to enter sequential numbers,
months, or days automatically. The AutoFill command looked at the cells you
have already filled in, and guess how to fill in the rest of the series. For
instance, when you fill in Monday, Autofill automatically completes the
following days for you.
The AutoFill is accessed by using the Fill handle. The Fill handle is a small
square at the bottom-right corner of the box that allows you to fill the adjacent
cells .

Entering a Series of Value Using AutoFill

With the AutoFill command, you can complete a series of values once the
pattern has been recognized. Briefly, we will be using the AutoFill command to
complete the days of the week using the following steps below:
Select the cell with the first value of a series ( Monday )
Move the mouse to the bottom right corner of the cell and allows it to
display a black plus symbol.
Click and drag down or across the cell you wish to fill
 Finally, the AutoFill complete the days of the week as shown in the
table below

Copying Data Using the AutoFill

With the AutoFill Command, you can copy and paste data to other cells within
the worksheet. To do this, follow the steps given below.
Select the cell that contains the data you wish to copy
Move the mouse to the bottom right corner of the cell and allows it to
display a black plus symbol.
Click and drag down or across the cell you wish to fill
 Finally, AutoFill copies the data into the designated cells.

NOTE : With the AutoFill command, you can also do the following:
Fill formatting only
Fill without formatting
Fill weekdays
Fill months
Fill years

Saving a File
Saving a file helps to prevent file loss especially when the file is large or
important. To save a file, choose any of the following techniques:
It is not enough that you create a new file, you must ensure to save it. Failure to
save your file will only cause you to lose your file, especially where there is a
power outage or malfunction with the computer system. It is very important to
always save your file every ten minutes.
To save a file, use any of the following techniques
Go to the File tab and click on the Save menu
 Click the Save button located in the Quick Access toolbar

Press Ctrl + S

Saving a File for the First Time

Saving a file for the first time, the Save As window appears where you enter
the name of the file and the location where you want the file to be saved.

The Document Auto Recovery Command

The Auto Recovery command is a feature in Excel 365 that allows you to
recover your document when lost due to a power outage, computer crash, or
failure. The Auto Recovery is programmed to save changes made to the
workbook automatically (For a file to use the Auto Recovery feature, the file
must be saved)
To enable the Auto Recovery command, follow the steps given below
Go to the File tab and click on Options

In the Options dialog box, select the Save category

Enter the minute interval in the Save AutoRecovery Information
Every box
Then click on Ok

Learning Data Validation

Data Validation is a feature in Excel that determines what is to be entered in the
worksheet by the users. With the Data validation feature, Excel can
Permit only number or text values in the worksheet
Permit number with a specific range in the worksheet
Obstruct dates and times that are given out of the time frame
Display a warning sign when the wrong data is inputted.
Locate the wrong entries in the validated cells
To locate the Data Validation command, go to the Data tab and select Data
Validation in the Data Tool group
Applying the Data Validation to Cells
To apply the Data Validation to your cells, follow the steps given below:
Select the cells to apply the Data Validation to
Go to the Data tab and select the Data Validation in the Data Tool
group.

In the Data Validation dialog box, go to the Settings tab and select
any of the following options under Allow
Whole Number: To restrict the cell to accept only whole
Decimal: To allow the cell to accept only decimal numbers .
List: To pick data from the drop-down list .
Date: To restrict the cell to accept the only date.
Time: To restrict the cell to accept only time.
Text Length: To restrict the length of the text.
Custom: To custom formula
Under Data , select a condition and set the other required values based
on what you chose for Allow and Data.

Click on the Input Message tab and enter the title and text of the
message connecting to the field.
Select the Show input message when cell is selected the checkbox to
display the message when the user selects or moves over the selected
cells
 Select the Error Alert tab and enter the title and text of the error
message, and then click on Style to select the alert type.

Then click on Ok

Transferring the Data Validation to Other Cells in the Worksheet

In case you applied the data validation to a cell and you wish to replicate it to
the other cells in the worksheet, follow the steps below
Select the cell that contains data validating feature
Move the mouse to the bottom right corner of the cell and allows it to
display a black plus symbol.
 Click and drag down or across the cell you wish to fill

Finally, the AutoFill copies the data into the designated cells.

Removing the Data Validation From your Cells

To remove the data validation from your cells, follow the steps given below:
Select the cells with data validation
Go to the Data tab and select the Data Validation in the Data Tool
group.
On the Setting tab, select the Clear All button, and then click on Ok.

Filtering Data in Excel

In case you are wondering how to display and hide some data in your
worksheet. The Filter command is what you need to use. To use the Filter
Click on the column of the header in the worksheet
Go to the Data tab and click on Filter in the Sort & Filter group.
Click on the Filter drop-down arrow that appears on the header of the
column

In the window that displays, unmark the box you don’t in your
worksheet, and then click

The filtered data is shown in the table below

Grouping of Data in Excel
Grouping data in Excel allows you to hide data from either the rows or
columns. To group data, follow the steps given below:
Select the data you want to group
Go to the Data tab and click on Group in the Outline group.

Select Row and click on Ok.

In the image below, the data in the cells are group

 CHAPTER FIVE

FORMATTING AND MANAGING THE WORKSHEET

Here in this chapter, you will be learning how to format your worksheets.
Formatting your worksheet includes numbers and text alignment in rows and
columns, inserting rows and columns, adjusting the rows and columns,
freezing, and splitting the columns and rows, number and text alignment in
rows and columns, etc.
To manage a worksheet, you will be learning how to rename your worksheet,
moving a worksheet, copying a worksheet, etc.

Numbers and Text Alignment in Rows and Columns

By default, Excel aligns texts to the bottom-left of the cells and numbers to the
bottom right of the cells. However, these alignments can be changed to any of
the alignment types you desire.
There are two types of alignments in Excel: vertical and horizontal alignments

The Vertical Alignment

The vertical alignment allows you to align your texts and numbers using the
following options
Top Align : This aligns the text or numbers to the top of the cell
Middle Align : This aligns the text or number to the center of the cell
i.e. in between the top and bottom of the cells.
Bottom Align : This aligns the text to the bottom of the cells.
To apply vertical alignment to your text or number, follow the steps given
below
Select the cells that contain the text or number you wish to align
 Go to the Home tab and click on either Top Align , Middle Align, or
Bottom Align in the Alignment group. Here we will be using the Top
Align

In the image shown below, the selected cells are aligned to the top of
the cells.

The Horizontal Alignment

Just like the vertical-horizontal, the horizontal alignment also allows you to
align your texts and numbers using the following options
Align Left : This aligns the text or numbers to the left edge of the cell
Center: This aligns the text or number to the center of the cell.
Align Right : This aligns the text to the right edge of the cell.
To apply horizontal alignment to your text or number, follow the steps given
below
Select the cells that contain the text or number you wish to align

Go to the Home tab and click on either Align Left , Middle, or Align
Right in the Alignment group. Here we will be using the Center

In the image shown below, the selected cells are aligned to the center of
the cells.
Changing Text and Number Orientation
The Orientation command allows you to rotate your text or number to any
angle you desire. Changing the text orientation is also a great way to label the
column headings in the worksheet.
To change the text or number orientation in your worksheet, here are what to do
Select cells that contain the text or numbers you wish to change

Go to the Home tab and click on Orientation in the Alignment group

 In the Orientation drop-down menu, select any of the following
options; Angle Counterclockwise , Angle Clockwise , Vertical Text ,
Rotate Text Up , and Rotate Text Down

In the image shown below, the selected cells are rotated Angle
Counterclockwise.

Wrapping Text in Your Worksheet

In case you have a long text string extending from a cell to another and you do
not wish to adjust the size of the cell to contain the long text, all you need to do
is used the Wrap command.
The Wrap command allows you to display a long text on multiple lines in a
single cell. To use this command, follow the steps given below:
Select the cell with the long text
 Go to the Home tab and click on Wrap Text in the Alignment Group.
Here, the text will be adjusted to multiple lines in a single cell.

Merging Cells
The Merge command allows you to merge or join cells together to create a
larger cell without adjusting or changing the row or column size
To merge cells, follow the cells given below
Select the cells you wish to merge
Go to the Home tab, and click on Merge & Center in the Alignment
group
 In the Merge & Center drop-down menu, select any of the following
options
Merge & Center : To combine and center the contents of the
selected cells into a single and larger cell.
Merge Across : To join the cells selected in the same row into a
single cell.
Merge Cells : To merge the cells selected into a single cell.

In the image shown below, the selected cells are merged using the
Merge & Center option.

To unmerge cells, you can click on Unmerge Cells in the Merge &
Center drop-down menu

Inserting Rows and Columns

There are several ways provided by Excel to insert rows and columns, which
include using the keyboard shortcuts or Insert commands. Before you insert a
row or column into your spreadsheet, take note of the following
 A new row is always inserted above the row you select
A new column is always inserted to the left of the column you select

Inserting a Row
To insert a new row to your worksheet, follow the steps given below
Select any cell within the row, go to the Home tab, click on Insert and
select Insert Sheet Rows .

The new rows are inserted above the selected row in the worksheet.

NOTE: To add a new row, you can also click on the row, select Insert , and
then click on Entire Row.

Inserting a Column
To insert a new column to your worksheet, follow the steps given below
Select any cell within the column, go to the Home tab, click on Insert
and select Insert Sheet Columns .
 The new columns are inserted to the left of the column you select

NOTE: To add a new column, you can also click on the column, select Insert ,
and then click on Entire Column.

Deleting Rows and Columns

To delete a column from the worksheet, follow the steps given below
Select any cell within the column, go to the Home tab, click on Insert
and select Delete Sheet Columns .
 The selected column is deleted from the worksheet

To delete a row from the worksheet, follow the steps given below
Select any cell within the column, go to the Home tab, click on Insert
and select Delete Sheet Rows .
 The selected column is deleted from the worksheet

NOTE: To delete a column or row, you can also click on the column or row,
select Delete , and then click on Entire Column or Entire Row.

Adjusting Rows and Columns Size

While working on your worksheet, there may be the need to expand or reduce
Excel’s row width and column heights. There are many techniques to adjust
them. Let’s quickly check out one of those techniques

Adjusting the Height of the Row

To adjust the height of the row, follow the steps provided below
Select a row or a range of rows you wish to change
Go to the Home tab, click on the | Format in the Cell group
 Type in the height of the row in the Row Height dialog box and click
on Ok

Adjusting the Column Width

To adjust the column width, follow the steps given below
Select a column or a range of columns you wish to change
Go to the Home tab, click on the | Format in the Cell group
 Type in the width of the column in the Column Width dialog box and
click on Ok

Changing the Column Width to Automatically Fit the Contents

You can change the column width to automatically fit the content of the cells
by following the steps given below
Select a column or a range of columns you wish to change
Go to the Home tab, click on the | Format in the Cell group, and then
select AutoFit Column Width
Changing the Row Height to Automatically Fit the Contents
You can change the row height to automatically fit the content of the cells by
following the steps given below:
Select a row or a range of rows you wish to change
Go to the Home tab, click on the | Format in the Cell group, and then
select AutoFit Row Height.

Resizing All Columns and Rows to Fit the Data or Content

Rather than adjusting the width of the columns or the height rows separately,
you can adjust all the rows or columns at the same time. To do this, follow the
steps given below
 Click on the Select All button at the top of the worksheet to select all
columns and rows.
Double-click on a boundary to resize the columns or rows

Freezing and Splitting Rows and Columns

Freezing your rows and columns keeps them visible or static when you
navigate through the worksheet. The Freeze pane is useful when checking out
data in other parts of the worksheet without losing the header or labels.
Splitting your worksheet helps to create either two or four separate worksheet
areas that you can navigate within, while the rows and columns in the non-
scrolled area remain visible.

Freezing Your Rows and Columns

To freeze your row, follow the steps provided below:
Select the rows below the row you to freeze

Go to the View tab , click on the Freeze Panes command in the

Window group, and then select Freeze Pane from the drop-down
menu
 The rows will be frozen in place indicated by a gray line.

To freeze your column, follow the steps provided below:

Select the column to the right of the column below the row you to
freeze
 Go to the View tab , click on the Freeze Panes command in the
Window group, and then select Freeze Pane from the drop-down
menu.

The column will be frozen in place indicated by a gray line.

Unfreezing Panes Rows and Columns

To unfreeze rows and columns, follow the steps given below
Go to the View tab , click on the Freeze Panes command in the
Window group, and then select Unfreeze Pane from the drop-down
menu.
Splitting in Worksheet
To split a worksheet, follow the steps below
Select the cell you wish to split the worksheet
Go to the View tab , click on the Split command in the Window
group.

The Workbook is split into different panes.

Hiding and Unhiding the Rows and Columns
There are times you want to hide and unhide your rows and columns rather
than deleting them. With these commands, you can determine which data you
want other users to see or the data you wish to print out. Now let’s talk about
how to hide and unhide rows and columns.

Hiding the Columns

To hide the columns in your worksheet, follow the steps provided below:
To select a column, click on its heading
Right-click on the selected columns, and then Hide
Unhiding the Columns
To unhide the columns in your worksheet, follow the steps given below
Select the adjacent columns for the hidden column
Right-click the selected column, and then select Unhide
 You can also double-click the double line between two columns where
the hidden columns exist.

Hiding the Rows

To hide the rows in your worksheet, follow the steps provided below:
To select a row, click on its heading
Right-click on the selected rows, and then Hide
Unhiding the Rows
To unhide the rows in your worksheet, follow the steps given below
Select the adjacent columns for the hidden column
Right-click the selected rows, and then select Unhide
Managing Your Worksheet
As earlier said at the beginning of this chapter, managing your worksheet
involves renaming a worksheet, moving a worksheet, copying a worksheet, etc.
Now let’s go into full details on how to manage your worksheet.

Renaming Your Worksheet

When you open a new worksheet, the default name that comes with it is Sheet
1, Sheet 2 depending on how many new worksheets you open. However, you
can rename the worksheet to any name of your choice. To rename a worksheet,
use any of the following techniques
Right-click the sheet tab, click Rename and type the new name.
Double-click the sheet tab, and type the new name
Use the Shortcut Keyboard Alt + H > O R, and then enter the new
name.
Selecting Worksheets.
There are so many ways of selecting a worksheet in a Workbook. Use any of
the following techniques
To select a single tab, click on the worksheet’s tab
To select several worksheets, use Ctrl + click their tabs, or click the
first tab and then press Shift + click the last tab in the set.
To select all the worksheets, right-click on the tab, and then choose
Select All Sheets on the shortcut menu.

Rearranging Worksheets
You can choose to change the location of your worksheet by using any of the
following techniques
Dragging the Worksheet
To rearrange the worksheet, click and drag the worksheet tab to a new location.
As the worksheet tab is dragged, a tiny black arrow appears, and a page icon is
displayed to where the worksheet will land when the mouse button is released.
The Format Button
To rearrange the worksheets using the Format button, follow the steps provided
below
Go to the Home tab, click on Format in the Cell group, and select
Move or Copy Sheet
In the Move or Copy dialog, click on where you want the sheet to be
located, and then click on Ok
Inserting a New Worksheet
To insert a new worksheet in your workbook, use any of the following
techniques
The Insert Button
To use the Insert button, follow the steps given below:
Go to the Home tab, select the Inser t button in the Cell group, and
click on Insert Sheet.

Using the New Sheet Tab

To use the New Sheet tab, right-click on the New Sheet tab at the right lower
side of the worksheet.

NOTE: You can also use the shortcut key Shift + F11 to insert a new
worksheet.

Copying a Worksheet
To copy a worksheet, hold down the Ctrl key and drag the worksheet tab to a
new location.

Deleting a Worksheet
To delete a worksheet, follow the steps provided below
Select the worksheet you wish to delete
Go to the Home tab and click on the Delete button in the Cell group.

NOTE : You can also right-click on the worksheet tab and select Delete.

Adding Color to the Worksheet Tab

To add color to the worksheet tab, use any of the following techniques
The Format Button
To use the Format button to add color to your worksheet tab, follow the steps
provided below:
Select the worksheet tab

Go to the Hom e tab, click on the Format button under the Cell group.
Click on the Tab Color and then select any color from the submenu.
Using the Right-click
You can use the right-click to add tab color to your worksheet tab. To do this,
follow the steps provided below:
Right-click on the worksheet tab
Click on the Tab Color and then select any color from the submenu.
Using the Comments in Your Worksheet
The Comment command is one of the features in Excel that allows users to
collaborate easily and effectively and make suggestions within themselves.
Here, we will be learning how to insert a comment, delete comments, view
comments, and lots more.

Adding Comment to Your Worksheet

To add a comment to your worksheet, follow the steps provided below
Select the cell you wish to add the comment

Go to the Review tab and click on the New Comment in the

Comment group
 In the comment box that appears, type the comment, and then click
anywhere outside the box to close the comment.

The comment added to the cell is represented or indicated by a red

triangle in the top-right corner.

Viewing the Comment on the Your Worksheet

To view the comment on your worksheet, select the cell again

Editing a Comment in Your Worksheet

To edit a comment in your worksheet, follow the steps given bellow
Select the cell you wish to edit its comment
 Go to the Review tab and click on the Edit Comment in the Comment
group.

In the comment box that appears, edit the comment, and then click
anywhere outside the box to close the comment.

Deleting a Comment
To delete a comment from your worksheet, follow the steps given below:
Select the cell containing the comment you wish to delete

Go to the Review tab and click on the Delete Comment in the

Comment group.
 In the table below, the comment will be deleted

Showing or Hiding All Comments

To show or hide all comments, do the following
Go to the Review tab and click on the Show All Comments in the
Comment group, and all the comments in your worksheet will be
displayed. To hide all comments, follow the same procedures as
showing all comments.

Showing or Hiding Comments Individually

You can hide or show individual comments by following the steps provided
below
Select the cell you wish to show or hide comment
Go to the Review tab and click on the Show/Hide Comments in the
Comment group
Hiding Your Worksheet
You can choose to hide or remove your worksheet from view, by using the Hide
command. Hiding your worksheet is different from deleting them. When you
hide your worksheets, you can still reference them in formulas, and charts
found on other worksheets or other workbooks. To hide the worksheet, follow
the steps provided below
Select the worksheet tab you wish to hide
Go to the Home tab and select the Format button in the Cell group.
Click on Hide & Unhide and select Hide Sheet
NOTE : You can also hide your worksheet by right-clicking on the worksheet
to open the contextual menu. Click on the Hide option to hide the selected
worksheet.
Unhiding Your Worksheet
To unhide your worksheet, follow the steps provided below:
Select the worksheet tab you wish to hide
Go to the Home tab and select the Format button in the Cell group.
Click on Hide & Unhide and select Unhide Sheet

Select the sheet you wish to unhide in the list that pops up and then
click on OK.
NOTE: You can also unhide your worksheet by right-clicking on the worksheet
to open the contextual menu. Click on the Unhide Sheet, click on the sheet you
wish to unhide in the list that pops up, and then click on OK.

Protecting Your Worksheet

To restrict others from intentionally or unintentionally changing, formatting,
inserting new rows and columns, deleting rows and columns, and many others,
you can activate the protection features to lock your worksheet with a
password.
To protect your worksheet from being tampered with by other users, follow the
steps given below
Select the worksheet you wish to protect
Go to the Review tab and click on Protect Sheet in the Protect Group
.

In the Protect Sheet dialog box, select the elements you want people to
change in the Allow all users of the worksheet to list.
In the Password to unprotect sheet box, enter the password, and click
on Ok

Re-enter the password in the Confirm Password dialog box, and then
click on Ok
 CHAPTER SIX

CUSTOMIZING THE WORKSHEET

Looking at the Excel default worksheet is just boring, and this is because the
default worksheet looks so plain, with nothing attractive about it. To make the
excel worksheet captivating and exhilarating, you will be learning some
important techniques that include changing the theme of the worksheet,
changing the theme color of the worksheet, adding borders to the worksheet,
changing the font color and sizes, and many others. Now let’s take our time to
explore how to customize Excel’s worksheet.

Changing the Worksheet Theme

The worksheet theme uses a unique set of colors, fonts, and effects to create a
consistent look and feel. To change the worksheet theme to another, follow the
steps provided below:
Go to the Page Layout and click on Theme in the Theme group
In the Theme drop-down menu, select any theme of your choice
Changing the Theme Color
Changing the theme color of your worksheet will affect the colors available in
your color picker and the color used in the worksheet. The theme colors change
all the colors used in the worksheet by selecting a different color palette. To
change the theme color, follow the steps given below:
Go to the Page Layout and click on Theme Color in the Theme group
In the Theme Color drop-down menu, select any theme color of your
choice
Changing the Theme Fonts
The theme fonts change the entire text in your worksheet by picking a new font
set.

To change the theme fonts of your worksheet, follow the steps below:
Go to the Page Layout and click on Theme Font in the Theme group
In the Theme F ont drop-down menu, select any theme font of your
choice
Changing the Theme Effects of Your Worksheet
Changing the theme effect in your worksheet affects the look of objects
inserted in your worksheet. To change the theme effects in your worksheet,
follow the steps given below
Go to the Page Layout and click on Theme Effects in the Theme
group
In the Theme Effects drop-down menu, select any theme font of your
choice.
Changing the Font, Font Style, and Font Size
Apart from using the Theme features to change the font, you can use the Font
group to change the font. With the Font group, you can also change the font
style, font sizes, and lots more

Changing the Font of Your Worksheet

To change the font of your worksheet, follow the steps given below:
Select the cell or a range of cells you wish to change the font.
Go to the Home tab and click on Font and in the Font group.
In the Font drop-down - menu, select any font of your choice
Changing the Font Style of Your worksheet
To change the font style of the cells in your worksheet to either bold, italics, or
underline, follow the steps provided below:
Select the cell or a range of cells you wish to change the font.
Go to the Home tab and click on Bold , Italics or Underline in the
Font group to change the font style
Changing the Font Size of Your Worksheet
To change the font size of your worksheet, follow the steps provided below
Select the cell or a range of cells you wish to change the font.
Go to the Home tab and click on Font Size and in the Font group.
In the Font Size drop-down menu, select any font size of your choice
Changing the Font Color of Your Worksheet
To change the font color or the text color of your worksheet, follow the steps
provided below:
Select the cell or range of cells that contain the text you wish to change
Go to the Home tab and click on Font Color and in the Font group.
In the Font Color drop-down menu, select any color of your choice
Changing the Cell Background Color of Your Worksheet
To change the cell background color of your worksheet, follow the steps given
below
Select the cell or range of cells you wish to change the background
color
Go to the Home tab and click on Fill Color in the Font group.
In the Fill Color drop-down menu, select any color of your choice

Applying Borders to Your Worksheet

To apply a border to your worksheet, follow the steps given below
 Select the cell or range of cells you wish to apply the border.
Go to the Home tab and click on Border in the Font group
In the Border drop-down menu, select any of your choices

Here the border is applied to the selected cells in the worksheet

Removing Border from Your Worksheet

To remove the border from your worksheet, follow the steps provided below:
Select the cell or range of cells with border
Click the Border drop-down in the Font group and select No Border
 Here the border applied to the selected cells in the worksheet is
removed

Removing Gridlines From Your Worksheet

The gridlines are lines in the Excel worksheet that help divide cells from each
other inside a worksheet. With the gridlines, data are separated and organized
concisely,
To remove gridlines from your worksheet, follow the steps provided below
Go to the View tab and click on Gridlines in the Show group.
 When you uncheck the gridlines, the gridlines are removed from the
worksheet as shown in the image below

Changing the Color of Gridlines in a Worksheet

By default, the gridline's color is black. However, you can change the color of
gridlines. To do this, follow the steps provided below:
Select the worksheet you wish to change the gridline color
Go to the File tab, select Excl and click on Options.

In the Advanced category, under Display options for this worksheet ,

click on the Gridline color box to select any color of your choice and
click on Ok
 The gridlines of your worksheet are changed to the desired color as
instructed.

Using the Cell Styles in Your Worksheet

A cell style comprises several formatting options such as font size, font styles,
font colors, number formats, cell borders, and shading that constitute a
worksheet. The cell styles are related to the themes in the worksheet. Anytime
the theme is changed, the cell styles change as well.

Applying Cell Styles to Your Worksheet

To apply a cell style to your worksheet, follow the steps given below
Select the cell or range of cells you wish to apply the cell style to.
Go to the Home tab, click on Cell Styles in the Styles group, and then
select any cell style in the Cell Style drop-down menu.
 The selected cell style will appear in the worksheet

Creating a Custom Cell Style

Rather than using the built-in cell style, you can create your own cell style. To
do this, follow the steps provided below
Go to the Home tab, click on Cell Styles in the Styles group, and then
select New Cell Style in the Cell Style drop-down menu
In the Style dialog box, enter the name of the new cell style in the Style
name box

Click on Format to open the Format Cell dialog box, where you select
the formatting you want, and then click on OK.
 Go back to the Style dialog box to clear the checkboxes of any
formatting you don’t want in the cell style under the Styles Includes
(By Example)

Click on Ok and a new custom cell style will be created.

Creating a Cell style by Modifying an Existing cell Style
Rather than starting from scratch to create a new cell style, you can modify the
existing cell style to create your own cell style, using some of the formatting
options in the existing cell style.
To create a cell style by modifying the existing cell style, follow the steps
below:
Go to the Home tab and click on Cell Styles in the Styles group
In the Cell Style drop-down menu, right-click on any cell style to open
the context menu, and then select Modify

In the Style dialog box, enter the name of the new cell style in the Style
name box
Click on Format to open the Format Cell dialog box, where you select
the formatting you want, and then click on OK.
 Go back to the Style dialog box to clear the checkboxes of any
formatting you don’t want in the cell style under the Styles Includes
(By Example)

Click on OK and the cell style modified will be updated to effect the
changes made to it.

Duplicating an Existing Cell Style

You can create a duplicate of a built-in cell style or custom cell style, all you
need to do is follow the steps below:
Go to the Home tab and click on Cell Styles in the Styles group
In the Cell Style drop-down menu, right-click on any cell style to open
the context menu, and then select Duplicate.
 In the Style dialog box, enter the name of the new style, and click on
the Ok button to close the dialog box and return to the worksheet.

After closing the Style dialog box, the duplicated cell style will be
updated to reflect the changes.

Removing Cell Styles from a Worksheet

You can remove the cell styles from your worksheet without the need to delete
the cell styles. To do this, follow the steps provided below
Select the cells you wish to remove the cell style
Go to the Home tab and click on Cell Styles in the Styles group,
In the Cell Style drop-down menu, select Normal under Good, Bad ,
and Neutral. Here, the cell-style formatting will be removed from the
worksheet.

Deleting a Cell Style from a Worksheet

All other cell styles such as the built-in and custom styles in the Styles group
can be deleted, except for the Normal styles. To delete a cell style from your
worksheet, follow the steps provided below
Go to the Home tab and click on Cell Styles in the Styles group
In the Cell Style drop-down menu, right-click on any cell style you
wish to delete to open the context menu, and then select Delete.
When this is done, the cell style is deleted completely from the cell
style gallery.
 CHAPTER SEVEN

THE EXCEL FORMULA AND FUNCTIONS

Before you begin to go through this chapter, keep this in mind, this chapter is
the most important and complicated part of this book. Despite knowing this, do
not fret because everything you will be learning here will be done with
simplicity.
In this chapter, we will be emphasizing everything you need to know about
formulas and functions, and how they can be applied in the worksheet. Before
we go, we must understand what formula and a function are all about.

What is a Formula
A formula is an expression that is used to calculate the values of cell or range
cells. The formula begins with an equal sign, followed by the cell addresses
that will be calculated upon, making use of the right operand (this is also
known as the order of operations). For instance, =A2+A3+A4 calculates the
sum of the cell range from cell A2 to cell A4.

What is a Function
A function is a predefined formula containing a special name and purpose. The
function begins with an equal sign, followed by the function’s name, and ends
with its arguments.
The functions help to remove the stress of entering your data manually. For
instance, =SUM (A2:A6) sums all the values from A2 to A3

Getting Familiar with The Formula Tab

The Formula tab is one of the tabs in Excel used to insert functions, define
names, create name ranges, review formulas, etc.
The Formula tab is divided into five groups
Function library
Defined Names
Formula Auditing
Calculation
Solutions
Function Library: The Function Library group contains the 461 functions and
it contains the following options;

Insert Function : This is what displays the Insert Function dialog box
which allows you to search for a particular function or display the list
of functions by category.
AutoSum : This option allows you to insert functions such as Sum,
Average, Count Numbers, Max, Min, or More Functions.
Recently Used : This option gives quick access to the 10 functions that
were recently used.
Financial : This option provides quick access to all functions in the
Financial category.
Logical: This option provides quick access to all functions in the
Logical category.
Text: This option provides quick access to all functions in the Text
category.
Date & Time : This option gives quick access to all the functions in
the Date & Time category.
Lookup & Reference : This option provides quick access to all
functions in the Lookup & Reference category.
Math & Trig: This option provides quick access to all functions in the
Math & Reference category.
More Functions: This provides access to the Statistical, Engineering,
Cube, Information, Compatibility, and Web categories.
Define Names: With this Define Names group, you can define the name of a
cell. Not only that, this allows you to view the named sections on the worksheet
in the Name Manager, and edit then them to the name you want or desire. The
Define Names contains the following:
 Define Name: This button contains two commands; Define Names and
Apply Names. The Define Names are used to create a workbook and
worksheet level named ranges, and the Apply Name shows the Apply
Name dialog box.
Use in Formula: This contains a list of all the named ranges in the
workbook alongside the Paste Names command.
Create from Selection : With this option, you can name a cell or range
of cells selected making use of the row or column title that has been
previously entered.
Formula Auditing : The Formula Auditing group is responsible for checking
and correcting formulas. The following are the options in Formula Auditing

Trace Precedents: This helps to know the cells that affect the value of
the currently selected cell.
Trace Dependents: This helps to know the cells that are affected by
the value in the cells that are currently selected.
Remove Arrows: This is the option that removes all the arrows drawn
by the trace precedents and trace dependents.
Show Formulas: This is what displays the formula instead of the result
in the worksheet.
Error Checking : This is what checks the errors in a formula on the
worksheet.
Evaluate Formula : This allows you to thoroughly go through a
formulation
 Watch Window : This option shows you where to view and monitor
all the contents of the cells and their result as changes as made.
Calculation: The Calculation group help to switch from calculation from
automatic to manual. The following are the options in Calculation
Calculation Options: This option allows you to change the calculation
in your active workbook from manual to automatic except for the data
in tables. If you make a change that affects a value, Excel will
automatically recalculate it.
Calculate Now: This is used to calculate the entire workbook now.
This is only used when the automatic calculation is turned off.
Calculate Sheet: This is used to calculate the entire active cell, and it is
used when the automatic calculation is turned off.

Solutions: The Solution group is only displayed when there is a Euro

Currency Tool add-in loaded in Excel. The following are the options in the
Solution group:

Euro Conversion : This launches the Euro Conversions Wizard

Euro Formatting: This is used to apply Euro formatting to the cells
selected.
Quick Conversion: This is used to execute quick conversions
Categories of Data Excel’s Formula Accepts
The Excel formula is characterized by the data values it accepts, and anything
short of this data value may not work. These data values are highlighted below:
Constant: These are numbers inserted directly into the formula bar. For
instance, inputting = 4+8 into the formula bar to get 12

Operators: These are symbols used in Exel to perform arithmetic operations

(addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc.), comparing values (greater than or
less than), and merging values (&). For instance, entering =7<10 into the
formula bar returns the value to TRUE; this is because 7 is less than 10

Cell Reference : This is a cell or a range of cells on the worksheet that can be
used in a formula so that Excel can find the values or data you want the
formula to calculate. For instance, entering =A1-A3 connotes that Excel will
subtract the value in cell A3 from cell A1
Inserting Formulas into your Worksheet
Learning how to enter formulas into your worksheet is very important. So, you
will be learning how to insert formulas in your worksheet using several
methods, and they are highlighted below
Simple Insertion: The Simple Insertion method has to do with entering the
formula into the cell or Formula Bar. The Formula bar can be seen above the
column header. To use the Simple Insertion method,
Go to the Formula bar or click on a cell
Start typing an equal sign (=), followed by the name of the function,
and then press Enter.

The Insert Function : One of the methods to enter a formula in Excel is the
Insert Function command. The Insert Function consists of all functions found
in Excel’s worksheet. To locate the Insert Function
Go to the Formula tab and click on Insert Function in the Function
Library

In the Insert Function dialog box, click on any function you wish to
use on the worksheet, and then click on OK.
Group of Formula: Another way to enter a formula in your worksheet
is by using selecting any formula from the group of formulas in the
Function Library group.
The group of formulas includes AutoSum, Recently Used, Financial,
Logical. Text, Date & Time, Lookup & Reference, Math & Trig, and
More Functions

AutoSum Option: This is used for quick and everyday tasks. To use the
AutoSum Option, go to the Formula tab and click on Recently Used
in the Function Library
Recently Used Tab : This tab comes in handy when you want to
relieve the stress of re-tying your most recent formula. To locate this
tab, go to the Formula tab and click on Recently Used in the Function
Library .
Editing the Formula
To edit the formula in your worksheet, you can use any of the following
techniques
Using the Formula bar : To edit your formula, go to the Formula Bar,
and start editing the formula.

The Formula Cell : To edit the formula in your worksheet, click

directly into the cell, and the cell will be activated into an Edit mode
where you can make changes to the formula.

Understanding the Formula Operators

The Formula operators specify the type of calculation that you want to execute
in the worksheet. Such operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication,
or division, etc.
The following are types of Formula operations in Excel
Arithmetic Operators: Arithmetic operators are operators that are concerned
with basic mathematical operations such as addition subtraction division or
multiplication. These operators work with numbers.
The following are the examples of arithmetic operations
ARITHMETIC NUMBERS ARITHMETIC EXAMPLES
OPERATOR OF FUNCTION
OPERANDS
Plus sign + 2 Addition 3+1
Minus sign - 2 Subtraction 4-2
Minus sign - 1 Negation -3
Asterisk * 2 Multiplication 3*7
Forward slash / 2 Division 4/3
Exponentiation 2 Raise the power 4^1
^ of a value
Percent % 1 Divide by 100 35%

Comparison Operators : These are operators that compare two values to carry
out operations such as less than, greater than, equal to, etc. When these two
values are compared, the result is always in a logical value which could be
TRUE or FALSE.
The following are the comparison operators listed in the table below:
COMPARISON MEANING EXAMPLE
OPERATOR
Equal sign = Equal to 2=2
Less than sign < Less than 2<6
Greater than Greater than 5>1
sign >
Greater than or Greater than or 67>=333
equal to sign>= equal to
Less than or Less than or 52<=321
equal to sign =< equal to
Not equal to Not equal to 5<>7
sign <>
Concatenation Operator: This operator joins or combines two or more
springs to form a single text or string. The Concatenate operation receives text
as their input values and if they are not texts, they are transformed into texts.
OPERATOR MEANING EXAMPLE
Ampersand & Connect or join ‘’In’’ & ‘’put’’
 two values to to form ‘’Input’’
produce a single
text
Logical Operators : These are operators that accept Boolean values as the
values of their operands, and they produce one Boolean value as their result or
outcome.
The logical operators are highlighted in the table below
LOGICAL NUMBERS MEANINGS EXAMPLE
OPERATOR OF
OPERANDS
And 2 True if both 5<3 and
input values amount <3
are true
Or 2 True if one of 7>5 or 4<7
the input
values is true
Not 1 Reverses the not 5>6
value of its
input value
Reference Operator: These operators combine ranges of cells for calculations,
and they are highlighted in the table:
REFERENCE MEANING
OPERATOR
Colon): Range operator: This
gives one reference to all
the cells between two
reference
Comma ‘ Union operator: This joins
multiple references into
one reference
Space Intersection operator: This
gives one reference to
cells common to the two
references.
Access Operators: The access operators consist of the following operators; the
Dot operator (.), the index operator ([]), and the At operator (‘@).
The Alt Operator: This is the operator is used to specify or indicate many
alternative formulas that can be used in a cell.
The IF Operator: The IF operator is used to perform conditional calculations.

The Order of Operator Precedence in Excel Formulas

Just as BODMAS is to mathematics, the Operator Precedence is to Excel’s
worksheet.
The order of operator precedence can be defined as the specific order at Excel
evaluates and carry out calculations when a formula is created using many
operators. For example, Excel executes multiplication before addition.
The following is the order of precedence in Excel:
Evaluate the values in parentheses
Evaluate the range (:)
Evaluates the intersections (spaces)
Evaluate unions (,)
Perform negation (-)
Convert percentages (%)
Perform exponentiation (^)
Perform multiplication (*) and division (/), that are of equal precedence
Perform addition (+) and subtraction (-) which are of equal precedence
Evaluate text operators (&)
Perform comparisons (=, <>, <=,>=).

Manipulating the Order of Precedence Using the Parentheses

To change the order of precedence in your Excel worksheet, enclose the part of
the formula into a parenthesis. Doing this, the formula enclosed in parentheses
is calculated first.
For instance, if the parentheses are applied to these values; =(6+2)*3 , the
values enclosed in the parentheses are calculated first i.e. 6 and 2 are added
together and then multiplied by 3 to produce 36.
In contrast, if the parentheses are not applied in the same values: =6+2*3 ,
Excel multiplies 2 by 3 following the order of precedence, and then adds 6 to it
producing 12.
In a nutshell, applying parentheses to your formula makes the calculation
clearer and easier.

Cell Referencing
A cell reference is an alphanumeric value or data used in excel to locate or
identify a cell in the worksheet. The cell reference comprises one or more
letters for the columns and a number for the row e.g. A1. You can locate the
data you wish to calculate using the cell reference. The cell reference is also
known as cell address.

Types of Cell References

To have a better understanding of how to use the cell references together with
formulas, it is pertinent to know about the types of cell references. Now let’s
quickly go examine the types of cell references.

Relative References
By default, the cell references in the Excel worksheet are relative. When the
cells are copied across the multiple cells, the cells change based on the relative
position of rows and columns. For instance, when you add =B3+C3 in cell D3
and copied it to cell D4 , the formula will change to = B4+C4. The relative
references are best used when you want to replicate the same action across
multiple rows and columns.
To create and coy formula using the relative references, use the following
procedures
Click on the cell (D1) where you wish to enter the formula and type in
the formula = (B1*C1) in the cell to get the anticipated result

Press the Enter key and the formula will be calculated, showing the
outcome of the formula in the cell
 Locate the Fill handle in the lower part of cell D2 , click on it, then
hold and drag it down to cell D6.
When you release the mouse, the formula will be copied to the cells
selected, showing the result in each cell.

Absolute Cell Reference and Multiple cell Reference

An absolute cell reference is a cell reference that stays locked on a specific cell
or cell ranged, even if the formula is changed making use of the dollar sign ($).
In other words, an absolute cell reference makes use of the dollar sign ($) to
keep both row and column constant when copying a formula from one cell to
the other in a worksheet.
A multiple cell uses the dollar sign to keep either the row or column constant.
$A$3 The column and the row will not
change when copied
A$2 The row will not change when
copied
$A2 The column will not change when
 copied
In the example below, we will be using cell D1 that contains the tax rate of 8%
to calculate the sales of each item in column E. However, we will need to make
the D1 constant when we copy the formula to fill other cells. If the D1 is not
made constant, the following result will be gotten.

To avoid getting the result shown in the table above, follow the steps given
below using the dollar sign
Click on the cell (E3) where the formula will contain and type in the
formula = (B3*C3)*$D$1 in the cell to get the anticipated result.

Press the Enter key and the formula will be calculated, showing the
outcome in the cell.
Locate the Fill handle in the lower part of cell E4 , click on it, then
hold and drag it down to cell E8.
When you release the mouse, the formula will be copied to the cells
selected, showing the result in each cell
REFERENCING OTHER WORKSHEETS IN A WORKBOOK
Referencing another worksheet within a workbook allows you to use the same
value on one or more worksheets without writing or copying the formula from
the scratch. This saves time and makes the work easier to do. To reference
another worksheet within a worksheet, follow the steps provided below:
Locate the cell (E9) you want to reference and keep track of the name
of the worksheet ( January sales tax ).

Open the worksheet (Total sales tax) you wish to apply the reference to and
select the cell you want to insert the value. Enter the equal sign (=), the
sheet name, an exclamation mark (!), and the cell address E9 ; =' January
sales'!E
 Press Enter on the keyboard and the value of the reference will be displayed
in the new worksheet. In case any change is made in the January sales, it
will be updated automatically in the Total sales tax

How to Copy Formula from One Cell to Another

Copying of cells in Excel is one of the easiest tasks to learn. Here in this
session, you will be learning the various ways you can use to copy a formula
from one cell to the other.

Copying Formula Down a Column

To quickly copy a formula down a column, follow the steps given below
Type the formula into the top cell and press Enter on your keyboard
 Select the cell with the formula, move the mouse cursor over a small
square at the lower right-hand corner of the cell ( Fill handler ). When
you click on this, the cursor changes to a thick black cross.
Hold and drag the fill handle down the column over the cell and the
formula will be copied on the selected cells.

Copying a Formula Down a Column Without Copying the

Formatting
Copying a formula down a column without copying the formatting implies that
when you copy a formula, the formatting such as font, font color, background
color, currency, etc. will not be copied. To do this, follow the steps given
below:
Type the formula into the top cell and press Enter on your keyboard
Select the cell with the formula, move the mouse cursor over a small
square at the lower right-hand corner of the cell ( Fill handler ). When
you click on this, the cursor changes to a thick black cross.
To remove the cell formatting, hold and drag the fill handle and click
on Auto Fill Options drop-down menu at the bottom of the cells the
formula was copied to. Then click on Fill Formatting only.

The cell formatting is removed as shown in the table below

Copying Formula to the Entire Column
Instead of using the Fill handle to copy the formula by dragging it down to
hundreds of sheets, you can double-click the plus sign.
To copy an Excel formula by double-clicking the plus sign, follow thee
Enter the formula in the top cell
Place the cursor to the lower right corner of the cell with the formula,
pause until it changes into the plus sign, and then double click the plus.

After doing this, the formula is copied down to the last row in the
worksheet.
Copying Formula to Non-adjacent Cells/Range
There is a limit to what the fill handle can do and one of it is that it cannot copy
the formula to a non-adjacent cell. To copy a cell to a non-adjacent, use the
copy and paste method by following the steps provided below:
Click on the cell with the formula and click on Ctrl + C to copy the
formula

Select a cell or the range of cells where you wish to paste the formula.
Press Ctrl + V to paste the formula and then press the Enter button to
complete the formula entry

Entering a Formula into Multiple Cells with a Single Key Stroke

To copy a formula into more than one cell, follow the steps given below
Select the cell or range of cell you want to input the formula
 Press F2 to enter the edit mode and enter the formula in a cell.

Press Ctrl + Enter and the formula will be replicated in the selected
cells.

Copying Excel Formula Without the Formatting Using the Copy

& Paste Features
Apart from using the Fill handle to copy the formula without copying the cell
formatting, another better and advanced method is to use the Copy & Paste
feature
Select the cell with the formula
Right-click on the cell and select Copy in the context menu
 Select the cells you wish to copy the formula to
Right-clicked on the cells selected and select Formulas under Paste
Options. As shown in the table below, the formula is copied without
the cell formatting

Dealing with Errors in Your Formula

While working on Excel especially in inserting formulas into your worksheet,
mistakes are bound to occur from time to time. When these mistakes are not
rectified, most times, you end up getting stuck in the middle of the calculation.
To avoid this calamity, Excel provides several methods to rectify these errors.
But before we go, let’s quickly go through Excel Formula Errors Messages.
Excel Formula Error Messages
The following are the Excel formula Error Messages, meanings, and their
causes.
#DIV/0 !
Excel displays this error value when you are asking Excel to divide a formula
by zero or an empty cell. Mathematically, if you try dividing a number by zero.
It will not work, and this is also applicable in Excel. To rectify this error,
change the value of the cell to a value that is not equal to 0 or add a value to the
blank cell.
#NAME?
This error value appears when Excel does not recognize the name of the
formula used as a valid object. This error occurs when one types the incorrect
range name, refers to a deleted range name or forgets to place the quotation
marks around a text string in a formula. To resolve this error, thoroughly check
the spelling of the formula you are trying to run, or you can use the Formula
Builder to have Excel build the function for you.
#N/A
This error value appears when the numbers being referred to in the formula
cannot be found. This can occur when you mistakenly deleted a number or row
that is used in the formula, or when you refer to a sheet that has been removed
or not saved.
To rectify this error, thoroughly check all the formulas be used and make sure
to identify all the sheets or rows that may have been deleted or referenced
incorrectly.

#NUM!
This error value is displayed when the formula in your worksheet contains
numeric values that are different from the arguments used.
To rectify this error, thoroughly check to see if you have inputted any formatted
currency, dates, or special symbol. After this, you can now remove the
formatting from the formula and keep the numbers.
#NULL!
This error value is displayed when you specified an intersection of two areas
that do not intersect, or when the incorrect range operator is used. For instance,
when you use a space instead of a comma between ranges in the function
arguments, Excel will display the formula as #NULL! value error.
To rectify this error, ensure to check if the correct syntax is used in the formula.
You can also follow the tips below to avoid
Use a colon to separate the first cell from the last cell when referring to
a continuous range of cells in a formula.
Use a comma when referring to two cells that don’t intersect
#REF!
This error value is displayed when you referring to a cell or a range of cells that
doesn’t exist. This occurs when you delete, a cell, column, or row, and then
build a formula around the deleted cell, column, or row.
To rectify this error, check to see if there is no formula referring to any cell you
have deleted. Before deleting cells, carefully where the formulas are referred to
in those cells.
#VALUE!
This error value is displayed when Excel find spaces, characters, or text
formula in a place where it is expecting a number.
To rectify this error, carefully check your formula to use numbers where it is
needed. Ensure to also check out for blank checks, missing formulas that are
linked to cells, or any special characters that are being used.

Using the Error Checker Button

One of the ways to check errors in your formula is to use the error checker.
Using the Error checker keeps you informed on whatever error is faced or
encountered.
To use the error checker, follow the steps given below to correct the error in the
table provided
Go to the Formula Bar and click on the Error Checking button in the
Formula Auditing group

In the Error Checking dialog box, the error in the formula is clearly
stated and then click on Edit in Formula Bar to repair the formula
error.
When you are done with the repairing of the formula error, click on the
Resume button
 After this is done, the error is removed as shown in the table below

Tracing Cell References

Tracing cell references allows you to see how data in a cell figure into a
formula in another cell, and how a cell containing formula gathers its data from
to make its computation. This also allows you to know how formulas are
created and connected to the worksheet. There are two ways of tracing cell
references; tracing precedents and tracing dependant.

Tracing Precedents
Tracing precedents allows you to select a cell with a formula in it and locate the
cells that are computed to produce the outcome or result of the formula. When
you use the cell tracer, Excel points an arrow from the referenced cells to the
cell that contains the formula result.
To use the trace precedents, follow the steps given below
Select the cell with the formula you wish to trace
Go to the Formula tab and click on Trace Precedents in the Formula
Auditing group.
In the table below, arrows leading from the selected cell extend and
point to the cells that use its data in their calculation.
Tracing Dependents
Tracing dependents allows you to select a cell and trace its dependants to locate
the cells that contain a formula that uses the data from the cell selected. When
you use the cell tracer, Excel points an arrow from the cell you selected to cells
with formula result in them.
To use the trace dependents, follow the steps given below
Select the cell with the formula you wish to trace
Go to the Formula tab and click on Trace Dependents in the Formula
Auditing group.
In the table below, arrows leading from the selected cell extend and
point to the cells with the formula result in them

NOTE: To remove the cell tracer arrows from your worksheet, go to the
Formula tab and click on the Remove Arrow button in the Formula Auditing
group.
Working with a Function
As earlier said at the beginning of this chapter, a function is a predefined
formula containing a special name and purpose. The function begins with an
equal sign, followed by the function’s name, and ends with its arguments.

UNDERSTANDING THE FUNCTIONS ARGUMENTS

The function arguments are the inputs or values inside the parenthesis that are
used to execute or carry out calculations in the Excel worksheet. Let’s quickly
highlight the categories of function arguments
Functions with no Arguments : These are functions that do not need
any arguments to execute their operations in Excel. Some of the
functions without the use of arguments include the following RAND (),
TODAY (), and NOW (). Although these functions do not need any
argument to work, they still require the use of open and close
parenthesis to work.
Function with One Argument : These are also some functions that
use one argument to execute their operations in |Excel. An example of
a function with an argument is the UPPER function; the UPPER
function takes accepts one argument as input, and then converts the
lower-case letters to upper-case letters.

Functions with Multiple Arguments: Some functions use more than

one argument to execute their operations. To use multiple functions in a
function, a comma is used in between them. For instance, suppose you
wish to find the sum of the number in a cell range, you can use two
arguments with a comma to separate them. E.g. =SUM (B3:B8, C3:C8)
 Functions with Required and Optional Arguments: Apart from
using the required argument, some functions come with optional
arguments. One of these functions is NETWORKDAYS. The
NETWORKDAYS function gives or returns the numbers of workdays
between the start date and the end date. The following is the syntax of
the NETWORKDAYS function:
NETWORK DAY (start_date, end_date, [holidays])

Locating the Arguments in a Function

While working on your worksheet, you can locate the arguments used in your
function using the following methods;
The Function Dialog Box
Tooltip Windows in Excel
The Function Dialog Box
The Function dialog box contains or displays the list of the required and
optional arguments a function has
To check the arguments in your function, follow the steps provided below
Go to the Formula tab and click on the Insert Function in the
Function Library
In the Insert Function dialog box, the function arguments are
displayed.
The Tooltips
Another way to locate the function argument is to use the Tooltips. To find the
arguments using the Tooltips, do the following
Enter the function’s name with the open parenthesis in a cell
After doing this, the argument is displayed in the Tooltips

Taking a Look at Commonly Used Functions in Excel

There are some functions in Excel that are used from time and time, and these
functions are functions you must know as a user of Excel. Now let’s check
these functions out.
FUNCTION USES
SUM(number1, [number This returns the
2], …) aggregate value of the
numbers in the
arguments
AVERAGE (number1, This returns the
[number 2], …) average of the
 numbers in the cells
listed in the arguments.
COUNT(value1, [value2], This counts the
…) number of cells that
have a number value in
them.
COUNTA (value1, This does not only
[value2], …) count the number of
cells with numbers in
them, it also counts the
dates, time, strings,
logical values, empty
string, or text.2
MAX(number1, [number This is used to find the
2], …) largest value in the
cells listed in the
arguments.
MIN(number1, [number This is used to find the
2], …) lowest value in the
cells listed in the
arguments
PRODUCT(number1, This finds the product
[number 2], …) of multiplying the cells
found in the
arguments.
IF(logical_test, This is used to sort out
[value_if_true], data according to the
[value_if_false]) logic given or
provided.
TRIM(text) This is used to ensure
that your function does
not return an error due
to unruly space I.e., it
is used to remove
empty spaces
VLOOKUP (lookup This is used to find a
value, range, column certain value in a
number, false or true). column to return a
value from a different
column in the same
row
AND

SUM for Adding Up Data

The SUM function allows you to find the total value of data within a cell range.
The SUM function uses the following arguments
SUM(number1, [number2], [number3]……)
With the table below, calculate the sales made from January to June using the
SUM function.

To calculate the sales of Jan to July using the SUM function, follow the steps
below
Select an empty cell B8 and enter the function with cell range in it; =
SUM(B2:B7)
 Press Enter and the total sales of Jan to June is calculated as displayed
in the table below

AVERAGE for Averaging Data

The AVERAGE function returns the average value of data within a cell range
and it uses the following arguments for its operations
AVERAGE (number1, [number 2], …)
With the table provided below, calculate the average sales made from January
to June using the AVERAGE function.
Select an empty cell B8 and enter the function with the cell range in it;
=AVERAGE(B2:B7)

Press Enter and the total average sales of Jan to June is calculated as
shown in the table below
Deriving the function of a Cell Using FORMULATEXTS
The FORMULATEXT function returns the formula used in a given reference
in a text form.
The FORMULATEXT function contains a single argument
= FORMULATEXT(reference)
With the data provided below, find the formula used using the
FORMULATEXT function

To use the FORMULATEXT function to find the formula used in a text, follow
the steps given below
Select an empty cell C8 and enter the function with the cell range in it;
= FORMULATEXT (B8)
 Press Enter and the formula used in the cell selected will be displayed.

Counting the number of Data Items Using COUNT

The COUNT function This counts the number of cells that have a number value
in them.
The COUNT function uses the following arguments
COUNT(value1, [value2], …)
With the range of cells provided below, use the COUNT function to find the
number of cells with numerical values in them
To find the cells with number values using the COUNT function, follow the
steps provided below
Select an empty cell C8 and enter the function with the cell range in it;
= COUNT (A1:C8)

Press Enter and the number of cells with number value will be
displayed.
Counting All Data Type Using the COUNTA
The COUNTA function does not only count the number of cells with numbers
in them, it counts the dates, time, strings, logical values, empty string, or text.2
The COUNTA function uses the arguments below
COUNTA(value1, [value2], …)
Using the data given below, use the COUNTA function to find the number of
cells containing data in them.

Select an empty cell D7 and enter the function with the cell range in it;
= COUNTA (A1:C6)
 Press Enter and the number of cells with data will be displayed.

Counting Blank Spaces Using COUNTBLANK

The COUNTBLANK function returns the numbers of empty cells in a range of
cells, and the COUNTBLANK function has just an argument
COUNTBLANK(range)
With the data below, find the number of empty cells with the range of cells
using the COUNTBLANK function
 Select an empty cell D7 and enter the function with the cell range in it;
= COUNTBLANK (A1:C6)

Press Enter and the number of cells without data will be displayed.

CONCATENATE for Combining Values

The CONCATENATE is a text function that allows you to join values from
different cells into one cell in a worksheet.
The CONCATENATE function uses the arguments below
CONCATENATE(text1, text2, text3…)
With the table provided, join the first and last name using the CONCATENATE
function.

Select an empty cell C2 and enter the function with the cell range in it;
= CONCATENATE (A1, B2)

Press Enter and the values in the two cells will be joined together.
Finding the Lowest Number Using MIN
The MIN function helps to return the lowest value in a given set of cells or
arguments.
The MIN function includes the following arguments
MIN (number1, [number2],…)
With the data provided below, find the lowest number using the MIN function.

Select an empty cell B7 and enter the function with the cell range in it;
=MIN (A1:B6)

Press Enter and the lowest value in the data will be calculated in the
cell selected.
Finding the Highest Number Using MAX
The MAX function helps to return the highest value in a given set of cells or
arguments.
The MAX function includes the following arguments
=MAX(number1, [number2],…)
With the data provided below, find the highest number using the MAX
function.

Select an empty cell B7 and enter the function with the cell range in it;
=MAX (A1:B6)
 Press Enter and the highest value in the data will be calculated in the
cell selected.

Counting Text Characters with LEN Function

The LEN is a text function that returns the number of text characters in a cell
and it uses the argument provided below to execute its operations
LEN(text)
With the data provided below, find the number of text characters in cell A5
using the LEN function.
 Select an empty cell B5 and enter the function with the cell range in it;
=LEN (A5)

Press Enter and the number of text characters will be calculated in the
cell selected.

Changing the Orientation of the Cells With TRANSPOSE

The TRANSPOSE function is a function that changes the orientation of a given
range of cell or array from vertical range to horizontal range, and from
horizontal range to vertical range. When using the TRANSPOSE function, the
range or array selected must have the same number of rows and columns.
The TRANSPOSE uses the following argument
TRANSPOSE(array)
With the data provided below, change the orientation of the range of cells from
vertical to horizontal using the TRANSPOSE function

Select a range of cells (A8:F9) and make sure that the cells selected
have the same rows and columns as the original set of cells arranged in
a vertical direction.

In the selected cells, enter the function with the cell range in it;
=TRANSPOSE(A1:B6)
 Press Enter and the orientation of the range of cells selected will be
changed from vertical to horizontal

Capitalizing the First Letter of your Text String with PROPER

The PROPER function changes the first letter of each word in the cell to
uppercase.
The PROPER function uses the following argument
PROPER(Cell address)
With the data provided below, change the first letter of a cell to an uppercase
using the PROPER function.
 Select an empty cell B3 and enter the function with the cell range in it;
=PROPER(A3)

Press Enter and the first letter of the selected cell will be capitalized.

Removing Spaces With TRIM

The TRIM function removes spaces that cause errors in the data. The TRIM
function can only work on a single cell.
The TRIM function uses the following argument
TRIM(text)
Use the TRIM function to remove the spaces in the data below
 Select an empty cell B1 and enter the function with the cell range in it;
=TRIM(A1)

Press Enter and the space in the selected cell will be removed.

Finding the Position of a Substring in a Text String Using the

SEARCH Function
The SEARCH function is a function that allows you to find the location of a
substring in a string. This SEARCH function is case insensitive and allows the
use of wildcards.
The SEARCH function uses the following arguments
SEARCH (find_text, within_text, [start_num]
Find_text= The text to search for
 Within_text= The text to search from
Start_num= The location to start the search for within the text
In the data given below, find the position of L in cell B3 using the SEARCH
function.

Select an empty cell C3 and type =SEARCH(“L”, B3, 1)

Press Enter and the function will return the location of the substring
text within the text.

Finding the Position of a Substring in a Text String Using the

FIND Function
Just like the SEARCH function, the FIND function returns the position of a
substring within a string. However, unlike the SEARCH and FIND functions;
unlike the SEARCH function, the FIND function is case sensitive i.e. it can
work on both small and letters.
The FIND function uses the followings arguments
=FIND (find_text, within_text, [start_num]
Find_text= The text to search for
Within_text= The text to search from
Start_num= The location to start the search for within the text
In the data given below, find the position of DANGER in cell B2 using the
FIND function.

Select an empty cell C3 and type =FIND(“DANGER”, B2,1)

Press Enter and the function will return the location of the substring
text within the text.

Making Logical Comparison with Values Using the IF Functions

The IF function tests a given condition and returns one value for a TRUE and
another value for a FALSE result. The function makes a logical comparison
between values. While using the IF function, it can use the following logical
operators
 Equal to (=)
Greater than (>)
Greater than or equal to (>=)
Less than (<)
Less than or equal to (<=)
Not equal (<>)
The following are the arguments in the IF functions
=INDEX(Logical_text,[ Value_if_true],[ Value_if_false])
Logical_text (Required Argument): This is the value or logical
expression that is to be tested and evaluated as either TRUE or FALSE
Value_if_true (Optional Argument): This is the value that will be
returned if the logical test evaluates to TRUE
Value_if_false (Optional Argument): This is the value that will be
returned if the logical test evaluates to FALSE
With the data provided below, test the values in each cell. If the value of each
cell is less than 70, return fail, and if it is greater than 70, return Pass.

Select an empty cell C3 and type =IF(B2<70,"Fail","Pass")

 Press Enter and the function will return the value of the cell to Pass

Drag the fill handle down to apply the formula to other cells

Checking the Current Date and Time with TODAY and NOW
The TODAY function returns the current and the NOW function returns the
current date. These functions do not use any argument.
TODAY()
NOW()
 CHAPTER EIGHT

TABLES AND CHARTS IN EXCEL

In this chapter, you will be learning how to use tables and charts to illustrate
your data. For tables, you will learn how to insert tables, change the table
layout. And for charts, you will learn how to edit charts, create elements in a
chart, and lots more.

Creating a Table
Before creating a table, there are certain hints to take note of. These hints allow
you to create a perfect table for your data. The hints are stated below:
Ensure to arrange and organize the rows and columns
Each column in the first row must have a heading
All the columns must contain one set of data each
There must be no blank row or column in the list
To create a table, follow the steps provided below
Select the cell or range of data you wish to create the table for

Go to the Insert tab and click on Table in the Tables group

 In the Create Table dialog box, the selected range of cells is
displayed.
Checkmark My table has a header if you want the first row of the
range to be the header row, and then click on OK

Finally, the selected range of cells is formatted into a table

Changing Your Table Style

You can change the table style applied to your data. To do this, follow the steps
provided below
Select the cells or range of cells you wish to change the table format
Go to the Design tab, click on Table Styles, and select the More drop-
down arrow to see the table styles available.

Select the desired table style and it will be applied to the selected
range of cells.
Removing the Table
To remove the table from your cell, follow the steps provided below
Select the cell or range of cells in your table

Go to the Design tab and click on Convert to Range in the Tools

group.

In the dialog box that appears, click on Yes

Here, the table will be removed and the cell will keep their data and
formatting.

To remove the formatting from your table, go to the Home tab, select
Clear, and then click on Clear Formats .
 In the data below, the formatting is removed

Renaming a Table
By default, the name of a table could be table 1, table 2, table 3, etc. However,
you can rename your table, to do this, follow the steps given below
Go to the Design tab and click on Table Name in the Properties
group, and then change the name of the table

Here, the table is renamed

Filtering the Data in Your Table

Filtering the data in your table helps to determine the data you wish to hide or
display in your worksheet. To do this, follow the steps given below
In case you are wondering how to display and hide some data in your
worksheet. The Filter command is what you need to use. To use the Filter
Click on the column of the header in the worksheet
Go to the Data tab and click on Filter in the Sort & Filter group.
Click on the Filter drop-down arrow that appears on the header of the
column

In the window that displays, unmark the box you don’t in your
worksheet, and then click on OK
 The filtered data is shown in the table below

Grouping of Data in Your Table

Grouping data in Excel allows you to hide data from either the rows or
columns. To group data, follow the steps given below:
Select the data you want to group

Go to the Data tab and click on Group in the Outline group.

Select Row and click on Ok.

In the image below, the data in the cells are group

Sorting Out Data in Your Table
Sorting out data in your table helps you to determine how the data will appear
in your table. To sort out data in your table, follow the steps provided below
Click on the arrow next to the column heading
In the window that pops up, select any method of sorting out your data
and then click on Ok

In the table below, data is sorted from A to Z

Adding Slicer in Your Table

The slicer command provides options that allow you to filter your data in the
table or pivot table. To add a slicer to your table, follow the steps below
Click anywhere in the table
Go to the Insert tab, and click on Slice r in the Filte r group

In the Insert Slicers dialog box, choose the checkboxes for the field
you wish to display, and then click on OK

Here in the table, a slicer will be created for the fields selected
Creating Pivot Table
To create a pivot table, follow the steps giving below:
Select the cells you wish to create a pivot table for
Go to the Inser t tab, and click on PivotTable in the Table group
In the Create PivotTable dialog box, set the following

Click on Select a table or range under Choose the data you

want to analyze
Verify the cell range under the Table/Range
Select New worksheet or Existing worksheet under Choose
where you want the PivotTable report to be placed
Then click on Ok
In the PivotTable Field task pane, drag the field names into the four
areas displayed below (Filters, Columns, Rows. And Values)

After doing this, the data with the pivot table is displayed like the
image shown below
Inserting Recommended PivotTable in Your Data
One of the easiest and fastest ways of inserting a pivot table in your data is
using the recommended pivot table provided by Excel.
To use the recommended pivot table, follow the steps given below
Select anywhere in your data list to insert the recommended pivot table

Go to the Insert tab and click on Recommended PivotTable in the

Table group
 In the Recommended PivotTable dialog box, choose any style of
your choice and then click on the OK button

Here, the data is arranged inside the recommended pivot table

Working with Charts in Excel

Charts in Excel are powerful tools that help to interpret data graphically. With
charts, the users can get the meaning behind the numbers, using comparison
and trend.

Types of Charts
There are so many charts in Excels used for different purposes, however, we
will highlight just a few out of them below
Column Charts
The Column Charts use vertical bars to represent data. The column charts show
the categories on the horizontal axis and the values on the vertical axis.
These charts work with different kinds of data and can be frequently used in
comparing information. The following are the types of Column Charts
Clustered Column
Stacked Column
100% Stacked Column
3-D Clustered Column
3-D Stacked Column
3-D Column

Line Charts
Lines Charts are best suited for displaying trends in data over years, months, or
days. Here, the data point is linked with lines which makes it easy to see if the
values are increasing or decreasing.
The following are the types of Line Charts
Line
Stacked Line
100% Stacked Line
Line with Markers
 Stacked Line with Markers
100% Stacked Line with Markers
3-D Line

Pie Chart
The Pie Chart displays the size of items in a data series with the sum of the
items. Each value in the data is displayed as a slice of the pie, thereby, making
it easy to see all the values that sum up the percentage of a whole. The
following are the types of pie charts
Pie
Pie of Pie
3-D Pie
Bar of Pi
Bar Charts
The Bar Charts help to show the comparison among individual items. The bar
charts display the categories on the vertical axis and the values on the
horizontal axis. The following are the types of Bar Charts:
Clustered Bar
100% Stacked Bar
Stacked Bar
3-D Stacked Bar
3-D Clustered Bar
3-D 100% Stacked Bar
Area Chart
The Area Charts can be used to illustrate the change over time and bring
attention to the total value across a trend. The following are the types of Area
Charts
Area
Stacked Area
100% Stacked Area
3-D Stacked Area
3-D Area
3-D 100% Stacked Area

Stock Charts
The Stock Chart is a price chart that shows or displays a stock’s price that is
plotted over a period. It displays the rise and fall in stock prices.
The Stock Charts can also reveal the fluctuation in other data such as rainfall or
annual temperature. The following are the types of Stock Chart
High-Low-Close
Open-High-Low-Close
Volume-High-Low-Close
Volume-Open-High-Low-Close

Creating a Chart with Your Data

To create a chart with your data, follow the steps given below
Select the cells or the range of cells you wish to add a chart to; ensure
to add the column titles and row labels

Go to the Insert tab and click on any of the charts ( Column or Bar
Chart ) you want in the Chart group
Choose the chart type you want from the drop-menu

Finally, the selected chart appears in the data provided

Changing the Chart Styles

To change the chart styles of your data, follow the steps provided below
Click on the chart, go to the Design tab

In the Chart Styles group, select any chart style you want, and it is
reflected in the chart

Changing the Chart Layout

To change the chart layout, follow the steps provided below
Click on the chart, go to the Design tab
Click on Quick Layout in the Chart Layouts group
In the Quick Layout drop-down menu, select any of the layouts you
want.

The chart appears with the new chart layout

Changing the Chart Types
To change the chart type in your data, follow the steps given below
Select the chart

Go to the Design tab, click on Change Chart Type

 In the Change Chart Type dialog box, click on the chart you want,
and then click on Ok.

The chart is changed as illustrated in the image below

Switching the Rows and Columns in Your Chart

To switch the rows and columns, follow the steps provided below
Select the Chart
 Go to the Design tab and click on Switch Row/Column command in
the

Here, the chart rows/columns will be adjusted

Moving Your Charts from One Worksheet to Another

 To move your chat from one worksheet to another, follow the steps given
below
Click on the Chart
Click on the Design tab and select the Move Chart command

In the Move Chart dialog box, select the location you wish to move
the chart to

Click on Ok and the chart will be moved to another worksheet.

Creating Pivot Chart

To create a pivot chart, follow the steps giving below:
Select the cells you wish to create a pivot chart for
Go to the Inser t tab, click on PivotChart in the Chart group, and then
select PivotChart in the drop-down menu
In the Create PivotChart dialog box, set the following
 Click on Select a table or range under Choose the data you
want to analyze
Verify the cell range under the Table/Range
Select New worksheet or Existing worksheet under Choose
where you want the PivotTable report to be placed
Then click on Ok
In the PivotChart Field task pane, drag the field names into the four
areas displayed below (Filters, Columns, Rows. And Values)
After doing this, the data will be displayed in the pivot chart
 CHAPTER NINE

SOLVING COMMON PRINTING PROBLEMS IN EXCEL

One of the most important things to know in Excel is how to print. In this
chapter, you will be learning various techniques on how to prints. Some of
them are changing the orientation before printing an Excel worksheet, printing
one or several worksheets, printing workbooks, printing part of a worksheet,
printing the formula, and lots more.

Changing the Excel Worksheet Orientation Before Printing

You can change the orientation format of your Excel worksheet to either
landscape or portrait. To do this, follow the steps given below
Select the worksheet you wish to print
Go to the Page Layout tab, and select Orientation in the Page Setup
group
In the Orientation drop-down menu, click on either Portrait or
Landscape

Printing One or Several Worksheets

To print one or several worksheets, do the following
Select the worksheet(s) you wish to print

Go to the File tab and click on Print

In the Print Range drop-down menu, click on Print Active Sheet

Then click on the Prin t button

Printing an Entire Workbook
To print an entire workbook, ensure you are currently on the workbook and
then follow the steps provided below
Go to the File tab and click on Print

In the Print Range drop-down menu, click on Print Entire

Workbook
 Then click on the Print button

Printing a Selection
To print a specific part of the Excel worksheet, follow the steps given below
Select the part of the worksheet you wish to print
Go to the File tab and click on Print

In the Print Range drop-down menu, click on Print Selection

 Then click on the Print button

Printing Excel Tables

To print tables in your worksheet, follow the steps provided below
Click on any cell within the table
Go to the File tab and click on Print

In the Print Range drop-down menu, click on Print Selected Table.

 Then click on the Print button

Printing Charts Without Worksheet Data in Excel

You can choose to print the chart in your worksheet neglecting the data in it. To
do this, follow the steps given below
Select the chart you wish to print
Go to the File tab and click on Print

In the Print Range drop-down menu, click on Print Selected Chart

 Then click on the Print button

Printing Formula in Excel

Instead of getting the calculated results printed out n Excel, you can print out
the formula. To do this,
Go to the Formula tab, and click on Show Formula in the Formula
Auditing group
 The formula used in the worksheet is displayed for printing

Printing Gridlines in Excel Worksheet

By default, when you print out the worksheet, the gridlines will not appear.
However, you can print the gridlines in your worksheet by following the steps
provided below
Open the worksheet you wish to print
Go to the Page Layout tab and click on Print under the Gridlines
check box in the Sheet Options group.

Printing Out Comment in Excel

In case you may need to print out the comments in your Excel worksheet, these
are what you need to do
Go to the Page Layout tab, go to the Page Setup group, and click on the
dialog launcher.

In the Page Setup dialog box, go to the Sheet tab and then click on the arrow
next to Comments . Then select how you want the comments to be printed.
Setting the Print Area Before Printing
Setting the print area allows you to remove the part of the worksheet you do not
need to print out. To do this, follow the following procedure:
Select the part of the worksheet you wish to print
Go to the Page Layout tab and click on Print Area in the Page Setup
group

In the Print Area drop-down menu, click on Set Print Area

 To clear the print area, click on Clear Print Area

Inserting the Page Break Before Printing Excel Worksheet

The page break comes in handy when you wish to print a large volume of
spreadsheets. The page break helps you determine how the data in your
worksheet are split over multiple pages.
To insert a page break in your worksheet, follow the steps provided below
Select the part of the worksheet you wish to print
Go to the Page Layout , and click on Breaks in the Page Setup group
In the Breaks drop-down menu, select Insert Page Break

Using the Preview Option Before Printing Your Worksheet

The Preview option gives you a display of how your Excel worksheet will look
like before printing it out. To use the preview option, follow the steps below:
Go to the File tab and click on Print
On the right-hand side of the Print Panel, the preview of the worksheet
to be displayed
Scaling to Fit Before Printing Your Worksheet
The Scale to Fit option allows you to scale and fit more data in your worksheet
on a page before printing them out. This comes in handy when your worksheet
contains a lot of columns
To use this feature, here is what to do:
Go to the Page Layout tab and move to the Scale to Fit group
In the Scale to Fit group, select 1 page in the Width box and
Automatic in the Height box
 CHAPTER TEN

EXCEL SHORTCUTS
There are so many shortcuts in Excel, however, I will be introducing you to
some shortcuts that are mostly used in Excel

Editing Shortcut
Shortcut Keys Functions
F2 For editing cell
Ctrl + C For copying cell content
Ctrl + V For pasting cell content
Ctrl + X For cutting cell content
to another cell
Ctrl + D To fill down
Ctrl + R To fill right
Alt+ E+ S Paste special
F3 For pasting the name
into a formula
F4 Toggle reference
Alt +Enter For starting another new
line within the same old
cell
Shift + F2 For inserting or edit a
cell comment
Shift + F10 For displaying a shortcut
menu
Ctrl + F3 For defining the name of
a cell
Ctrl + Shift + A For inserting arguments
names with parentheses
for a function after
 typing a function name
in a formula
Alt + I + R For inserting a row
Alt + I + C For inserting a column

Navigation shortcuts
Shortcut Keys Functions
Arrow For moving from one
cell to the next
F5 Go to
F6 For switching between
the worksheet, the
Ribbon, the task pane,
and the Zoom controls
Home To go to the beginning
of a row
Ctrl + Home For moving to the
beginning of a
worksheet
Ctrl + End For moving to the last
cell that has content in
it in the worksheet
Shift + Arrow For selecting the
adjacent cell
Shift + Spacebar For selecting an entire
row
Ctrl + Spacebar For selecting an entire
column
Ctrl + Shift + Home For selecting all to the
start of the sheet
Ctrl+ Shift + End For selecting all to the
last used cell of the
sheet
Ctrl + Shift + Arrow To select the end of the
last used row/column
Ctrl + Left Arrow For moving the word to
the left while in a cell
Ctrl + Right Arrow For moving the word to
the right while in a cell
PageUp For moving the screen
up
PageDown For moving the screen
down
Alt + PageUp For moving the screen
to the left
Alt+ PageDown For moving the screen
to the right
Ctrl + PageUp/Down For moving the next or
previous worksheet
Ctrl + Tab To move to the next
worksheet while on the
spreadsheet
Shift + Tab For moving cell to the
right
Tab For moving to the next
cell

File shortcuts
Shortcut Keys Functions
Ctrl + N New
Ctrl + O To open
Ctrl + S To save workbook
F12 Save As
Ctrl + P Print
Ctrl + F2 For opening the preview print
window
Ctrl + Tab For moving to the next workbook
Ctrl + F4 For closing a file
Alt + F4 To close all open Excel files

Formula shortcuts
Shortcut Keys Shortcuts
Ctrl + Shift + Enter To enter an array formula
Ctrl + / For selecting array formula range
Ctrl + ‘ To copy a formula from cell and
edit
Ctrl + [ For selecting all precedents cells
Ctrl + ] For selecting all dependent cells
F4 For changing the type of cell
reference from relative to absolute
Alt + = Sum range
F3 For displaying the range names

Paste special shortcuts

Shortcut Keys Functions
Ctrl + Alt + V+T Paste Special formats
Ctrl + Alt + V+V Paste Special values
Ctrl + Alt + V+F Paste Special formulas
Ctrl + Alt + V+ C Paste Special comments

Ribbon Navigation shortcuts

Shortcut Keys Functions
Alt To display Ribbon
shortcut
Alt +F To go to the File tab
Alt + H To go to the Home tab
Alt + N To go to the Insert tab
Alt + P To go to the Page Layout
tab
Alt + M To go to the Formulas
tab
Alt + A To go to the Data tab
Alt + R To go to the Review tab
Alt + W To go to the View tab
Alt + Q To put the cursor in the
Search box
Alt + JC To go to the Chart
Design tab when the
cursor is on a chart
Alt + JA To go to the Format tab
when the cursor is on a
chart
Alt + JT To go to the Table tab
when the cursor is on a
table
Alt + JP To go to the Picture
Format tab when the
cursor is on a picture
Alt + JI To go to the Draw tab
Alt + B To go to the Power Pivot
tab

Clear shortcuts
Shortcut Keys Functions
Delete For clearing cell data
Alt+ h + e + f For clearing cell format
Alt+ h + e + m For clearing cell comments
Alt+ h + e + a For clearing all data formats and
comments

Selection shortcuts
Shortcut Keys Functions
Shift + Arrow For selecting a cell range
Ctrl + Shift + Arrows For highlighting a
contiguous range
Shift + Page Up For extending selection
up one screen
Shift + Page Down For extending selection
down one screen
Alt + Shift + Page Up For extending selection
left one screen
Alt + Shift + Page For extending selection
Down right one screen
Ctrl + A For selecting or
highlighting all cells in
the worksheet
Ctrl + Space To select the whole
column or row
Shift + Ctrl + Space For selecting table
Bar
Alt + ; For selecting visible cells
Shift + Home For selecting a range
from start cell to far left
Shift + End + Arrow For selecting a range
from the start cell to the
direction of the arrow
Ctrl + * For selecting a
continuous range of data
Ctrl + Shift + 0 For selecting all cells
with comment
F5 + Alt +S +K + Enter For selecting all blank
cells

Data editing shortcut

Shortcut Keys Functions
Ctrl + D To fill down from cell above
Ctrl + R To fill right from cell left
Ctrl + F To find and replace
F5 + Alt + s +o For showing all constants
F5 + Alt + s +c For highlighting the cell with
comments

Data editing (inside a cell) shortcuts

Shortcut Keys Functions
F2 For editing the active cell
Enter To confirm a change in a cell
before opting out of that cell
Esc To cancel a cell entry before
opting out of that cell
Alt + Enter To insert a line break within a cell
Shift + Left/Right For highlighting within a cell
Ctrl + Shift + Left/Right For highlighting contiguous items
Home To move to the beginning of the
cell contents
End For moving to the end of a cell
content
Backspace For deleting a character from left
Delete For deleting a character from the
 right
Tab For accepting autocomplete
suggestion
Ctrl + Page Up/Down + Arrows For referencing a cell from
another worksheet

Other shortcuts
Shortcut Keys Functions
Ctrl + Z To undo last action
Ctrl + Y To redo the last action
Ctrl + 9 To hide selected rows
Ctrl + 0 To hide selected rows
Ctrl + Shift + ( To unhide hidden rows in a
selection
Ctrl + Shift + ) To unhide hidden columns in a
selection
Ctrl + ; To enter date
Ctrl +: To enter time
Ctrl + ‘ To show formula
Ctrl + ] For selecting an active cell
Alt To drive menu bar
Alt + Tab To open the next program
Alt + = To autosum
 CHAPTER ELEVEN

TIPS AND TRICKS

Here in this chapter, you will be learning some tips and tricks that will advance
your skills in the use of Excel. These tips and tricks will also save your time
and energy to carry out certain tasks.
Below are some of the tips and tricks you will be needing in the course of
working with Excel

Removing Duplicates Values from Your Worksheet

While working with large data, one of the problems to face is duplicate values.
To remove duplicate values from your worksheet, follow the steps given below
Select any of the cells in the worksheet.
Go to the Data tab and click on Remove Duplicates in the Data Tools
group

In the Remove Duplicate dialog box, you can select or deselect the
columns that contain duplicates.
Then click on Ok
Deleting Error Cells
It is normal to have error values when working with large data. However, it is
not professional to still keep them on the worksheet. To remove error cells in
your worksheet, follow the steps below
Go to the Home tab, click on Find and Select command in the
Editing group
In the Find and Select drop-down menu, click on Go To Special
In the Go To Special dialog box, click on Formul a, and mark the Erro
r check box.
Then click on OK . Here, all the errors in the worksheet are deleted,
and then click on the Delete button to delete them.
Changing Negative Values to Positive Values in Your Worksheet
To change a negative value to a positive value, use the ABS function as
displayed in the image below

Disabling the Excel Start Screen

Maybe you are one of those people who don’t like seeing the Excel start screen
each time you open the Excel program; all you need to do is to disable it. To do
this, follow the steps given below
Go to the File tab and navigate down to Options
 In the Excel Options dialog box, go to General , and unmark Shows
the Start screen when the application starts under Start-up Options

How to Make Excel Show leading Zero?

By default, when a value begins with zero, Excel removes the zero
automatically. To ensure that the zero that begins your value is not deleted,
enter a single quote mark before the zero

Changing the Screen Background of Your Excel Environment

To change the background screen of your Excel interface, follow the steps
given
Go to the File tab and click on Account
Go to the Office Theme and choose any option in the drop-down list.
Locking a File with a Password
You can lock your file with a password to others from accessing your files. To
password your file, follow the steps given below
Go to the File tab and click on Info
In the Info window , click on Protect Document button, and choose
Encrypt with Password on the drop-down list.
In the Encrypt dialog box, input the password in the Password text
box and then click on Ok.

Enter the password again in the Confirm Password dialog box.

 Then click on Ok

Saving Excel File as a PDF

PDF, an acronym for Portable Document File is a file created to be displayed
and printed in a Web browser and Adobe Acrobat Reader.
To save an Excel file as a PDF, follow the steps given below
Go to the File tab and click on Export to open the Export window
Click on Create a PDF/XPS button

In the Publish as PDF or XPS dialog box appears, enter the name of
the file and the location where you want to save the file.
Then click on the Publish button
 CONCLUSION
The acquisition of Excel skills is a must for every institution in the world that
desires to go far in the business world. However, this is not just limited to big
companies, small entrepreneurs and students use it in their day-to-day
activities.
If indeed you have laid your hands on this user guide, then I must congratulate
you for taking that great decision that will sharpen your life.
However, you can also recommend this user guide to your colleagues at work,
friends, and family.
 INDEX

Alignment 21, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 68

Angle Clockwis e 66
Angle Counterclockwise 66
Area Char t 219
ARGUMENT S 164
Auto Recover y 51
AutoFill 46, 47, 48, 49, 56
AutoFill Command 46, 48
AutoFit Row Height 77
AutoSav e 24
AutoSu m 127, 135
AVERAG E 168, 171
Background Color 110
Bar Chart s 218
Blank workbook 16, 26
Border s 111
Bottom Alig n 61, 62
Calculate No w 130
Calculate Shee t 130
Calculation 22, 127, 130
Cell Addres s 27
Cell Entr y 30, 31
Cell Reference 132, 145
Cell Referencing 142
Cell Styles 116, 117, 120, 122, 124, 125
Characte r 31
Chart Layou t 223
Chart Styles 222, 223
Chart Type s 224
Charts 21, 215, 216, 218, 219, 227, 238
Clear shortcut s 251
Clipboar d 21, 33, 34
Column 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 149, 151, 152, 215, 216, 220, 227
Columns 13, 27, 61, 69, 71, 72, 74, 78, 79, 81, 83, 84, 212, 226, 229
Command Buttons 23
Comment 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 241
CONCATENATE 179, 180
Concatenation Operator 139
COUNT 168, 174, 175
COUNTA 168, 176, 177
COUNTBLAN K 178
Currency Symbols 39
Data editing (inside a cell) shortcuts 253
Data editing shortcut 252
Data Ta b 22
Data Validation 52, 53, 56
Date & Time 128, 135
Define Name s 128
Developer Ta b 22
Dialog Box Launcher 23
Editing Shortcut 246
Error Aler t 55
Error Checker Button 160
Error Checking 129, 160, 161
Excel 365 1, 2, 11, 12, 13, 14, 51
File Men u 17
File shortcut s 248
File tab 49, 51, 259, 260, 262
File Ta b 21
Fill Colo r 110
Filter 21, 22, 57, 204, 205, 210
Filterin g 57, 204
Financial 13, 127, 135
Flash Fill Command 43
Font 21, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112
Format Cell 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 118, 121
Formula 18, 22, 28, 29, 31, 32, 126, 127, 129, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136,
137, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 167,
240, 249, 257
Formula Bar 18, 29, 133, 136, 160, 161
formulas 11, 13, 22, 28, 97, 126, 127, 129, 133, 134, 135, 140, 142,
157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 250
Formulas Ta b 22
FORMULATEXT 172, 173
Freeze Panes 79, 80, 81
Function 12, 22, 126, 127, 133, 134, 135, 136, 164, 165, 166, 167, 184,
190, 192
Gridlines 113, 114, 241
Help Ta b 22
Home Ta b 21
Horizontal Alignment 63
IF 141, 169, 193, 194
Insert Ta b 21
LE N 184
Lookup & Reference 128, 135
Math & Trig 128, 135
MAX 28, 168, 182, 183
Merge & Center 68, 69
Merge Acros s 68
Merge Cell s 68
Merging Cell s 68
Microsoft 365 Apps for Business 8
Microsoft 365 Apps for Enterprise 9
Microsoft 365 Business Basic 8
Microsoft 365 Business Premium 7
Microsoft 365 Business Standard 6
Microsoft 365 Family 5
Microsoft 365 Personal 5
Microsoft Office 365 Education 6
Microsoft Office Suite 2
Middle Alig n 61, 62
MI N 168, 181
More Functions 127, 128, 135
Multiple cell Reference 145
Navigation Pane 15, 16
Navigation shortcuts 247, 250
NO W 165, 195
Office 365 Enterprise 9
Office 365 Enterprise E3 9
Office 365 Enterprise E5 10
OneDrive 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Operators 132, 137, 138, 139, 140
Order of Precedence 142
Orientation 65, 66, 185, 231
Other shortcut s 254
Outlin e 59, 207
Page Layout 21, 103, 104, 105, 231, 241, 242, 243, 245, 250
Parenthese s 142
Paste 33, 34, 129, 156, 247, 250
PD F 261, 262
Pie Char t 217
pivot table s 11, 21
PivotTable 211, 212, 213, 214, 229
PROPE R 187, 188
Quick Acces s 50
Quick Access Toolbar 17, 24, 25
Recently Used 127, 135, 136
Red o 17, 24
Reference Operator 140
Relative References 143
Remove Arrow s 129
Review Ta b 22
Ribbon 15, 18, 19, 20, 24, 25, 247, 250
Rotate Text Down 66
Rotate Text U p 66
Rows 13, 27, 61, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 78, 79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 212, 226,
229
Scroll Bar s 37
Scroll Whee l 37
Selection shortcuts 251
SharePoin t 3
shortcut key s 36
Show All Comments 96
Show Formula s 129
Simple Insertion 133
Slice r 209, 210
Software Updat e 3
Solution s 127, 130
Split comman d 82
Start Scree n 15, 258
Status Ba r 19
Style 55, 106, 107, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 199
SUM 28, 126, 165, 168, 169, 170
Table 21, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 207, 208, 209, 211, 212,
214, 229, 238, 251
Text 21, 53, 61, 65, 66, 67, 128, 135, 184, 187, 190, 192
The Alt Operator 140
The Find Command 37
The Format Button 87, 91
The Go-To Command 37
The IF Operato r 141
The Insert Button 88
The Insert Function 133
The Tooltip s 167
Them e 259
Theme Colo r 103
Theme Effect s 105
Theme F on t 104
Theme Font s 104
Thousand Separator 38
TODA Y 165, 195
Top Alig n 61, 62
Trace Dependents 129, 163
Trace Precedents 129, 162
Tracing Dependents 163
Tracing Precedents 162
TRANSPOS E 185, 186
TRI M 169, 189
Und o 17, 24
vertical alignmen t 61
Vertical Alignmen t 61
Vertical Tex t 66
View Ta b 22
Watch Windo w 130
Width to Automatically Fit the Contents 76
workbook 13, 16, 17, 25, 36, 51, 88, 128, 129, 130, 147, 234, 249
Worksheet 18, 24, 26, 28, 32, 34, 35, 36, 56, 67, 82, 86, 87, 88, 92, 93,
94, 97, 98, 100, 103, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 124,
125, 133, 227, 231, 238, 241, 243, 244, 245, 255, 257
Wrap comman d 67
Wrappin g 67