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CS Assignment

mnkjv

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8 views

CS Assignment

mnkjv

Uploaded by

masadullah734
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CS-Assignment

Table of Contents
CS-Assignment..........................................................................................................................1
Introduction..........................................................................................................................1
● First Generation Computers (1940s-1950s).................................................................1
● Second Generation Computers (1950s-1960s).....................................................1
● Third Generation Computers (1960s-1970s).........................................................2
● Fourth Generation Computers (1970s-Present)....................................................2
● Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Beyond).............................................2
Comparison.........................................................................................................................3
How a Laser Printer Works?..............................................................................................3
Adding a Table of Contents...............................................................................................4
Apply Different Header & Footer.......................................................................................5

Introduction
The evolution of computers has been a remarkable journey, marked by significant
advancements in technology. From bulky, room-sized machines to sleek, portable devices,
computers have become an integral part of our daily lives. The progression of computer
generations, each characterized by distinct technological advancements, has revolutionized
the way we work, communicate, and learn.

● First Generation Computers (1940s-1950s)


The first generation of computers relied on vacuum tubes for electronic circuitry. These
computers were massive, slow, and energy-consuming. They primarily used machine
language for programming and were primarily used for scientific and military purposes.
Notable examples include the ENIAC and UNIVAC I.

● Second Generation Computers (1950s-1960s)


Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers, leading to
smaller, faster, and more reliable machines. These computers used assembly language, a
low-level programming language, and were employed in various applications, including
business, science, and engineering. IBM 7094 and IBM 1401 are well-known examples of
second-generation computers.

● Third Generation Computers (1960s-1970s)


Integrated circuits (ICs) marked the advent of the third generation of computers. ICs allowed
for further miniaturization and increased processing power. These computers used high-level
programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL, making programming more
accessible. Notable examples include the IBM 360 and PDP-8.

● Fourth Generation Computers (1970s-Present)


Microprocessors, the heart of modern computers, revolutionized the industry. The
development of the microprocessor led to the personal computer (PC) revolution. These
computers became smaller, more affordable, and user-friendly. The graphical user interface
(GUI) made it easier for people to interact with computers. Notable examples include the
Apple II and IBM PC.
● Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Beyond)
The fifth generation of computers is still under development and focuses on artificial
intelligence (AI) and machine learning. These computers are expected to be capable of
understanding and responding to natural language, solving complex problems, and making
intelligent decisions.

Comparison

Generation Key Characteristics Programming Applications


Component Languages
First Vacuum Tubes Slow, large, and Machine Scientific calculations,
Generation energy-hungry; limited language military applications.
(1940s- storage capacity
1950s)
Second Transistors Assembly Business, science, and
Generation Smaller, faster, and language engineering applications.
(1950s- more reliable than first-
1960s) generation computers
Third Integrated Smaller, faster, and High-level A wide range of
Generation Circuits (ICs) more efficient; used languages applications, including
(1960s- keyboards and (FORTRAN, business, education, and
1970s) monitors COBOL) government.
Fourth Microprocessor Personal computers High-level Virtually every aspect of
Generation became widely languages (C, C+ modern life, including
(1970s- available; user-friendly +, Java) personal computing,
Present) interfaces gaming, and the internet
Artificial Focus on artificial AI programming AI-powered applications,
Fifth Intelligence (AI) intelligence and languages (Lisp, such as voice assistants,
Generation and Machine machine learning and Prolog) self-driving cars, and
(Present Learning robotics medical diagnosis
and Beyond)

How a Laser Printer Works?


A laser printer is a high-quality printer that uses a laser beam to create an electrostatic
image on a drum.Printer manufacturers state that a laser printer for the home and small
office user typically prints black-and-white text at speeds of 15 to 62 ppm. Color laser
printers print 8 to 40 ppm. Laser printers for large business users print more than 150 ppm.
Laser printers print text and graphics in high-quality resolutions, usually 1200 dpi for black-
and-white printers and up to 2400 dpi for color printers. Here's a simplified explanation of
how a laser printer works:

1. Image Processing: The computer sends digital data to the printer, which processes
it into a series of dots.
2. Laser Scanning: A laser beam scans across the drum, creating an electrostatic
charge on the drum's surface.
3. Toner Application: Toner powder is applied to the charged areas of the drum.
4. Transfer: The toner is transferred from the drum to the paper.
5. Fusing: The toner is fused to the paper using heat and pressure.
6. Cleaning: The drum is cleaned to prepare for the next print job.
Adding a Table of Contents
A table of contents is just like the list of chapters at the beginning of a book. It lists each
section in the document and the page number where that section begins. A really basic table
of contents might look like this:

● If you apply a heading style, you're telling Word that you've started a new part of your
document. When you insert the table of contents, it will create a section for each
heading. To apply a heading style, select the text you want to format, then choose
the desired heading in the Styles group on the Home tab.

● Once you've applied heading styles, you can insert your table of contents in just a
few clicks. Navigate to the References tab on the Ribbon, then click the Table of
Contents command. Select a built-in table from the menu that appears, and the table
of contents will appear in your document.
A table of contents also creates links for each section, allowing you to navigate to different
parts of your document.

Apply Different Header & Footer


if you want a different header on every new page of the Word document, here’s what you
need to do:
1. Go to the Layout tab in the main menu.

2. Click on the Breaks drop-down menu and select Next Page.

3. Your cursor will land on the second page of the document, and you’ll see the same
header on that page as well. To undo this, double click on the header to open the
Design tab, in the Navigation section, turn off the Link to Previous feature.

4. Click on the Close Header and Footer button.


The headers are now disconnected, and you can rename the new header

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